2. Prejudice Flashcards

(12 cards)

1
Q

What is prejudice

A
  • affective/emotional response to another person based on perceived social group membership
  • affect is never implicit or unconscious; pre-conscious at best
    • aware of emotional response
    • oxymoron = idea of implicit bias
  • people may misattribute affect
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2
Q

Differentiated Prejudice

A

More than just negative affect, encompasses a plethora of emotions

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3
Q

What are the two core dimensions of the Stereotype Content Model, and how do their combinations predict different emotional prejudices?

A

When we encounter strangers, we engage two dimensions of person perception:
1) Evaluation of person’s intentions / warmth dimension / morality or sociability dimension – are they a friend or foe?
2) Whether the individual is able to act on their intentions / competency dimension
- Not all social actors are perceived equally- Fiske, Cuddy, Glick, & Xu (2002)
- Friend or foe?
- Warm, friendly, trustworthy, sincere-
- Able or unable?
- Competent, able, skillful, capable
-
Stereotype Content Model (SCM)

  • Warmth x competence in 4 clusters:
    These clusters lead to different types of prejudice e.g.: - Perceiving high warmth, low competence: ageism to pity - Perceiving high competence and high warmth: ingroup -> pride - Perceiving high competence, low warmth: businessmen -> envy - Perceiving low competence + low warmth: disgust -> likely subject to dehumanisation e.g. homeless people
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4
Q

Bias map (Cuddy et al., 2007)

A

Active vs Passive facilitation and harm; behaviour resulting from nuanced emotions identified

  • Ingroups who receive pride and admiration > actively facilitate and passively help them
  • Groups who receive disgust and contempt > actively and passively harm
  • Groups soliciting pity > active help but passive harm (e.g. people do not visit elderly in care homes)
  • Groups eliciting envy > active harm, passive facilitation (because you want to associate with them
    – depends on state of society i.e. whether it is doing well or not). Genocide more likely to happen to groups with high competency, low warmth perception
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5
Q

Why is prejudice an emotional response? Evolution.

A
  • prejudice informed by a friend or foe evaluation
  • Relies on a threat detection mechanism
  • Strangers present a dilemma: potential ally or threat
  • Prejudice is a nuanced emotional response
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6
Q

IAT (Greenwald et al., 1998)

A
  • created to tap into biases participants were unwilling to report due to changes in societal views on prejudice. Important to note: they were aware.
    • even members of stigmatised categories will show IAT effect
      • measure of cultural knowledge
    • predicting bias → people will be able to predict their own IAT scores
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7
Q

Predicting bias (Huhn et al., 2014)

A

People can predict their IAT scores
– asked how easy it would be to sort congruent or incongruent pictures
- Measure of how biased they would be predicted IAT scores
- Tapping into people’s inability to report
- People who don’t believed they are biased > experience their responses as an emotional reaction, but may misattribute this affect (and not to their bias)

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8
Q

Affect Misattribution Paradigm (Payne et al., 2005)

A

Show a stimulus (e.g. picture of baby) > show an ideograph (e.g. a Chinese character, flashed very quickly)> followed by a masking procedure
- Shown ideography again – judge whether it means something positive or negative
- People do not report seeing the baby, but their ideograph meaning is consistent with the image shown before
- The affect the baby generates gets attributed / misattributed to the ideograph.
- Being unware of your bias makes you more likely to misattribute your biased feelings > dangerous as activates same threat detection mechanism (e.g. police shootings)
- Shows people who argue they are ‘not biased’ do feel some sort of affect towards particular social groups whether negative or positive but pass it on to something else.

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9
Q

Counteracting prejudice: Emotion Regulation Strategies (Sheppes et al., 2011)

A
  • Reappraisal (re-interpreting stimulus): most effective strategy
    -reliant on late selective attention mech.
  • suppression - experience the emotion but try to control it; almost impossible
  • Distraction; dont process stimuli = no reaction
    - reliant on early selective attention mech.

show participants high intensity / low intensity emotions
- High intensity emotions > opt for distraction strategy; shut down processing of stimuli
- Low intensity emotions > opt for reappraisal strategy; stimuli processed and reinterpreted - Spontaneous employment of strategies

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10
Q

How do you regulate emotions to avoid biasing?

A
  • Avoid time pressure → adds to cognitive load + less time to employ emotional regulation strategies
  • Reframe the Question - spontaneous recategorisation
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11
Q

Other bias reduction strategies (Paluck et al., 2021)

A

Most effective technique is contact – based on contact hypothesis; if we interact with the person with which we hold a negative stereotype against, we can reduce strength of association:
- New learning opportunity to reduce association over time
- Hard to achieve because always an imbalanced power dynamic (with the one being stereotyped against at a disadvantage)

  • Cognitive / emotional training> follows suppression approach
  • Social categorisation> attempt to recategorize
  • Problem with measuring implicit bias via explicit reporting
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12
Q

Average effect of bias interventions

A

Only cognitive and emotional training, entertainment + peer influence interventions that have a real-world effect (+ extended and imaginary contact)-
- Small effect sizes

Why are the trainings ineffective?
- they complete it once and then re-enter the biased world where their biases are reinforced

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