20 mark question: gender inequaltites

Question 1

social mobility inequalities

Answer 1

• 8% of FTSE 100 CEOs are women
• li & devine: women are still less likely to be upwardly mobile and more likely to be downwardly mobile than men
• women earn on average, 14% less than men
• 2024: 263 women out of 650 MP’s (40%), 190 labour, 29 conservative

Question 2

why does social mobility lead to inequalities?

Answer 2

• no status, leading to lack of opportunities
• can’t break cycle of deprivation
• women are expected to prioritise family and childcare over work and getting qualifications
• glass ceiling
• gender pay gap
• horizontal segregation: women expected to work in 3 c’s cooking, cleaning caring (low paid jobs)

Question 3

work inequalities

Answer 3

• gender pay gap is 7% (ONS)
• each year, 450,000 women miss out on promotion due to pregnancy (UK Feminista)
• Men make up the majority of the top 10% (ONS)
• Female graduates are more likely to occupy lower positions (ONS)

Question 4

why does work lead to inequalities?

Answer 4

• unable to get the top jobs and therefore less income and impacting financial stability

Question 5

family position inequalities

Answer 5

• oakley: interviewed 40 married women, only 15% of men ‘highly participate’ cherry picking, dual burden, triple shift
• there are 10x more stay-at-home dads (The Guardian)
• wilmott and young: symmetrical family, said it was evident in m/c families and trickling down to w/c (principle of stratified diffusion)
• pahl: found men still made important money decisions. some still managed shopping and smaller household bills

Question 6

why do family positions lead to inequalities?

Answer 6

• women less likely to work- lone parents live in poverty
• affects children and how their socialised, get into education and therefore higher education
• mental health: juggling roles, housework, childcare and work

Question 7

health inequalities

Answer 7

• 20% of men are smokers (ONS)
• Anorexia is 3x more common in women (RAMH)
• 1 in 4 women require treatment for depression (RAMH)
  -“Women are more likely to report symptoms of mental health” (RAMH)

Question 8

why does health lead to inequalities?

Answer 8

traditional women have tended to take on the responsibility of looking after the health of members of their family as well as themselves. more women than men are their main carer for their children and may care for other dependant family. intensive caring can affect social, emotional and physical health. women are over represented in low income, low status jobs, often part time, more likely to live in poverty than men. physical and sexual abuse of girls = long term impact
1. canalisation: girls = ‘emotional’, there’s a pressure for boys to act in a certain way, girls are more likely to express, OCD = cleaning (organisation, gender roles). boys = ‘toughen up’ ‘boys dont cry, expectation of strength (toxic masculinity), PTSD and dark side of family, media = portrayol of female characters, dual burden and triple shift, leads to depression, no time for self
depression is more likely to be experienced by women. women’s increased life expectancy means they are more likely to outlive men and move into residential care. older people are often faced with daily stresses and difficult life events than younger people

Question 9

education inequalities

Answer 9

• 72% of exclusions are male (DoE)
• Mitsos & Browne: Boys underachieve in education due to being easily distracted, increase in coursework, more female teachers, accusations of homosexuality
• 76% of headteachers are female (DoE)

Question 10

why does education lead to inequalities?

Answer 10

• negative role models in the media eg. andrew tate
• boys more likely to be ‘misbehaving’, labelling theory, Becker, female is more likely to be ‘ideal pupil’
• socialisation, girls are more conforming, boys get away with being monstrous
• equal rights legislation and feminism, women are now seen as role models
• increase in divorce, women cannot depend on their partners, need to be financially independant, canalisation and social attitudes have changed
• coursework, girls do better in coursework, boys do better in exams
• national ciriculum, everyone learns the same thing
• economy has changed, jobs are now more based around teamwork, which targets more women, factories on decline
• media, successful females, role models