4.Methods Of Combating Crime Flashcards
(22 cards)
What are petty sessions ?
Local courts at which 2 or more JPs would sit to deal with minor criminal cases so as to not overwhelm the quarter sessions
Whats a quarter session ?
Courts held every 3 months JPs
Whats a house of correction ?
A prison for beggars who refused to work
What were the JPs duties to help law enforcement?
-maintaining law and order- act as a magistrate, administer justice through the quarter and petty session courts. They organised parish constables and watchmen.
-administrating local government- responsible for enforcing licensing and regulating ale houses, organising road and bridge repair. Managed houses of correction
-carrying out orders of the privy council and council of the marches- JPs expected to ensure that acts passed by these groups were enforced and obeyed
During the Tudor period when towns were expanding how did JPs deal with vagabonds ?
-and countryside too
-effective in maintaining law and order at a local level
-performed a vital service in policing and punishing
-effective in ensuring acts of parliament locally enforced
Who did JPs appoint ?
parish constables and the town watchmen
Hue and cry still operated
Who were Charlie’s ?
-King Charles second created a force of paid night watchmen in London in 1663
What were the problems with constables, watchmen and Charlie’s ?
-unpaid
-few had the time to perform duties properly
-Charlie’s tended to be too old or lazy
What was English law enforcement like in wales during medieval times ?
-Wales governed by 10th century laws of Hywel da and this remained until the acts of union of 1536 and 1543
-they enforced English judicial system upon wales, caused English system of local government to be introduced
-resulted in the introduction of JPs
-Sir Edward Stradling- served as MP during the reign of Elizabeth as well as fulfilling the role of JP in local area for most of adult life
In the industrial era what happened to the medieval system of justice ?
Due to growth of towns and cities this put pressure on using unpaid amateurs to maintain law and order
How was the Bow street runners established ?
-1748= Henry Feilding appointed cheif magistrate at bow street
-1751= published and enquiry into the late increase of robbers etc., set up force of 6 law officers that were paid, full time, well trained
-their motto was QUICK NOTICE AND SUDDEN PERSUIT
-his brother john continued to work and enhanced it
-1763= government grant £600 establish bow street horse patrol, highway robbery
-1772= newspaper the quarterly persuit- published 4 times a year, contained lists of crimes and descriptions of wanted criminals
-1792= Middlesex justices act extended BS scheme, funded 7JPs in other parts of London, Thames river police then established, horse patrol of 54 officers
-1829= London had 450 constables and 4000 watchmen to serve population of 1.5 million
-preventative policing stopping crime rather than dealing with consequences
What a bobby ?
Nickname for a policemen after sir Robert peel
Who was Robert peel ?
-the Home Secretary
-1829 metropolitan police act set up a new force in London under control of him
-wanted a force of paid, full time law officers who could investigate crimes, patrol and prevent
What were the main features of the new force ?
-run by 2 commissioners
-headquarters were at Scotland Yard, Westminster
-17 districts each with 144 police constables
-constables must be able to read and write
-uniform= blue jacket, white trousers and tall white hat
-constables worked 7 days a week patrolling set area
What 3 acts were involved in the extension of police force outside of London ?
-Municipal Corporations act 1835- allowed some towns to set up force if they wanted too only a small number had by 1837
-Rural police act 1839- allowed jPS to establish police forces in their county only small number had done so by 1856
-County and Borough Police Act 1856- made it compulsory for every county to have police force
What was the establishment of town and county police forces in wales ?
-during 1840s 5 of 13 counties set up constabularies (Cardiganshire and Monmouthshire)
-after 1856 constabularies were set up in remaining shires
What were the development of specialist units ?
-detective branch 1842- used to investigate crimes, plain clothes, in 1878 became CID
-special branch 1883- set up to deal with Irish terrorism, expanded to deal with general terrorism
-photography 1850 onwards- visual images helpful
-fingerprinting 1901- establishes unique identity, national register increased crime detection rate by 400%
What is the development of police transport like ?
-1910 ish bicycles were beginning to be used
-police cars started to become commonly used by 1930s
-around this time police motorbikes
-1980s there was introduction of police helicopter and aircraft
What were the developments of communications and technology like ?
-telegraph and radio- first used in 1910, police telephone boxes, 999 emergency number available from 1937, two way radio used from the 30s
-camera and video technology- 1901 first police photographer was employed, make use of CCTV
-computer technology- the police national computer came to use in 1974 and it holds database for fingerprints, DNA records and missing people etc
What are 3 specialist police services ?
-criminal investigation department CID- 1878- investigating major crimes like murder, robberies and sexual offences
-dog handling squad 1946- trained officers used dogs to help trace people, drugs and explosives
-anti terrorism branch 1971- monitors and prevents terrorist activity
What are the developments like in community policing ?
-late twentieth century many initiatives introduced to help improve police community relations
-on the beat- more police officers returned to beat to provide visible presence on the street
-neighbourhood watch schemes- introduced 1982, developed into nationwide membership of 10 million people, organised groups of local people who work with police to prevent crime in their neighbourhoods
-crime prevention schemes- run by the police and offer advice on safety, home and vehicle safety and protection against fraud
What’s the creation of a larger police force in wales ?
-may 1966 Home Secretary Roy Jenkins announced reduction in police forces across England and wales from 177 to 49, since has been reduced to 43
-during 1967-68 the number of police forces in wales was reduced from 12-4 including the gwent constabulary and dyfed Powys constabulary
