2 Positive Reinforcement and Extinction Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in 2 Positive Reinforcement and Extinction Deck (15)
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2
Q

What is the Law of Effect?

A

Thorndike: Response is controlled by its consequences. A response that leads to a good outcome increases the chances of that response. A response that leads to a bad outcome will decrease the change of that response.

3
Q

What is secondary reinforcement?

A

When reinforcement is transferred to related/previously neutral stimuli, i.e. other stimuli present during reinforcement (e.g. context). Most rewarding stimuli in our lives are secondary reinforcers (e.g. money)

4
Q

What is the difference between Classical Conditioning and Instrumental (Operant) Conditioning?

A

CC: stimulus learning (S-S* learning)Thondike/Pavlov - response is elicited, non-voluntary, controlled by antecedents.IC: response learning (S*-R learning)Skinner - response is emitted, voluntary, controlled by consequences.

5
Q

What are the two main factors that affect instrumental conditioning?

A

Temporal Contiguity: smaller interval produces stronger learningContingency: The same reinforcer should be given when and only when desired response produced. (do not deliver Rft spuriously)

6
Q

What is an exception to the contiguity rule of instrumental conditioning?

A

Taste aversion

7
Q

What is shaping?

A

The reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired response, by changing the schedule of reinforcement.Examples: strength of lever press, place training.

8
Q

What is the first step in response chaining?

A

Start with the most distal step (end) and work forwards towards the proximal response, such that everything is contingent on preceding behaviour.

9
Q

What is response chaining?

A

The building up of simple responses to form a complex behaviour, by shaping a sequence of responses.

10
Q

What is the optimal schedule of reinforcement? What’s the second optimal?

A
  1. Fixed Ratio (piecemeal schedule)2. Variable Ratio(Fixed Interval, Variable Interval)
11
Q

What is the difference between ratio and interval schedules?

A

Ratio: depends on the number of responses (e.g. Rft delivered ___ responses)Interval: depends on the amount of time after response that reinforcement is delivered.(e.g. Rft delivered ___ seconds after response)

12
Q

What is the difference between fixed and variable schedules?

A

Fixed: Reinforcement delivered every __response OR after __secondsVariable: Reinforcement delivered variably, or on average after __responses or on average after __seconds.

13
Q

How does extinction work?

A

The availability of the reinforcer is removed. Response declines over time.

14
Q

What is the difference between partial reinforcement and continuous reinforcement?

A

Continuous Reinforcement: the response is reinforced every single time it occursPartial Reinforcement: the response is reinforced only part of the time.

15
Q

What kind of punishment uses extinction?

A

Omission (negative punishment) - reward is removed, there is no contingency between R and Rft, response decreases.

16
Q

What is the partial reinforcement extinction effect?

A

When partial reinforcement persists after extinction longer than continuous reinforcement - the less reliably a response is reinforced, the more persistent it is during extinction