20 a Day (11) Flashcards
1
Q
What is a HomeBiogas system?
A
A biodigester system that converts farm wastes into biogas (methane) and organic fertilizer
HomeBiogas systems utilize anaerobic digestion for waste management.
2
Q
What should you do if the produce is safe for human consumption but not suitable for sale?
A
Donate them to food banks.
3
Q
What does proper recycling infrastructure include?
A
A total waste management provider.
4
Q
- What do the Forests and soil conservation guidelines recommend regarding burning?
- Why?
A
- Burning should be avoided if possible
- This recommendation is due to the potential leaching of nutrients leading to infertility and soil acidification.
5
Q
How can one obtain soil information where maps are absent?
A
Surveys
6
Q
What does RIDDOR stand for?
A
Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations (RIDDOR) 2013
7
Q
What is the waste management hierarchy?
A
A conceptual framework designed to guide and rank waste management decisions at the organisational level.
8
Q
- What is one method to reduce the volume of brash?
- What sort of site is it suited for?
A
- Burning
- It is more suited for small sites
9
Q
What process does a biodigester septic tank use that a regular septic tank does not?
A
Anaerobic digestion
This process produces biogas (methane), which is not produced by standard septic tanks.
10
Q
List two key products of anaerobic digestion of livestock manure.
A
- Produces biogas (methane)
- Generates nutrient-rich digestate liquid
11
Q
What are the uses of livestock manure and waste (3 Points)?
A
Multiple uses include:
* Produce nutrient-rich compost and fertilizer
* Use anaerobic digestion to produce biogas and digestate
* Build a wastewater irrigation system (e.g. water that isn’t dranketh can be used to irrigate crops).
12
Q
The second step in creating a risk assessment is to determine who might be harmed and how. This includes identifying _______.
A
all individuals who could be exposed to the identified hazards
13
Q
- What sort of inspections are required by The Electricity at Work Regulations 1989.
- How often should they be inspected?
A
Farm buildings and equipment are subject to electrical inspections, with most being classified as commercial premises and requiring inspections at least every five years.
14
Q
- What should be considered regarding soil type during harvesting and restocking operations?
- How can such information be obtained?
A
- Sensitivity to physical damage
- Soil information can be obtained from maps or surveys.
15
Q
What is the purpose of using mechanical chippers and mulchers on site?
A
To comminute and redistribute brash materials for easier planting and tidier appearance
16
Q
What is the first step in measuring progress of farm waste management (2 Points)?
A
- Collect data on waste generation, disposal methods, and associated costs
- This involves measuring the amount (volume and weight) and types of waste generated on the farm and monitoring its composition.
17
Q
True or False: The added cost of chipping operations is not a concern.
A
False - the cost must be balanced against the benefits of chipping.
18
Q
How much carbon emissions is estimated to be produced from one tonne of landfilled food waste?
A
450kg of carbon emissions.
19
Q
What is the top priority of the waste management hierarchy?
A
Reducing or preventing as much waste generation as possible.
This stage encourages minimizing the use of virgin raw materials in production.
20
Q
How does COSHH relate to chainsaw fuel?
A
COSHH requires employers to implement appropriate control measures, such as using…
* Appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE)
* Providing proper training
* Ensuring safe storage and handling procedures.
21
Q
How can spoiled produce be used as animal feed?
A
Certain types of fruits and vegetables can be safely consumed by livestock such as pigs, chickens, and cattle.
22
Q
What is important to establish regarding fertiliser requirements for a site?
A
Current and past fertiliser requirements - understanding fertiliser history helps in planning future applications.
23
Q
- What soils are most prone to compaction?
- Why?
- What soils aren’t as susceptible to compaction?
A
- Soils most prone to compaction are generally clay, clay loam, and silty clay loam More specifically, soils that contain a high percentage of clay particles (over 25%) are easily compacted when wet.
- These soils have fine particles that can easily be compressed and compacted when wet, especially under heavy machinery or livestock trampling.
- Sandy and silty soils are less susceptible to compaction.
24
Q
When should a risk assessment be reviewed (Two different points)
A
- At least annually
- Additionally, reviews should occur after significant workplace changes or incidents.
25
What must all electrical installations possess under The Electricity at Work Regulations 1989?
* Conductors and wires must be insulated.
* There must be appropriate means of cutting-off electricity.
26
What does COSHH stand for?
Control of Substances Hazardous to Health
27
Give an example of eliminating a hazard (which is top of the risk hierarchy)
Removing the hazard altogether
## Footnote
An example is replacing a dangerous machine with a safer one.
28
What is one way to minimize waste when purchasing pesticides?
Buy pesticides in bulk when possible.
29
30
Who needs to be reported to when dangerous incidents occur (even if they don't harm anyone)?
The Health and Safety Executive (HSE)
31
What is the 'Recover' step in the waste hierarchy?
Recovering energy or materials from waste through processes like anaerobic digestion or incineration when further recycling is impractical.
32
What should be set after collecting data on farm waste (2 Points)?
* Reasonable waste reduction targets
* Possible goals can include a percentage reduction in waste volume or weight for each type of waste or an increase in recycled organic waste.
33
What is nutrient-rich digestate?
The organic liquid fertilizer left after anaerobic digestion that improves crop production.
34
* What should be done after any accidents or near misses?
* Why is this beneficial?
* Review the assessment to identify areas needing updates
* These events can highlight gaps in the current assessment.
35
What is the hierarchy of controls in risk management (Five different parts)?
Elimination, Substitution, Engineering controls, Administrative controls, Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
36
How can farm waste be used to regulate soil temperature?
Use them as mulch to cover the surface around plants.
37
* Who should be identified as potentially harmed in a risk assessment?
* You'll get bonus points for identifying what?
* Employees, visitors (e.g. contract workers), and the general public
It is crucial to specify who might be harmed and how, such as identifying specific roles like machine operators.
38
How does a HomeBiogas system contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions?
By minimizing the farm's carbon footprint through biogas (methane) use
## Footnote
This supports a cleaner and more circular farming system.
39
What does the Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992 law thingy require?
The Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992 (MHOR) significantly impacts agriculture by requiring employers to minimize risks associated with manual handling tasks, including lifting, carrying, and pushing heavy objects.
40
What are the risks associated with the use of large machines for chipping?
Physical soil damage, increased nutrient leaching (presumably due to increased SA for microbial bacteria).
41
* What is one effective storage practice for farm waste management?
* Why is it good (Protection from two things and one control related benefit)?
* Covering compost piles or using appropriate containers for livestock manure
* This protects resources from degradation and potential contamination, and offers better odor control.
42
What can be done with agricultural plastics in good condition?
Reuse plastics to extend their life cycle and minimize waste generation.
43
What resources are required to recycle scrap paper?
Water and electricity.
44
What tool can be used to categorize risks in a risk assessment?
Risk matrix or scoring system
45
What does the 'Prevent' step in the waste hierarchy entail?
Placing top priority on reducing or preventing waste.
46
What is an example of a recyclable material mentioned?
Scrap paper.
47
Since a biodigester will produce a lot of methane, what do you need to consider?
* That it may be highly flammable.
* The gases may be noxious.
* Keep it away from sources of ignition and the public
48
What does PUWER stand for?
Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998
49
Why is recycling considered the third step in the waste management hierarchy?
Because of the extra energy and resources that go into creating a new product.
50
What do employees need to know under RIDDOR?
Employers should ensure employees understand their roles and responsibilities under RIDDOR, **including the reporting requirements and procedures.**
51
Fill in the blank: A HomeBiogas biodigester system transforms organic waste into _______.
Biogas (methane) and organic fertilizer
52
What percentage of global greenhouse gas emissions is attributed to food loss and waste?
8%
53
True or False: Composting livestock manure eliminates pathogens.
True
54
How does PUWER relate to chainsaws and other pieces of equipment?
* The Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 (PUWER) mandate that employers ensure the safe use of all work equipment, including chainsaws, by...
* Providing adequate training
* Maintenance
* Ensuring that only competent individuals operate them.
* Providing appropriate PPE.
55
* What is the second-best approach to waste management (Not including prevention)?
* Give two reasons why it's good.
* Preparing materials for reuse in their original form.
* This approach reduces landfill impact and avoids costs related to new goods.
56
What does 'Dispose' mean in the context of the waste management hierarchy?
Landfilling or incinerating materials that cannot be reused, recycled, or recovered for energy.
57
* What is one method to manage agricultural plastics?
* What's one cool thing you should remember?
* Recycle through an agricultural plastic recycling program
* Some manufacturers may have take-back programs for specific farm plastics.
58
What should landowners, forest works managers, operators, and banksmen consider (3 Points)?
Proximity areas, harvesting work sites, and haulage routes.
## Footnote
These considerations are vital for safety management on forest sites.
59
* How can livestock manure be transformed into compost?
* Give three benefits of this process.
By composting, which reduces waste volume, eliminates pathogens, and transforms it into a safe product for fields or potting mixes.
60
The Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 has a lot to say about agricultural equipment and overhead electricity lines. Elaborate.
If there are power lines in the vicinity of your work the best way to make sure you stay out of the EXCLUSION ZONE is to position your vehicle at a SAFE STAND OFF DISTANCE so that, **even when fully extended, no part of it can accidentally reach inside the EXCLUSION ZONE.**
61
True or False: The waste management hierarchy prioritizes disposal over recycling.
False.
62
True or False: Control measures should always be implemented in the order of their cost-effectiveness.
False - the hierarchy of controls prioritizes effectiveness over cost.
63
What should be done with pesticide containers after triple-rinsing?
Recycle containers through dedicated waste disposal programs, following local regulations.
64
What type of waste should never be used for composting or animal feed?
Waste contaminated with pesticides or other harmful substances.
65
* What can corn stalks, straws, and some weeds be converted into (Hint: animals)?
* What must be considered before this?
* Animal feed.
* It's important to consider the nutritional requirements of the animals and potential pesticide contamination.
66
How much cooking gas can a HomeBiogas system generate daily?
Up to 6 hours of cooking gas
## Footnote
The amount depends on the size of the biodigester.
67
List one method to maximize efficiency in waste management (there are four).
* Procuring raw materials with minimal packaging
* Avoiding disposable goods
* Using recycled materials
* Optimizing inventory for perishables
## Footnote
These steps help prevent unnecessary consumption of resources.
68
Why is it important to break down raw materials into smaller fragments?
To increase the surface area available for microbial activity, promoting faster decomposition and nutrient release.
69
What can hugelkultur be good for in terms of growing stuff?
It can be good for creating raised beds for growing fruit on.
70
What is the structure of the waste management hierarchy?
An inverted pyramid with the most preferred actions at the top and the least preferred at the bottom
## Footnote
The hierarchy prioritizes actions based on their environmental impact.
71
* What is essential when communicating risks and findings?
* How can this be achieved?
* Ensure that everyone understands the risks and control measures
* This can be achieved through training, meetings, or written instructions.
72
What risk should be considered when removing brash?
Inducing nutrient deficiency - brash removal can affect soil nutrient levels.
73
* If manual handling must be carried out, then what must be done under MHOR?
* This thing must include three things. What are they?
A risk assessment, including factors like the weight and size of loads, the individual's capabilities, and the environment.
74
What are the effects of composting and anaerobic digestion on crop health?
Keeps harmful organisms and insect pests away from farms, improving crop health
75
What is the process of burying woodland material under dirt mounds called?
Hugelkultur (A german technique).
76
True or False: Setting waste reduction targets is the first step in measuring farm waste management progress.
False - the first step is to collect data on waste generation, disposal methods, and associated costs.
77
* What are employers legally obligated to avoid under MHOR?
* How are such things avoided?
Employers are legally obligated to avoid hazardous manual handling activities whenever reasonably practicable. This might involve...
* Redesigning tasks so they can be completed without heavy handling
* Using mechanised systems if all else fails
78
What is the first step in farm waste management best practices for pesticide containers?
Triple-rinse them to ensure they are free from any remaining pesticide residues.
79
What is the benefit of separating solid and liquid manure streams?
It enables a more efficient composting process and precise nutrient application.
80
What environmental issues can landfills cause?
They can leak chemicals and toxic liquids that can contaminate the soil and groundwater underneath.
81
* What is a waste audit?
* How long should one last?
* What are the six steps?
A waste audit, sometimes referred to as a waste stream audit, is an examination of your waste, that focuses on the type and volume of waste you are producing during a given timeframe (typically, over a single week).
* Step 1: Understand the waste you produce
* Step 2: Time, ideally, this should not be during a particularly busy period as you need to gain an understanding of what your waste is like on an ‘average’ week
* Step 3: Site, to include volume of waste, type and where on site
* Step 4: Sort through your waste, is each type being processed correctly
* Step 5: Analyse your data, identify improvements
* Step 6: Implement Changes, such as signage, waste management planning etc.
82
What is the top priority in the waste management hierarchy?
Complete waste prevention.
83
Spoiled produce can be used to feed ____________ biodigester systems to produce biogas and organic fertilizer.
anaerobic digestion
84
* What should be done after implementing control measures?
* Why is this important?
* Regularly check that the controls are being followed and are still effective
* This ensures ongoing safety and compliance.
85
What can the **recovered** energy from waste be used for?
For the organisation’s use or fed back into the electricity grid.
86
What should be checked to ensure proper manure application (Hint: laws)?
Local regulations regarding manure application guidelines.
87
What law relates to carrying heavy stuff (MHOR)?
The Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992 (MHOR).
88
What should be followed for proper disposal of pesticide containers?
The instructions on pesticide labels.
89
What happens to materials that cannot be reused, recycled, or recovered for energy?
They will be landfilled or incinerated (without energy recovery). This method is considered unsustainable.
90
How can farm workers be empowered to improve waste management?
By educating them on waste reduction and its environmental and economic benefits.
91
Fill in the blank: The use of chippers and mulchers is becoming increasingly _______.
Popular - this trend reflects a growing interest in site management practices.
92
What can happen to some organic soils as a result of burning (HInt: repellent)?
They may develop a water repellent surface - this can negatively affect water retention and soil health.
93
Effective storage practices protect valuable resources from ___________________________ (2 Things).
Degradation and potential contamination.
94
What are some examples of agricultural plastics?
* Mulch films
* Greenhouse covers
* Irrigation tubing
* Silage bags
* Bale wraps
95
What two factors should be considered when analyzing risks?
Likelihood and severity
96
Why do empty pesticide containers pose higher risks than agricultural plastics?
They may contain residues of harmful chemicals.
97
What does the waste management hierarchy replace?
The traditional waste management approach of 'the three Rs' (reduce, reuse and recycle)
98
Fill in the blank: If a business cannot reduce waste, it should prepare them for _______.
Reuse - preparing waste for reuse is the next best step after reduction.
99
What step of the waste management hierarchy is recycling?
The third step (after reduce and reuse).
100
List the five priorities in the waste management hierarchy in order (PRRRRD).
* Prevent
* Reduce
* Reuse
* Recycle
* Recover
* Dispose
101
Where should pesticide containers be stored?
In designated areas away from water sources or areas prone to flooding.
102
At a very basic level, what does RIDDOR require?
It requires that work-related deaths, serious injuries, occupational diseases, and dangerous occurrences with the potential to cause harm are reported to the Health and Safety Executive (HSE).
103
What process does a HomeBiogas system use to manage organic waste?
Anaerobic digestion
## Footnote
This process breaks down organic waste to produce biogas (methane) and fertilizer.
104
What is meant by 'Reduce' in the waste management hierarchy?
Using less materials in general.
105
What is one method of applying liquid livestock manure to fields?
Through a wastewater irrigation system.
106
Who must plan and coordinate safety measures on forest sites?
Landowners and forestry works managers.
107
What is biogas and its primary component?
Biogas is produced through anaerobic digestion and is primarily composed of methane.
108
What must operators on forest sites do?
Implement safety measures.
109
Which law strongly relates to electricity (EWR)?
The Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 (EWR).
110
What does the Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974 require from employers and self-employed individuals?
To ensure, as far as is reasonably practicable, that their work does not affect the health and safety of others (including the public).
