2. The Nature Of Crime

Question 1

Who were vagrants ?

Answer 1

-Someone who wonders from place to place without a settles home or job
-sharp rise in poverty during the 16th century so there was an increase in vagrants

Question 2

What was a vagabond ?

Answer 2

-Wandering beggars who turned to crime
-rising number especially during the reign of Elizabeth l

Question 3

What was an angler (type of vagrant) ?

Answer 3

Used a hooked stick to reach through windows and steal goods

Question 4

What was a counterfeit crank (type of vagrant)?

Answer 4

Dressed in tatty clothes and pretended to suffer from falling sickness to get money out of pity

Question 5

What was a clapper dudgeon (type of vagrant) ?

Answer 5

Tied arsenic to their skin in order to make it bleed and attract sympathy while begging

Question 6

What’s an Abraham man (type of vagrant) ?

Answer 6

Pretended to be mad in order to attract donations through pity

Question 7

How did the Tudor government deal with the problems of vagrancy ?

Answer 7

-flogging or branding them
-making towns tackle the problem
-making it the duty of the local parish to provide aid for its poor but also punish vagabonds

Question 8

What’s heresy ?

Answer 8

-refusing to follow the official religion
-often punishable by death

Question 9

What was religion like under Henry Vlll ?

Answer 9

-split the Catholic Church and made himself head of England
-those refusing to accept were executed

Question 10

What was religion like under Edward Vl ?

Answer 10

-Widened the split with the Catholic Church
-made laws requiring people to worship in a more Protestant way

Question 11

What was religion like under Mary ?

Answer 11

-wanted to make English a catholic country again
-ordered the burning of Protestants for heresy

Question 12

What was religion like under Elizabeth l ?

Answer 12

-Made compromises towards catholics but remained firmly Protestant
-catholics were fined for not attending church and those plotting to kill the queen were executed for treason

Question 13

When was Henry Vlll in power ?

Answer 13

1509-1547

Question 14

When was Edward Vl in power ?

Answer 14

1547-1553

Question 15

When was Mary in power ?

Answer 15

1553-1558

Question 16

When was Elizabeth l in power ?

Answer 16

1558-1603

Question 17

What did the people who strongly believed on their faith do and didn’t want to accept the swings in religion ?

Answer 17

-Some went into exile abroad
-others were willing to die for what they believed
-others learned to keep quiet and pretended to conform

Question 18

Who was a Protestants that was put to death in Wales during Mary’s reign for not converting to Catholicism ?

Answer 18

-Rawlins White- burned at Cardiff in 1555

Question 19

What school teacher was executed for spreading Catholicism ?

Answer 19

-Richard Gwyn from Llanidloes was executed in Wrexham 1584

Question 20

What is smuggling ?

Answer 20

-secret trade in goods to avoid paying custom duties

Question 21

Why did people smuggle ?

Answer 21

-made criminals considerable amounts of money on the black market as they were able to sell goods for much cheaper than in shops and markets

Question 22

In gangs of about 50-100 people what were the jobs ?

Answer 22

-Venturer- investor
-spotsman- responsible for directing the ship to shore
-lander- arranged the unloading of the smuggles cargo
-tubsman- carried goods
-batsman- protected the tubsman

Question 23

Why was there an increase in smuggling ?

Answer 23

-change in government policy over customs and duties

Question 24

Why did smuggling decrease ?

Answer 24

-government reduced duties to make smuggling unprofitable

Question 25

What were two notable welsh smugglers ?

Answer 25

-William Owen- operated smuggling gangs along cardigan bay during 1720s and 1730s -Siôn cwilt- operated along Cardiganshire coast across the mid eighteenth century

Question 26

What’s highway robbery ?

Answer 26

-stopping people as they travel along a road, usually in a coach and robbing them

Question 27

What was a footpad ?

Answer 27

-robbers that attacked pedestrians

Question 28

Who was one glamorised highway robber ?

Answer 28

-Dick Turpin

Question 29

Why did highway robbery decline ?

Answer 29

-roads became much busier -bank notes had to be cashed in and could be traced -in London, a horse patrol was set up in 1805 to guard the main roads

Question 30

What’s the Industrial Revolution ?

Answer 30

-a time if great change where people began to make goods in factories using machines

Question 31

What’s a tithe ?

Answer 31

-a tax paid by farmers of one-tenth of their produce/ income

Question 32

What did industrialisation and urbanisation lead to ?

Answer 32

- people moved from close knit rural communities to overcrowded towns with much more opportunity for crime

Question 33

What is a rookery ?

Answer 33

-an area notorious for criminal activity -St Giles in central London

Question 34

What were some examples of criminal activity in rookeries ?

Answer 34

-Thimble screwers- stole pocket watches from their chains -prop nailers- stole pins and brooches from women -drag sneaks- stole goods or luggage from carts and coaches

Question 35

What happened with Luddism 1812-13 ?

Answer 35

-attacks on factory machines in northern England with handloom weavers protesting over new factory based machine woven cloth

Question 36

What happened during the swing riots (1830-31) ?

Answer 36

-agricultural labourers set fire to and smashed machines- they were angry about their poverty and the introduction of farm machinery

Question 37

What happened during the Rebecca Riots ?

Answer 37

-gangs of poor farmers disguised as women to high their identity, attacked tollgates in south west wales -angry about increased rents, tithe payments and tolls -1839-1843

Question 38

What happened during the Scotch Cattle ?

Answer 38

-during 1830s colliers with blackened faces and wearing animal skins attacked the property of industrialists in south wales -they called for strikes to protest against the truck system, high rents and wage reductions

Question 39

What were the Chartist protests (1839) ?

Answer 39

-Chartists campaigned for a reform of parliament and the granting of the vote to all men over 21 -in April 1839 a Chartist uprising in Llanidloes involved an attack on the Treythen Arms Hotel -In November 1839 three Chartist leaders including John Frost and William Jones led a march through the valleys to Newport. A disturbance took place outside the Westgate Hotel which resulted in 8 Chartists being shot dead by soldiers (Newport rising)

Question 40

What has the increase of the numbers of cars on roads led to ?

Answer 40

-new laws for regulating motorised transport such as speed limits -recent law 2023 made speed limit 20mph on roads in pedestrian areas in wales

Question 41

What are some common motoring offences/crime ?

Answer 41

-dangerous and careless driving- parking violation or speeding -driving without a license- no car insurance or vehicle tax -failing to stop after an accident- not reporting accidents -driving while being over the legal limit for alcohol -not wearing a seatbelt

Question 42

What are some cyber crimes ?

Answer 42

-Cyber bullying- repeated threatening and hostile behaviour through internet to intimidate/ hurt someone -Sexual crimes- child grooming through chat rooms, sharing of illegal images of children, pictures without consent -copyright infringement- illegally downloading music and films -hacking- gaining unauthorised access to the private records of an individual or organisation -phishing scams- using spoof emails to trick people into revealing important information like bank details, address etc -identity theft- stealing a persons identity and pretending to be somebody else to steal money etc

Question 43

What is a terrorist ?

Answer 43

-someone that uses a range of methods to push their political beliefs -these include hijackings, assassinations, taking hostages, bombings, suicide attacks

Question 44

What happened in Arndale Shopping centre in 1996?

Answer 44

-in Manchester -IRA bombed it

Question 45

Who are the IRA ?

Answer 45

-seeking the end of British rule in Northern Ireland and the reunification of Ireland

Question 46

What were the 7/7 attacks ?

Answer 46

-7 July 2005 -series of suicide bomb attacks on Londons public transport network -links to al-Qaeda

Question 47

What is a terrorist group operated in Wales ?

Answer 47

-Mudiad Amddifyn Cymru (Movement for the defence of wales) - between 1963 and 1969 attempted a number of bombings including attempting to disrupt the investiture of Prince Charles but their bomb exploded prematurely

Question 48

What is another terrorist group operated in wales ?

Answer 48

-sons of Glyndwr -during the 1980s and 1990s they targeted non welsh speakers moving into Welsh communities -carried out arson campaign against holiday homes

Question 49

What is a hate crime ?

Answer 49

-range from criminal damage and vandalism to harassment -victims targeted for race, sexuality, religion -most common type motivates by racism -growth in religiously motivated hate crimes

Question 50

What is a hooligan ?

Answer 50

-a person who acts in a violent way and causes damage often without thinking

Question 51

What’s hooliganism ?

Answer 51

-often in gangs -violence normalised -football hooliganism became particular problem in 1970s -for example- 1985 fighting between British and Italian fans caused a wall to collapse in Heysel Stadium in Belgium killing 38 people

Question 52

What’s a mule ?

Answer 52

-someone who agrees to carry illegal drugs into another country in return for payment

Question 53

What’s drug trafficking?

Answer 53

-prominent in late twentieth century -planes, boats, truck and people (mules) are used by gangs to smuggle illegal drugs into the UK -use violence to protect their patch

Question 54

What’s gun and knife crime ?

Answer 54

-associated with drug gangs -linked to juvenile gangs -gang members sometimes carry knifes and guns sometimes as protection