20 a Day (8) Flashcards
1
Q
Which woodland regeneration method is more economical for sequestering carbon (artificial planting, or natural regeneration)?
A
Artificial regeneration
2
Q
What is the nutrient advantage of hay when used as a mulch?
A
Good hay is high in protein and nutrients, helping to ferilise the saplings.
3
Q
How long can polylactic acid tree guards take to degrade in normal environmental conditions?
A
Up to 100 years - This highlights the limitations of PLA as a biodegradable option.
4
Q
- What is the comparative impact of sparse weak weeds on sand versus lush vigorous weeds on loam?
- What even is loam?
- Why?
A
- Sparse weak weeds on sand are more harmful than lush vigorous weeds on loam (remember that loam is a mixture of sand, silt, and clay).
- This is due to better moisture and nutrient reserves in loam, so competition is more fierce in sand.
5
Q
Why is the growing of avocados to create tree guards considered unsustainable?
A
The act of growing avocados has extremely high embedded carbon
6
Q
Give one reason why is it important to maintain existing open space in woodlands (Hint: bird feeding).
A
Semi-permanent canopy openings and their edges offer important feeding areas for birds.
7
Q
What do ancient woods often hold that relates to biodiversity (Hint: mobility)?
A
The last vestiges of species that can no longer move easily through the landscape
A
8
Q
What is the limitation of most commercial thinning in terms of understorey growth?
A
It rarely opens the canopy sufficiently to greatly increase woody understorey regeneration
9
Q
Is a single recommendation of active management sufficient?
A
No, diverse management strategies are often required to meet ecological goals.
10
Q
True or False: All hay is organic.
A
False - hay can contain chemical residues from herbicides and fertilizers.
11
Q
Why might an oak tree struggle in an arable field, despite having abundant light?
A
Because of all the ploughing.
12
Q
Why is weed control no longer necessary three years after planting a sapling?
A
The roots should have spread far enough to access water and nutrients from a wider area
13
Q
Sites unmanaged for over ______ years can have high volumes of deadwood.
A
60
14
Q
What is the benefit of spreading deadwood throughout the forest?
A
It can benefit more mobile and generalist saproxylic species.
15
Q
What’s the longest amount of time a small mammal box trap can be left for?
A
4 hours.
16
Q
What type of species does stand management particularly help (2 Types)?
A
- Young-growth species
- Species requiring complex understorey structures.
17
Q
Other than providing habitat space for saproxylics, why else are dead limbs on veteran trees really nice?
A
They protect the veteran tree’s sensitive roots.
18
Q
Where should you release small mammals that have been caught in traps?
A
Exactly where you found them (they may have babies that they need to get back to).
19
Q
What are retentions in the context of woodland management?
A
Maintaining longer rotations beyond commercial felling age in patches of woodland.
20
Q
When working with small mammal traps, what must you never do?
A
Leave a trap behind - you wouldn’t want something to starve to death!
21
Q
Why is a landscape approach important for certain bird species?
A
Individual birds often use several different woods within their home range, reinforcing the value of a landscape approach.
22
Q
Under what circumstances might it be best not to undertake any woodland management?
A
When a wood has been ‘neglected’ long enough to develop attributes of a near-natural old-growth stand.
23
Q
What is the importance of careful and gradual restoration management in PAWS?
A
It can secure and enhance the remnants of the original ancient woodland
A
24
Q
Do all trees respond equally to weeds?
A
No, trees differ in their response to weeds.
25
Why should old-growth reserves be linked to other stands?
To provide additional buffering from disturbance (linking to other stands helps enhance resilience.)
26
How much CO2 do artificial regeneration projects sequester during the first 20 years of growth?
40.7 tonnes of CO2 per hectare
27
* How long should herbal leys be kept?
* How long can it take for any effect to be seen?
* At least 2 years.
* But it can take up to 4 years for deep roots to improve soil structure and fertility.
28
True or False: Increasing shading in woodland ponds is beneficial for invertebrate abundance.
False
29
How many litres of water can a mature oak drink each day?
227 litres!
30
* What is a crystal-clear objective when weeding around saplings?
* What closely related thing is ineffective?
* Effective weed control **must free the tree roots from competition** for moisture and nutrients.
* Cutting weeds above ground level is ineffective and may increase their vigour.
31
Do tree shelters reduce the need for weeding?
No; trees in shelters and those outside respond similarly to weed interference.
32
What is the minimum requirement for standing and fallen pieces of deadwood in a forest area (Three possible answers)?
* 40% overall dead biomass, including leaf litter
* Or at least 3 standing and 3 fallen pieces of deadwood
* Or at least a volume of 5 cubic metres per ha of pieces >15-20cm diameter.
33
By what percentage is carbon sequestration higher in artificial regeneration compared to natural regeneration?
~116% higher
34
Why is the classification of ancient woodland important?
It is critical to identifying woods of high biodiversity value and helps guide practical efforts towards halting further loss or degradation.
## Footnote
A
35
* What is the purpose of using group fells within continuous cover systems?
* Name a bird species that will benefit from this.
* To provide habitat for species needing dense thicket regrowth.
* The garden warbler will strongly benefit from dense areas of regrowth.
36
How often should mulch be topped up around trees?
At least once a year
37
What is a key management priority in lowland broadleaved woodlands in regards to deadwood?
Setting aside areas to foster development of old-growth conditions, especially new veteran trees.
38
What does horizontal heterogeneity refer to in woodland management?
Patches at different growth stages.
39
Lowland wood pasture is characterized by large, open-grown trees that are often _______.
pollarded.
40
What has led to the neglect of woodlands?
A decline in the relative value of wood products.
41
How does competition for nutrients relate to moisture competition?
Weeds may compete directly for nutrients or make them unavailable by drying the soil.
42
* What is the **minimum** thickness of a mulch layer?
* Why is this the minimum?
* 10 cm
* A mulch layer must be substantial enough to withstand the wind
43
What aspects of a tree's growth does weeding usually improve (5 Points)?
* Height
* Leaf area
* Nutrient uptake
* Root growth
* Diameter growth.
44
What practice involves creating wounds and crevices in veteran trees?
Pollarding existing veteran trees.
45
* What does it mean when you pre-bait a trap?
* Why would you do this?
* It means that you add food to traps but you don't properly set them up to close when something enters.
* This helps mammals to get accustomed to the idea of going inside the box trap.
46
What is the typical density of trees per hectare for artificial regeneration projects in lowland England?
Between 1800 and 2500 trees per hectare
47
What should be monitored to prevent overgrazing no herbal leys?
Ensure vegetation is at least 8cm tall through the growing season.
48
What may be necessary in streams subject to regular major flooding (Hint: something being washed away)?
Dead wood should be securely anchored
49
* What do old boundary features like medieval woodbanks indicate?
* Why is this important?
* The ebb and flow of land use over the ages
* These features help trace historical land management practices.
50
What percentage of ancient woodland is still semi-natural?
Around half of all ancient woodland is still semi-natural, known as Ancient Semi-Natural Woodland (ASNW).
## Footnote
A
51
What relationship exists between tree performance and the vigour of ground-cover flora?
Tree performance appears to be inversely related to the vigour of the ground-cover flora.
52
After five years, how do the growth differences between weeded and unweeded trees of vigorous species change?
They are often smaller.
53
What events in the 1980s and 1990s led to an increase in overall deadwood volume?
Droughts and major storms.
54
What is often a tension in wood management?
The optimum approach for wildlife vs. commercial or cultural objectives
55
What is the lower size limit for recording deadwood?
5cm diameter - smaller deadwood may not significantly contribute to ecological functions.
56
What is the benefit of variable intensity thinning?
It creates spatially complex woodland with much variation in canopy cover, including glades of different sizes.
57
Which type of deadwood is generally higher in volume in native pinewoods?
Snag volumes are generally higher than log volumes.
58
What is required in natural regeneration projects to ensure successful outcomes (Hint: preparation)?
Ground preparation
59
List the two principles that determine the potential value of deadwood within a woodland.
* Site history: continuity of mature timber and deadwood habitat over a long period
* Nature of the surrounding landscape: adjacency to existing ancient seminatural woodland and other deadwood habitat
60
Through which management practice can you create highly-variable canopies?
Variable intensity thinning.
61
Why should you be very quiet when checking small mammal box traps?
Because small mammals have very good hearing - they'll be very stressed if you're making a lot of noise.
62
* What has a better growth rate: bare rooted or root balled saplings?
* Why?
* If so, what's the advantage?
* Bare rooted saplings have better growth rates
* This is because root balled saplings have their roots pruned before being bagged-up.
* Root balled saplings do have extended planting periods, though
63
How much should vegetation height be reduced during grazing on herbal leys?
Grazed until the vegetation height is halved.
## Footnote
This maintains healthy growth conditions.
64
Give two drawbacks of hoeing for weed control
* Hoeing can be effective but is labour-intensive
* It can also stimulate weed seed germination
65
* How can a chipper/shredder be used with hay?
* For what reason?
Run the hay through a chipper/shredder and use a fan to winnow out the seed.
66
For less vigorous species like oak, when do growth differences due to weeding become apparent?
Usually not until the second season.
67
* What could be considered to be the most important dead wood species?
* Why?
* Beech (yeah I know there are multiple beech species)
* Beech supports more invertebrates than any other type of wood
68
Name one beetle that rapidly expands in response to increased deadwood volumes.
Oak pinhole borer (*Platypus cylindrus*)
69
* What is the retail price for plastic spiral guards?
* Is it cheaper to buy them from the UK or China?
* £0.37 each (packs of 100 from China)
* UK-made versions retail at £0.49.
70
When moving the entrance of a small mammal box trap, what should you check?
That the little nodules are in the correct place!
71
What are the four categories of ancient woodland remnants commonly found on PAWS?
The four categories are:
* Woodland specialist plants
* Deadwood and stumps
* Pre-plantation and relic native trees
* Archaeological and cultural remains
## Footnote
A
72
What is the purpose of maintaining areas at different stages of growth?
To provide habitat for species associated with early and later phases of vegetation development.
73
Why should mowing be avoided around the base of a sapling (Hint: vigorous)
It makes the grass grow back more vigorously and can harm the tree
74
Are seeps and wounds on a tree completely terrible?
No, they're important food sources for butterflies and hoverflies.
75
Is it always possible to sustain historic management of woodlands?
No - we cannot always sustain or would necessarily want to return to historic management.
76
Why should you be careful when you catch a shrew in a trap?
Because they'll bite you 20% of the time!
77
How can novel habitat structures of high wildlife value be created through thinning?
By varying the intensity of thinning!
78
What is the diameter range of fallen deadwood pieces that should be maintained in a forest?
>15-20cm diameter.
79
Fill in the blank: Ancient woodland is characterized by centuries of _______.
continuity on largely undisturbed natural soils.
## Footnote
A
80
* What is the impact of nitrogen fertiliser on herbal leys?
* Therefore...
* Fertiliser can cause grass to outgrow, smother and kill legumes and herbs.
* Therefore, no nitrogen fertiliser is needed for herbal leys.
81
Can vigorous herbs be as harmful to trees as grasses?
Yes, vigorous herbs can be as harmful as grasses (especially clover).
82
What are tree guard stake usually made from?
Pine wood
83
What are concerns over the visual intrusion of deadwood usually regarded as?
Over emphasised - the visual impact of deadwood may not be as significant as perceived.
84
What is a vital resource for the restoration of ancient woodland ecosystems?
Forest soils that have been relatively undisturbed by past land use or more recent plantation establishment.
## Footnote
A
85
What's more important: dead standing trunks, or dead limbs on living trees?
Neither: both are as important as each other.
86
What is the main reason grasses are particularly harmful to young trees?
They grow year-round, interfering with tree growth periods.
87
When should grazing start on herbal leys?
When the ley is around 0.5 metres to 1 metre high.
## Footnote
This ensures optimal growth and recovery.
88
What type of vegetation commonly develops in the initial stages of natural regeneration projects by year 15?
Shrubland (this fact makes natural regeneration projects highly unreliable).
89
What role does deadwood play in river ecosystems?
* Helps to retain water and sediments
* It traps and facilitates the breakdown of organic matter
* It improves habitat structure for fish and invertebrates
90
Why do naturally regenerated woodlands have greater biodiversity than artificially planted woodlands?
High biodiversity value due to minimal intervention
91
What can chainsaw cuts mimic to provide colonisation sites for deadwood species?
Natural tears.
92
Why do weeds create greater soil moisture deficits compared to bare soil (2 Points)?
* Vegetation transpires moisture
* Bare groudn eventually forms a hard-setting layer which helps to prevent evaporational losses
93
What are the long-term management inputs for old-growth reserves?
Minimal management inputs - this allows natural processes to generate deadwood!
94
What is recommended if deadwood must be moved?
Move it as short a distance as possible, preferably into dappled shade near rides or other bits of dead wood.
95
What is the cost per tonne of sequestered CO2 for natural regeneration?
£174 per tonne
96
What is desirable for woods of all ages (Hint: old)?
The retention of individual large standard or veteran trees and standing dead trees
97
Why do you need to add dog food and/or mealworms to a small mammal trap?
Because shrews are insectivores.
98
* What is a funding requirement for natural regeneration projects?
* Why is funding so constrained?
* Land must be within 75m of a seed source
* Funding is so constrained because natural regeneration projects are so unreliable.
99
What tree species is important to dead wood species, even when it's completely alive?
Hawthown - its nectar provides nutrients to many saproxylic species
100
* What is the recommended diameter for a weed- and grass-free ring around young trees?
* How long should this be maintained for?
* One metre
* This should be maintained for at least the first three years of growth.
101
What is the best way to manage herbal leys after the first year?
Rotational grazing with rest periods.
## Footnote
This method promotes healthy growth and prevents overgrazing.
102
What role does active management of pests play in woodland carbon outcomes?
Key to achieve desired carbon outcomes
103
How often should the key sites be re-mapped?
Every 5 years
104
You open up a small mammal trap. What should you expect if you...
* Catch a mouse
* Catch a vole
* Mice jump
* Voles run
105
* What is the main focus when managing small woods in terms of the number of management approaches used?
* Why?
* Concentrating on a small number of approaches
* It is unrealistic to adopt all management approaches in small woods.
106
When is the best time to remove weeds from a sapling?
When they're young - this will prevent them from forming deep roots.
107
What happens to spiral guards in areas where strimming is used?
They usually shatter
108
What is the primary focus of stand management in relation to woodland birds?
To increase the variety and range of resources for birds across several woods in an integrated way within a landscape.
109
What is the estimated reduction in carbon sequestration due to grey squirrel damage in the UK (in pound coins)?
£9 million per year
110
Woods can be managed to deliver almost any desired _______.
Structure
111
Give one way (other than through planting non-native species and increasing habitat diversity) that semi-natural ancient woodlands can be protected against climate change.
By increasing connectivity across landscapes.
112
* How can woodlands be managed to potentially reduce the impacts of deer browsing?
* When won't this work?
* Having a very open canopy that allows light to reach ground level.
* This won't work if deer pressure is too high.
113
* What happens when fresh chippings are used as mulch?
* What is preferred?
* They can leach nitrogen from the soil
* Semi-decomposed wood chippings are far better
114
What should be added on top of DIY sheet mulch for better results?
Loose organic mulch (e.g., woochips).
115
What is the recommended grazing strategy for herbal leys in the first year?
* Lightly graze to control annual weeds
* Encourage plants to bush out.
116
What does mulching help to encourage?
Mycorrhizal activity
117
What should be avoided when pollarding veteran trees (Hint: damage to something)?
Damage to natural crevices.
118
Larger logs rot very slowly. What can make them rot exceptionally slowly?
If the log/snag doesn't completely fall over (e.g., it gets caught in the canopy) so it doesn't come into contact with the ground.
119
What is a significant concern when using hay in gardens?
The presence of weed seeds in hay that can invade the area being mulched.
120
Why is it important to maintain a weed-free ring around young trees?
Reduces competition for light, nutrients, and water
121
In lowland ancient woods with a history of coppice management, what is the management emphasis?
Achieving a more even balance between young growth and old stands (to maximise habitat diversity, I assume).
122
True or False: Semi-permanent steel deer fences are inexpensive and require no maintenance.
False - they are expensive and require maintenance to secure gaps created by badgers and fallen trees.
123
What is the size of deadwood considered to be significant in headwater streams (parts of the stream that are close to the source)?
>10cm in width, >1m in length.
124
How does the fibrous root system of container-grown trees affect their growth?
They establish and grow much more quickly
125
What is the most critical period for a newly planted tree in terms of competition with weeds?
The first spring and summer - trees withstand competition better in subsequent years..
126
* What is the ideal minimum particle size for mulch?
* Therefore, give two examples of mulch that should be avoided
* 1cm
* Wood shavings or sawdust should be avoided.
127
What is the maximum CO2 removal rate for natural regeneration projects during the first 20 years?
18.8 tonnes of CO2 per hectare
128
What should the inside of a box trap look like (without the entrance bit).
It should be filled with hay, dog food, grainy bits, and an apple for moisture and fluids.
129
What will happen if tree guards degrade?
They'll release microplastics into the soil that can inhibit plant growth.
130
What types of tree stock are harmed by weeds?
Trick question: all types and sizes of tree stock are affected by weed interference in some way.
131
What are the drawbacks of plastic spiral guards (3 Points)?
* The material is usually poor quality
* They're UV unstable (UV light causes them to degrade).
* They break down quickly
132
In rivers, what is the natural spacing of deadwood accumulations, also known as debris dams?
About 7-10 times the channel width.
133
What two management practices can increase habitat for species associated with young-growth along rides and tracks?
* Increasing ride width
* Providing scrubby/brambly margins.
134
Why must the entrance tube of a small mammal trap be flat against the ground?
So that mammals actually enter - they won't if the entrance is sticking-up in the air a bit.
135
How can a coppice stool be bad?
Well-established coppice stools can interfere with saplings due to their extensive root systems.
136
Why should you mark a small mammal trap's location with a piece of plastic?
So that you know exactly where it is - you'll want to hide the box trap's location with vegetation to stop people from inspecting it.
137
True of false: virgin plastic breaks down more slowly than recycled plastic.
False - neither degrades faster than the other.
138
What is solarizing hay bales?
Wrapping bales in clean plastic and exposing them to sunlight for a few days to potentially eliminate weed seeds.
139
What combination of approaches may be needed for effective wood management (4 Points)?
E.g., any 2, 3, or all of...
* Minimum interventions
* Coppicing maintenance/re-instatement
* Encouragement of complex scrub structures
* Creative use of clear/selective felling and thinning
140
What did the global study by Bernal et al. (2018) find about CO2 removal rates in planted forests and naturally regenerated woodlands?
Planted forests have the highest CO2 removal rates of any method of forest landscape restoration
141
Is adding fertiliser to a sapling a good way to eliminate weed competition?
No, in fact, it will likely exacerberate competition by making weeds grow stronger.
142
How should mulch be applied around tree stems (e.g., what shape)?
In a doughnut shape - avoid piles against the stem to prevent rot.
143
Is it necessary to measure deadwood across the entire forest?
No - docus should be on representative samples rather than exhaustive measurements (e.g., only 10% of a site's key areas).
144
What is the transplanting success rate of container-grown trees?
Nearly 100%
145
What should be avoided when using chemical weed control near trees?
Avoid spraying near trees and hedges **during the growing season** (but grass grows all year around!)
146
What chemicals may be used in haymaking?
Herbicides and chemical fertilizers.
147
What is the effect of mowing or cutting weeds on competition (Hint: above and below ground)?
Mowing reduces light competition but does not reduce root competition.
148
What management practice can lead to sites currently having less valuable deadwood?
Repeatedly felled management (including coppicing).
149
What should be allowed to develop in unplanted strips along rides?
Bramble and other deciduous woody regeneration to develop a thicket structure.
150
* What is the impact of increasing densities of deer on woodland structure?
* What group of organisms greatly suffers as a result?
* Degradation of the shrub layer.
* Woodland birds greatly suffer due to habitat loss.
151
40% of woodlands should be deadwood. What percentage do most woodlands currently have?
Roughly 20%, half of what is required.
152
What is a significant advantage of container-grown trees compared to alternatives?
Since they have such amazing survival rates, the costs of replanting dead saplings is minimal
153
What is the recommended rotation period for measuring deadwood?
5-10 year rotation - this timeframe balances the need for data collection with practical resource considerations.
154
What do hazel buds look like?
Very oval-shaped
155
How long can standing dead pines take to rot?
Up to 80 years.
156
What happens to mature or ‘granny’ trees in native pinewoods?
They die in situ, creating stag-headed trees.
157
What method can be used to manage naughty weeds in herbal leys?
Herbicides
158
How do you set-up a small mammal box trap (3 Steps)?
* Get the entrace tube caught on the big flap in the hay-filled bit.
* Latch the long, thin, flappy bit onto one of the grooves on the entrace tube.
* Get the entrance tube caught on the little nodules.
159
Give two cultural features that ancient woodlands can contain
Bronze Age hillforts
Charcoal maker shelters
160
* What should a set-up box trap look like?
* What do you need to remember?
Make sure that the hay-filled bit is sloping upwards so that urine and rainwater doesn't flood the inside.
161
What advantage does artificial regeneration have regarding species selection (Hint: climate change)?
Foresters can choose species suited to future climates
162
* What is the recommended method for controlling weeds around young trees (2 Points)?
* What method is discouraged?
* Hand weeding and regular mulching
* Chemical herbicides are discouraged.
163
What can woodland managers do if their woodland is small or has a less complex structure to help enhance biodiversity?
Collaborate with neighbours and adjacent landowners to provide varying stand structures in the locality.
164
* What short-term management may be needed for younger old-growth stands?
* Why?
* Veteranisation
* To hasten them towards the old-growth stage
165
What is the cost per tonne of sequestered CO2 for artificial woodland regeneration?
£103 per tonne - artificial woodlands sequester far more carbon, so it costs less to sequester a single tonne of CO2.
166
Scallops along rides are far more desirable as opposed to...
Linear strips.
167
Fill in the blank: The mat-forming roots of grass can intercept a lot of _______ before it soaks into the soil below.
rainfall
168
How does climate change impact woodland management strategies (use the phrase "landscape scale")?
It requires consideration of woodland structure at a landscape scale to buffer wildlife communities against damaging effects.
## Footnote
This is essential for maintaining biodiversity in changing environments.
169
Why shouldn't mulch layers be applied too thickly?
You'll restrict air flow to the roots, causing them to suffocate.
170
* What should you add to the entrance of a small mammal trap?
* Why shouldn't you add too much?
* Scatter some bait outside the trap.
* Don't add too much, or nothing will want to go in because they'll be too full!
171
* What rots faster: fallen or standing dead wood?
* What happens faster as a result?
* Fallen dead wood is moister than standing dead wood
* This also means that it rots faster
172
Name two types of plant that are particularly competitive with trees.
Grasses and clover are particularly competitive.
173
Can timber production management be modified to enhance habitat quality?
Yes, usually scope exists to modify management for habitat quality
174
* What is the ideal size for old-growth reserves?
* Why?
* 5 hecatres or more
* This size allows interior woodland conditions to develop.
175
* What is the primary difference between hay and straw?
* Which has less nutrients?
* Hay is grass that is mowed, dried, and baled, while straw is the stalk of grains left after harvesting.
* Straw has less nutrients
176
What are biodegradable tree guards made from (2 Examples)?
Biopolymers such as polylactic acid (PLA) or avocado nut biopolymer
177
What is a potential intervention for providing habitat for nightengales (Hint: short)?
Shorter rotation length in small areas during clear-felling to enhance the amount of young growth.
178
What do tree shelters provide that affects tree water needs?
A humid micro-climate - this humid environment helps to reduce the tree’s water needs.
179
What was the condition of deadwood volumes in managed coppice and high forests historically?
Historically low.
180
When checking small mammal box traps, you should place them...
...Inside a box, in case something tries to escape!
181
What is a benefit of using tree shelters regarding herbicide application?
They make herbicide application easier, protecting trees from accidental damage.
182
What management approaches are likely to benefit bird species experiencing population decline (Hint: young and old)?
Management approaches resulting in an increase in both young and old growth habitats
## Footnote
These approaches can also enhance wider woodland diversity.
183
An effective herbicide application is often followed by _______________________ requiring a different __________________________________.
An effective herbicide application is often followed by **a change of weed species** requiring a different **chemical to be used for the next application.**
184
What effect does high deer pressure have on woodland birds?
Deer browsing reduces low vegetation leading to poor habitat quality for many woodland birds.
185
Which tree species show visible growth differences due to weeding before the end of their first growing season?
Vigorous species like Wild cherry or ash.
186
What may have limited ecological value compared to bulked up snags?
Isolated snags - snags are more beneficial when grouped with living trees.
187
* Are all weeds equally harmful to young trees?
* Why?
* No, grasses are among the most harmful.
* Grasses grow throughout the year, starting before and finishing after active tree growth.
188
What is the density of trees per hectare for successful natural regeneration projects?
Up to 390 trees per hectare
189
* What is the difference between contact and translocated herbicides?
* Give an example of a translocated herbicide
* Contact herbicides kill only the parts of the plant above ground, while translocated herbicides kill the roots as well
* Glyphosate is an example of a translocated herbicide.
190
Are large standards and small seedlings equally susceptible to weed interference?
No, standard trees do not experience competition for light but are affected by subterranean interference.
191
What does it mean if a small mammal washes itself?
It means that it's very stressed :(
192
What happens to the amount of carbon in a woodland if the woodland is left unmanaged?
The amount of carbon stored will decline due to over mature age structure.
193
What is the significance of old coppice stools in relation to deadwood?
They can harbor characteristic deadwood invertebrates.
194
Why is open canopy young growth important?
It enhances woodland for light demanding plants and warmth-loving, nectar dependent invertebrates
195
* What is the required width for buffer areas in riparian zones?
* Why is this size nice?
* At least 20m wide
* This provides continuity of deadwood supply to streams and rivers.
196
What are the four characteristics of a good herbal ley?
* An even spread of sown grasses, legumes, and herbs
* Open flowers in summer
* No bare ground
* Improved soil fertility.
197
What is one of the best strategies for maximizing future opportunities for wildlife in a changing climate (Hint: not adding non-native species)?
Increasing the variety of habitat types and structures at a landscape scale - this diversification supports resilience against climate impacts.
198
What type of mowing is discouraged in planted areas?
Indiscriminate mowing - it can damage the trees.
199
What are plantation on ancient woodland sites (PAWS)?
PAWS refers to areas where ancient woodland has been cleared and planted with introduced tree species and/or invasive woody shrubs.
## Footnote
A
200
What is one method for dealing with weed seeds in hay?
Leave the hay out for one full year to decompose and germinate some seeds.
