20 a Day (4) Flashcards
1
Q
What type of cutter helps to reduce the risk of kickback: full-chisel or semi-chisel?
A
Semi-chisel/rapid-micro
2
Q
How do you perform a cold start on a chainsaw (4 Points)?
A
- Put the chainbreak on
- Press the small button/primer bulb
- Hold the throttle and pull down the switch near the handle (must be in the down position)
- Pull the cord to start the saw
3
Q
What are the four post-cold-start checks?
A
- Turn off the chainbreak and rev the chainsaw - check for chaincreep
- Rev the saw at your sheath to see if oil comes out
- Activate the chainbreak and rev the saw to see if the break works
- Flick the off-switch up
4
Q
What must you do before letting your chain touch wood?
A
Get the chain moving - don’t put the chain against the wood and then get it moving.
5
Q
When moving along a log when cross-cutting, what must you remember to do?
A
Activate the chainbreak inbetween little movements (you must never move with the chainbreak off).
6
Q
When stacking cross-cutted wood, you should never stack it higher than…
A
1m (different rule than cord piles?)
7
Q
How would you cut this log that’s been placed on two little logs? When would you do the opposite?
A
- Cut the top first (red line/compression cut)
- Then cut the botton (green line/tension cut)
- You’d do the opposite if there’s no second little log (the log is overhanging).
8
Q
What does PUWER stand for? What’s your duty under it?
A
Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations. Your duty under it is to do your pre-start COCO checks and to make sure that ll your equipment is well-maintained and safe to use.
9
Q
What will happen if the depth gauges on cutters are too high?
A
The chain will push wood away, rather than cut into it.
10
Q
What will happen if the depth gauges on cutters are too short?
A
The cutters will try to remove too much wood, and the risk of kickback will be increased.
11
Q
What will happen if all the cutters on a chain aren’t the same size and shape?
A
Cuts will be uneven!
12
Q
Why do the air holes in a chainsaw’s pulling mechanism need to be clean?
A
So air can enter the chainsaw’s colling mechanism.
13
Q
You’re cleaning an air filter by using an airline. What do you need to remember?
A
Put the airline inside the air filter so that dust and debris gets blown outwards.
14
Q
Can a cutter be too sharp?
A
Yes - it will be too aggressive and it will become blunt very quickly.
15
Q
Where must waste fuel be deposited?
A
In a designated oil drum.
16
Q
What should you do if there’s too much compression when trying to cut a piece of wood?
A
Make a series of piano cuts.
17
Q
How can you tell if a plant is alive?
A
- Scratch the bark a little bit.
- If the underlying bark is brown and not green, scratch again further down.
- Keep repeating this. If the whole plant is brown, then the plant is dead.
18
Q
When planting trees that are/were in containers, what level should the container soil be placed at?
A
Make sure it’s at the same level as the ground.
19
Q
When using woodchips as mulch, how many inches do you need?
A
Six inches!
20
Q
When creating dead hedges, what sort of material should go at the bottom?
A
Thick branches - branches should get more thin as the dead hedge gets taller.
21
Q
Why should dead hedges be curved (and not straight)?
A
For whatever reason, deer are more likely to jump over straight dead hedges. They’ll walk alongside curved dead hedges and not enter the coupe.
22
Q
Can you throw brash on a coppice stool to prevent it from being browsed?
A
No - the brash will hinder regrowth.
23
Q
When coppicing a stool, in what order should you remove poles?
A
Remove the thinnest poles first - if you try to remove the larger ones then you’ll damager the thin ones!
24
Q
Hazel poles are thicker than 1.5 inches. What does this mean?
A
It means that the coppice is overstood - poles should be 1.5 inches when the hazel is 7 years old (7 years is the coppice cycle length for hazel trees).
25
When can a log pile **not** be removed?
When it's been around for one season - after this point, the pile is officially a habitat.
26
Why should you remove any leaf litter from around a coppice stool before you remove any poles?
To help protect dormice - they won't run away from you because they're impossible to wake up!
27
Why should all steps (made by step-cuts) be removed from a coppice stool?
To prevent water from building-up on the stool.
28
When you do a compression cut and a tension cut, this is known as a...
...Step cut.
29
When you've finsihed coppicing, make sure that all mini-stumps are...
...As short as possible.
30
When coppicing, what can long, forked branches be used as?
Progs! These support a branch as you're cutting it.
31
How big should the hole of a bird box be?
It should be the same size as the desired bird's head (if their head can fit through, then so can the rest of the bird).
32
What sorts of bird boxes can be placed anywhere?
Boxes with small entrance holes (as opposed to those with wide entrances - these need to be hidden).
33
How often does a bird box need to be cleaned? What do you clean it with and why?
* Every year
* Clean them by pouring boiling water into them to kill any mites
34
Why should the base of a bird box be counter sunk (the floor is slightly higher than the bottoms of the walls).
To prevent water from clinging to the bottom of the box and causing rot.
35
Why must the roof of a bird box always be slanted?
To prevent rainwater from building-up on top.
36
If you leave a piece of wood with a knot in it out in the rain, what will happen?
The knot will fall out, and the piece of wood will be weakened.
37
When planting a containerised/container grown sapling, should the root collar be above or below ground?
It should be perfectly in line with the soil's surface
38
How do you build a stag beetle hotel?
By inserting branches of different lengths in to the ground. Place them at various depths.
39
Why would you coppice goat willow on a seven year cycle?
To create binders - these can be placed along river banks to prevent erosion. The binders may grow roots, increasing stability of the bank.
40
A forestry harvester will create a pathway of foliage in front of them as they cut down trees. Why?
To prevent ground trampling.
41
What are coppiced ash materials used for?
They're turned into floorboards
42
Why would you coppice goat willow on a 1-3 year cycle(s)?
For weaving materials! You'll wait one year to harvest whippy things, and three years for frames.
43
Why does ash wood (not literal ash - ash as in the species) make for great firewood?
Because ash can be burned while it's still green - other hardwoods need to be seasoned first.
44
Why do you need to be careful when transporting horses between sites (2 Points)?
* Horses don't digest their food very well
* Therefore, they may poop-out invasive seeds
45
How many trees can you expect to remove when trying to create an access pathway for felling machinery?
Roughly 40% of the trees within a woodland.
46
Give four pieces of agricultural equipment that are likely to be targeted by thieves. What isn't likely to be taken?
* Quadbikes
* Woodchippers
* Land Rovers
* Chainsaws
* Tractors aren't likely to be stolen.
47
Do quadbikes destroy forest soils?
No - quadbikes have very low tyre pressure compared to car tyres
48
What's this thing called? What's it used for?
* A skidding cone
* It's used to prevent logs from getting stuck on obstacles like roots, stumps, or residual trees while being dragged
49
What do tank tracks help to reduce?
They help to reduce ground damage (in comparison to big wheels).
50
What's the opposite on an overstood coppice?
An in-rotation coppice!
51
How big should a cord pile be?
* 4 feet wide
* 4 feet tall
* and 8 feet long
52
How long are posts? What about rails?
* Posts: 2m
* Rails: 2.7m
53
What's more expensive: woodchips, or Type 1 MoT?
Woodchips - they're more expensive than you think!
54
Where are woodchips unsuitable?
On pathways that are going to be used by vehicles - the tyres will churn them up.
55
How large are the particles in Type 1 MoT?
0-4.5cm
56
How would you create an access track for vehicles into a forest (3 Points)?
* Lay down a pathway of terram sheets
* Then lay down a pathway of rubble
* Then compress/breakdown the rubble with a whacker plate
57
What's the best tool for creating a drainage system?
A mole plough (the torpedo bit goes in the ground) - attach it to the back of a vehicle.
58
Why are rubble paths important when vehciles need to enter woodland?
* You may not be able to create ditches in a woodland as your may harm the trees by damaging their roots
* Therefore, a rubble path will keep vehicles above the water level
59
What do trees do better than any other type of vegetation? This makes them good at...
They evaporate water better than any of type of vegetation - this makes them good at reducing flood risk.
60
What two tree species are great at reducing flood risks?
Willows and poplars - these use a lot of water, so the surrounding soils should always have space for more water.
61
Why is the UK so good for broadleaved trees?
Because nowhere is 110km away from the coast.
62
How many native tree species are there in the UK?
33
63
In the UK, what counts as a native tree species?
Any species that colonised the UK between the end of the LGM (22,000 years ago) and the formation of the English Channel (8,000 years ago).
64
How low has forest coverage gotten in the UK? When did this happen?
It dropped to just 5% in 1919 (when the Forestry Commission was formed).
65
There is a direct relationship between the size of a tree's _______ and its _________.
Its crown and its trunk.
66
What did Frans Vera believe?
He believed that large grazing animals (cattle and horses) arrived in the UK before trees did once the LGM had concluded. Their grazing resulted in light-demanding species, namely oak, being present.
67
Give one reason why naturally regenerated trees are stronger than artificially planted ones (Hint: fungi).
Naturally regenerated trees have more mycorrhizae.
68
Why are artificially planted trees susceptible to drought?
Because they tend to have malformed tap roots as a result of them not growing in the same place their whole lives.
69
At what point should you begin thinning a forest?
When trees are between 7-8m tall.
70
Name a species that's only found in ancient woodlands in the south of the UK.
Yellow-necked mice.
71
How can you measure a distance without a tape measure (4 Points)?
* Walk 50m and count the number of paces.
* Repeat this 3 times.
* Add the paces together and divide by 3. This is your magic number.
* When you want to measure a distance in metres, simply count the number of paces and multiply by your magic number!
72
Why is water more important than nutrients (for plants)?
Without water, plants can't get nutrients to where they need to go.
73
Give an example which shows why losing chalk grasslands to rewilding would be a bad thing.
If chalk grasslands become covered in scrub, 8-9 orchids will be lost.
74
What is the dominant vegetation type determined by (2 Points).
* Climate
* Soil type
75
What is arguably the most important part of habitat management?
Educating the public about the threats that various habitats face, and why the habitats are important in the first place.
76
Will you expect to find pioneer species within a climax community?
No, it's possible that they may not be present.
77
Other than Chinese Maple, what other species is very good at adapting to climate change?
Sycamores!
78
When is a risk assessment required by law?
When you employ five people or more.
79
What must always come before a risk assessment?
An emergency action plan
80
When will a risk assessment conclude that it's too dangerous for a job to go ahead?
When risks are assessed **after** controls and safety measures have been put in place (and it's still deemed to be too dangerous).
81
Between which two years did hedgerows decline by 20%?
Between 1984 and 1990.
82
What species has suffered the most because of the loss of hedgerows?
Hazel dormice
83
In the UK, how many prey do cats kill a year?
300 million prey
84
What makes spiral tree guards so special?
The expand outwards as the tree grows, helping to avoid stangulation.
85
If a tree guard isn't properly ventilated, what can occur?
Mildew
86
What two things will determine how much aftercare a sapling will need?
* The size of the sapling when it's planted - the larger it is, the more aftercare it needs.
* If it's a barerooted sapling - many fibrous roots are lost in transport.
87
Why do larger saplings need more aftercare than smaller saplings/whips (2 Points)?
* Because their root systems have developed in nurseries, and they aren't adapted to living elsewhere.
* Smaller trees will adapt quite quickly mainly because their roots haven't developed to any sort of environment when they're planted.
88
What's the downside of a sapling growing-up in a nursery?
Its roots may be cropped to help save space and to make transporting easier - this is why they need more aftercare when planted outside.
89
What needs more aftercare: a bare rooted sapling or a containerised sapling (3 Points)?
* A bare rooted sapling, because many fibrous roots are lost during the transportation process.
* These fibrous roots are what the sapling uses to absorb water and nutrients.
* The bare rooted sapling must work on replacing these roots after it has been planted.
90
When do saplings need to be watered? For how long?
* Saplings need to be watered between spring and summer.
* Watering must take place for the first 2-3 years of the sapling's life.
91
Exactly how much water does a newly planted standard need in the spring and summer?
30 litres a week (unless there's a lot of rain).
92
What are the symptoms of phosphorus deficiency (2 Points)?
* Purple tinge to leaves
* Leathery feel
93
What are the symptoms of potassium deficiency (2 Points)?
* Yellowing on leaf edges, followed by brown patches
* Fruits will have a poor flavour
94
What are the symptoms of sulphur deficiency (3 Points)?
* Yellow or pale green colouring throughout the plant
* Young leaves suffer from chlorosis (where leaves turn yellow due to a lack of chlorophyll)
* Leaf tips turns necrotic
95
What is the main symptom of magnesium deficiency?
Dark patches between the leaf veins
96
What are the symptoms of calcium deficiency (2 Points)?
* Poor root growth
* Dead leaf tips
97
What are the symptoms of nitrogen deficiency (2 Points)?
* Plant appears pale/yellow - decreased production of chlorophyll.
* Plant growth slows, will become stunted.
98
If you want to kick-start natural regeneration of trees, what can you do?
Scarify the soil
99
What happens when acorn crops are low?
All the little acorns will be eaten by seed predators, and there will be no regeneration.
100
Other than predators, why else is it good to sow seeds directly into the soil (as opposed to simply scattering them onto the surface via broadcast).
It's possible for cold and drying temperatures to kill seeds. Burying them helps to avoid this.
101
No tree can survive in soils that are permanently...
...Wet!
102
When planting normally, how far apart should saplings be?
2 metres (less if you're doing miyawaki planting).
103
Does pit planting work in all soil types?
Yes
104
When should you add a tree guard to a sapling?
Immediately after planting it
105
When is T-notch planting appropriate (2 Points)?
* When the ground is turfed (it doesn't work on bare soil).
* When the soils aren't clay-based (it can still work though).
106
What are the four steps of T-notch planting (starting with an already formed T-cut)?
* Take the spade to the original cut and lever it upwards, parting the turf.
* Place the tree carefully in between the sections of turf.
* Lever the spade back out and the turf will fall into place. Ensure all roots are taken into the hole.
* Adjust the tree to ensure it is at ground level, and thoroughly firm down soil around the tree.
107
Should you mow regularly around some planted saplings?
No - regular mowing invigorates grass growth.
108
Is pruning necessary when caring for a sapling?
No, but it will help your tree to grow upwards!
109
Pruning should take place in the winter when sap isn't flowing. However, there are two exception. What are they?
Cherry and walnut trees - these need pruning in the summer.
110
Will saplings succumb to disease?
No, not really. Diseases will rarely kill young saplings (though diseases themselves do exist).
111
How far will male stag beetles fly? What about female stag beetles? What does this make them vulnerable to?
* Male stag beetles will fly 500m from where they hatch
* But females will only travel 30m
* This makes them vulnerable to isolation
112
Give a climber that serves as a great shelter for animals. Why is it so good?
Ivy. It's an evergreen plant, so animals can sleep in it over the winter.
113
Give a climber that's an excellent food source. Why is it so good (Hint: it provides a vital biological thingy)?
Ivy (again!) Food is often scarce in the colder months, making the berries an important **fat** source.
114
Why is ivy good for pollinators (2 Points)?
* Ivy flowers very late in the year, from September onwards, long after most flowers are over.
* The late nectar of ivy provides a last chance for invertebrates to feed up before they hibernate for the winter.
115
Ivy doesn't harm a tree, but when should it be removed (2 Points)?
* Occasionally, if ivy is growing on a tree that is already diseased or dying, it may be necessary to cut ivy stems to kill the plant.
* This reduces the health and safety risk if the tree is near a path or building.
* This is beacuse ivy removal reduces the weight of the tree.
116
How can you deal with ivy that's on the ground and super dense (and outcompeting smaller plants)? (3 Points)
* Remove all top growth
* Add a thick layer of mulch
* This should kill the root system after a few years
117
How can you keep ivy on the ground at bay?
By cutting the stems (to prevent them from rooting).
118
How can you deal with moderately-sized patches of ivy?
Use a fork to dig out the root systems after you've removed to top growth.
119
Other than really old trees, where else should ivy be removed?
On really young trees - it's likely that these won't be able to compete with ivy for nutrients and light.
120
Where does ivy get its nutrients from?
From its own roots in the ground - it doesn't steal them from the trees it sometimes grows on.
121
What retains more moisture: soils with high organic matter content, or low organic matter content?
Soils with high organic matter content hold more water.
122
What sort of texture would you expect soils with high organic matter to have (They have a _____________ structure and they're well ___________)?
They have a crumbly structure and they're well aggregated.
123
What can you add to soil to make it more resistant to compaction?
Organic matter!
124
What can happen if you add too much organic matter? Why? (Hint: gas)
* Over-application of organic matter causes poor soil aeration.
* This is because the decomposition of organic matter will result in all the oxygen being consumed.
125
What percentage of soil consists of organic matter (Between two percentages)?
Between 3 to 6% of soil consists of organic matter.
126
Does adding organic matter to soil increase or decrease aeration?
It increases it - but be aware that adding too much will cause all the oxygen to be consumed as organic matter is decomposed.
127
What's the difference between detritus and humus?
* Detritus is decomposing organic matter
* Humus is fully decomposed organic matter
128
Hard-setting layers are likely to form on what sorts of soils (Hint: soils that lack something important)?
Soils that have low organic matter content, because they're poorly aggregated.
129
How do hard-setting layers form?
They're formed by heavy rain (unstable aggregates breakdown and then dry into a hard, structureless mass).
130
What's cheaper: organic or inorganic fertilisers?
Inorganic fertilisers are cheaper.
131
Why does adding organic matter to soil increase its ability to hold water?
Because organic matter creates aggregrates that hold onto water.
132
When is it illegal for a bull to be in a field that has a public path going through it?
* If it's older than 10 months
* If it's a dairy breed
* Other breeds have to be accompanied by moo moos
133
Can a horse be kept in a field with a public path going through it?
Yes, as long as it's not dangerous
134
Is bracken invasive?
Yes
135
Why is bracken so bad?
Because it has a vigorous rhizome system
136
How far into the soil do bracken rhizomes penetrate?
Between 50 to 100cm
137
Give a cool fact that shows just how bad bracken rhizome systems are.
In some soils that have been colonised by bracken for a very long time, there are more rhizomes than soil.
138
Give two ways in which bracken can spread
* Through the spread of rhizomes
* Through the spread of spores
139
How can bracken appear in an area where there has been no bracken in the past?
An animal may have carried a bracken spore to the area.
140
Bracken is the only fern in the UK that can...
...Cover extensive tracks of land.
141
Give the only two soil types that bracken cannot grow on
* Saline soils
* Permanently waterlogged soils
142
What pH does bracken need?
Trick question - bracken can grow in all pHs as long as they're not extreme. However, it's less competitive in alkaline soils.
143
Does bracken prefer sunny or shady conditions?
Sunny conditions - though it can still flourish in shaded conditions.
144
Is bracken bad for wildlife?
No - it can actually be beneficial as long as it forms a part of a varied, heterogenous environment.
145
What two herbicides can be used to control bracken? Which is better?
Glyphosate and asulam. Asulam is better as it's less harmful to other plant species that aren't ferns (remember that glyphosate is a generalist herbicide).
146
When trying to control bracken, what's important to remember?
You'll never truly get rid of it.
147
How often should bracken be cut or crushed each year? Are your efforts in vain?
Three times a year. Remember that this will only reduce the density of bracken; you can't truly eradicate bracken.
148
You've sprayed some bracken with asulam. How long before it comes back?
10 years
149
How can bracken control with asulam be enhanced (Two ways - both linked)?
By blocking light
* Try planting some new saplings in the targeted area
* Putting black plastic mulch down can help as well
150
What does asulam target?
**All** ferns - including bracken.
151
What do monkey strainers look like when they're disassembled?
Two separate parts!
152
You should only strain to the end post if the section of fence is...
More than 50m. If it's less than 50m, you'll lose a lot of tension when tying the wire to the post.
153
When you hook the chain around a fence post when straining, where should the hook be (2 Points)?
* The hook should be on your side of the fence (if it comes loose, it won't hit you).
* It should be 15cm above or below the point where you want to strain to.
154
Before you begin monkeying the chain, what do you need to check?
That there are no twists or kinks in the chain.
155
How do you get the monkey on the chain?
Squeeze the monkey, then put the upper arm on the chain.
156
What does this part of a monkey strainer do?
The wire you're trying to strain is gripped by it.
157
What's a very important piece of PPE when using monkey strainers?
Safety glasses (in case the wire becomes over-strained).
158
How much wire needs to pass through each monkey clamp when straining?
15cm
159
When should you stand when tensioning wires?
Behind the chain (do not stand next to it - this is the danger zone!)
160
Other than a chainsaw, what else can you oil-up to make it work better?
Monkey strainers - oil-up all the jointy bits. Especially this bit.
161
What's the first step when it comes to tensioning a piece of loose wire?
Tie a wire around the fence post.
162
After you've tied a piece of wire around a fence, what's the next step when straining a loose wire?
* Attach the "monkey clamp" to the wire (remember to leave 15cm of wire).
* To attach it, just feed the wire into the clamp and give the whole thing a tug.
163
What are the third, fourth, and fifth steps when tensioning a loose wire?
* Attach the monkey arm to the chain
* Then use the "chain clamp" on the bit of wire you're trying to strain.
* Operate the lever so that the monkey begins to climb along the chain.
164
What's the fifth step to straining a wire?
* Take the loose end of the chain wire and tie a loop out of it.
* Then feed the 15cm of loose monkey wire through the loop.
* And create another loop!
165
How do you remove monkey strainers from a chain (2 Points)?
* Move the lever towards the chain
* The monkey should then come loose
166
An SSSI can be founded based on the location's... (3 Things)
* Wildlife
* Geology
* Landscape
167
Who is responsible for creating SSSIs?
Natural England
168
What is Natural England's goal for every SSSI?
Each SSSI needs to achieve a "favourable" state.
169
When working within an SSSI, when may you need to check if you need permission from Natural England to do something?
* If you're going to carry out management tasks
* If you're going to change an existing management regime
170
You're about to carry out work within an SSSI. What do you need to do first?
Check if you need permission from Natural England first.
171
How do you check if you need permission from Natural England to perform a task within an SSSI?
Get the list of ‘operations requiring Natural England’s consent’ (the ORNEC list) - you can download a list for each SSSI.
172
When do you officially have permission from Natural England to carry out work within an SSSI?
When you receive **written** consent.
173
When working within an SSSI, do you only need permission from Natural England?
No - there may be other organisations you need permission from.
174
When will you not need consent from Natural England when working within an SSSI (3 Points)?
* If you're performing emergency work (e.g., freeing an injured animal from some wire).
* If the task is not listed on the site's ORNEC list.
* If you have permission from a public body or local authority (they must have consulted Natural England before they granted permission)
175
What is the legal definition of a hedgerow (2 Points)?
* It's more than 20m long with gaps of 20m or less in its length
* Or it'sless than 20m long, but meets another hedge at each end
176
When is a hedgerow considered as being "important"?
* If it's at least 30 years old
* And if it has one of eight traits (e.g., if it contains protected species listed under the Wildlife and Countryside Act of 1981).
177
When must you never work on a hedge (two specific dates)?
Between March 1st and August 31st (this is the bird breeding season).
178
What could be considered a "varied" grassland (purely in terms of vegetation structure - 2 Points).
* When ~20% of the grass is less than 7cm
* And ~20% of the grass is taller than 7cm
179
Bare ground heats up more slowly than vegetated ground. True or false?
False - it does heat up more quickly.
180
Name three pioneer species that need bare ground to colonise.
* Bird's-foot trefoil
* Horseshoe vetch
* Wild carrot
181
Are the carbon stocks of forests increasing in the UK (Give the figures from 1990 and 2020)?
Yes
* In 1990, total carbon stock in UK forests was around 3.2 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide
* In 2020, it was about 4 billion tonnes
182
Where is most the UK's forest carbon stored?
In Scotland - 50% of it is stored there.
183
Where is most of a forest's carbon stored?
In the soils - roughly 70% of all carbon is stored within them.
184
What can you add to soil to enhance its carbon sequestration propertires? What even is it?
Biochar - this is organic material (woodchips, manure etc.) that's been heated at a high temperature in a low oxygen environment.
185
What two things determine how much carbon a forest will hold?
* The species being grown in the forest
* The crop rotation length
186
Roughly how much carbon can one hectare of forest hold?
Roughly 750 tonnes of carbon per hectare
187
Do forests need to matrure before they begin to capture carbon?
No - young forests absorb a lot of carbon dioxide as they grow up.
188
Will a forest continually capture CO2?
Probably not - the rate of carbon capture may eventually be balanced-out by the rate of decay (decay releases CO2).
189
When does the UK need to become "net zero"?
By 2050.
190
In order to achieve net-zero by 2050, how much woodland has to be planted (or restored) each year?
The UK must plant or restore 30,000 - 50,000 hectares of forest per year.
191
The UK must plant/restore 30,000-50,000 hectares of forest each year in order to achieve net zero by 2050. Is it achieving this goal?
No - current rates of afforestation are only 20% of what they should be.
192
* How much do we know about the abilities of woodlands to sequester carbon?
* What's a good reason why?
Not much, especially because of future changes induced by climate change.
193
To help the UK reach net zero, the Committee on Climate Change suggests that UK woodland cover will need to increase from the present ___% to ___% of land by _____.
To help the UK reach net zero, the Committee on Climate Change suggests that UK woodland cover will need to increase from the present **13% to 19% of land by 2050**.
194
* The populations of which group of animals are very sensitive to ride edge management?
* Why is knowing this useful?
* Small mammals (including wood mice, yellow-necked mice, and bank voles).
* You can potentially monitor changes in these populations to see how successful ride management has been.
195
* What's important to remember when monitoring butterfly populations?
* Give an example.
* There is a pronounced synchrony of butterfly populations over large areas of Britain.
* Certain species have notable fluctuations in numbers over the years; an extreme example of this is the holly blue.
196
How are butterfly populations typically monitored (3 Points)?
* A trained observed walks along a pred-determined route every week.
* They'll do this at midday.
* Every butterfly species is counted and its species recorded.
197
What is a flail cutter most often used for?
Woodland edge management.
198
* What's generally better: deer fencing or deer culling?
* Give two reasons why.
Culling
* Fencing is more expensive
* It does not help to achieve optimal grazing levels (remember that a bit of grazing is very good).
199
Give two reasons why you would apply a growth retardant to a grass sward.
* You can give less-competitive species a chance to thrive since retardants can create thinned swards with bare ground.
* Application can help to reduce the frequency of cutting and mowing
200
Name one grass growth retardant
Mefluidide
