2. The Composition of Cells

Question 0

A protein that forms pores through a membrane.

Answer 0

channel protein

Question 1

A polymer of N-acetylglucosamine residues that is the principal component of fungal cell walls.

Answer 1

chitin

Question 2

The principal structural component of the plant cell wall, a linear polymer of glucose residues linked by beta (1-4) glycosidic bonds.

Answer 2

cellulose

Question 3

A protein that selectively binds and transports small molecules across a membrane.

Answer 3

carrier protein

Question 4

A molecule with the formula (CH2O)n.

Answer 4

carbohydrate

Question 5

A molecule that has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions.

Answer 5

amphipathic

Question 6

Monomeric building blocks of proteins, consisting of carbon atom bound to a carboxyl group, an amino acid, a hydrogen atom, and a distinctive side chain.

Answer 6

amino acid

Question 7

A purine that base-pairs with either thymine or uracil.

Answer 7

adenine

Question 8

The transport of molecules in an energetically unfavorable direction across a membrane coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP or other source of energy.

Answer 8

active transport

Question 9

The five-carbon sugar of DNA.

Answer 9

2’-deoxyribose

Question 10

A transmembrane domain formed by the folding of beta sheets into a barrel-like structure.

Answer 10

β-barrel

Question 11

A sheetlike secondary structure of a polypeptide chain, formed by hydrogen bonding between amino acids located in different regions of the polypeptide.

Answer 11

β sheet

Question 12

A coiled secondary structure of a polypeptide chain formed by hydrogen bonding between amino acids separated by four residues.

Answer 12

Alpha helix

Question 13

A lipid consisting of four hydrocarbon rings. __________ is a major constituent of animal cell plasma membranes and the precursor of steroid hormones.

Answer 13

cholesterol

Question 14

A pyrimidine that base-pairs with guanine.

Answer 14

cytosine

Question 15

The genetic material of the cell.

Answer 15

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Question 16

A folded three-dimensional region of a protein that forms the basic unit of tertiary structure.

Answer 16

domain

Question 17

A long hydrocarbon chain usually linked to a carboxyl group (COO-)

Answer 17

fatty acid

Question 18

A model of membrane structure in which proteins are inserted in a fluid phospholipid bilayer.

Answer 18

fluid mosaic model

Question 19

The systematic analysis of entire cell genomes.

Answer 19

genomics

Question 20

A phospholipid consisting of two fatty acids bound to a glycerol molecule.

Answer 20

glycerol phospholipid

Question 21

A polymer of glucose residues that is the principal storage of carbohydrates in animals.

Answer 21

glycogen

Question 22

A lipid consisting of two hydrocarbon chains linked to a polar head group containing carbohydrates.

Answer 22

glycolipid

Question 23

The bond formed between sugar residues in oligosaccharides or polysaccharides.

Answer 23

glycosidic bond

Question 24

A purine that base-pairs with cytosine.

Answer 24

guanine

Question 25

Soluble in water.

Answer 25

hydrophilic

Question 26

Not soluble in water.

Answer 26

hydrophobic

Question 27

A protein embedded within the lipid bilayer of cell membranes.

Answer 27

integral membrane protein

Question 28

Member of a group of hydrophobic molecules that function as energy storage molecules, signaling molecules, and the major components of cell membranes

Answer 28

lipid

Question 29

A method for identifying compounds based on accurate determination of their mass. _____ __________ is commonly used for protein identification.

Answer 29

mass spectrometry

Question 30

A simple sugar with the basic formula (CH2O)n.

Answer 30

monosaccharide

Question 31

A purine or pyrimidine base linked to a sugar (ribose or dexyribose).

Answer 31

nucleoside

Question 32

A phosphorylated nucleoside.

Answer 32

nucleotide

Question 33

A short polymer of only a few nucleotides.

Answer 33

oligonucleotide

Question 34

A short polymer of only a few sugars.

Answer 34

oligosaccharide

Question 35

The transport of molecules across a membrane in the energetically favorable direction.

Answer 35

passive transport

Question 36

The bond joining amino acids in polypeptide chains.

Answer 36

peptide bond

Question 37

A protein that is indirectly associated with cell membranes by protein-protein inter-action.

Answer 37

peripheral membrane protein

Question 38

A bond between the 5'-phosphate of one nucleotide and the 3'-hydroxyl of another.

Answer 38

phosphodiester bond

Question 39

One of a family of molecules that are the principal components of cell membranes, consisting of two hydrocarbon chains (usually fatty acids) joined to a polar head group containing phosphate.

Answer 39

phospholipid

Question 40

The basic structure of biological membranes in which the hydrophobic tails of phospholipids are buried in the interior of the membrane and their polar head groups are exposed to the aqueous solution on either side.

Answer 40

phospholipid bilayer

Question 41

A polymer containing up to millions of nucleotides.

Answer 41

polynucleotide

Question 42

A polymer of amino acids.

Answer 42

polypeptide

Question 43

A polymer containing thousands of sugars.

Answer 43

polysaccharide

Question 44

The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

Answer 44

primary structure

Question 45

A polypetide with a unique amino acid sequence.

Answer 45

protein

Question 46

All of the proteins expressed in a given cell.

Answer 46

proteome

Question 47

Large-scale analysis of cell proteins.

Answer 47

proteomics

Question 48

One of the types of bases present in nucleic acids. The ________ are adenine and guanine.

Answer 48

purine

Question 49

One of the types of bases present in nucleic acids. The __________ are cytosine, thymine, and uracil.

Answer 49

pyrimidine

Question 50

The interactions between polypeptide chains in proteins consisting of more than one polypeptide.

Answer 50

quaternary structure

Question 51

A polymer of ribonucleotides.

Answer 51

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Question 52

The five-carbon sugar found in RNA.

Answer 52

ribose

Question 53

The regular arrangement of amino acids within localized regions of a polypeptide chain.

Answer 53

secondary structure

Question 54

A phospholipid consisting of two hydrocarbon chains bound to a polar head group containing serine.

Answer 54

sphingomyelin

Question 55

A polymer of glucose residues that is the principle storage form of carbohydrates in plants.

Answer 55

starch

Question 56

A member of a group of hydrophobic hormones, including estrogen and testosterone, that are derivatives of cholesterol.

Answer 56

steroid hormone

Question 57

A new field of biology in which large-scale experimental approaches are combined with quantitative analysis and modeling to study complex biological systems.

Answer 57

systems biology

Question 58

The three-dimensional folding of a polypeptide chain that gives the protein its functional form.

Answer 58

tertiary structure

Question 59

A pyrimidine found in DNA that base-pairs with adenine.

Answer 59

thymine

Question 60

An integral membrane protein that spans the lipid bilayer and has portions exposed on both sides of the membrane.

Answer 60

transmembrane protein

Question 61

Three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule.

Answer 61

triacylglycerol

Question 62

A method for separating cell proteins based on both charge and size.

Answer 62

2-D gel electrophoresis

Question 63

A pyrimidine found in RNA that base-pairs with adenine.

Answer 63

uracil

Question 64

A method in which diffraction pattern of X-rays is used to determine the arrangement of individual atoms within a molecule.

Answer 64

X-ray crystallography