social inequalities: gender, kmr, paper 2 Flashcards
(34 cards)
1
Q
20 marker: gender pay gap 2024
A
7% (ONS)
2
Q
20 marker: reasons for gender pay gap: canalisation (gender role socialisation)
A
- career choice
- mother role
- girls are primary socialised into cooking and dolls
- boys: leaders, take risks, dominant
- girls: passive and obedient
3
Q
20 marker:reasons for gender pay gap: biology
A
- new right belief
- men are born leaders
- functionalists take on the ‘instrumental’ role, breadwinners
- feminists: women have the ‘burden of childcare’, women give birth
- functionalists: women do the expressive role (3 c’s)
4
Q
20 marker: reasons for gender pay gap: discrimination
A
- feminists: women dont get promoted (glass ceiling)
- employers opinion
5
Q
20 marker: li and devine and upward mobility
A
- women are still less likely to be upwardly mobile and more likely to be downwardly mobile than men
6
Q
heath and li and upward mobility
A
- chinese women (46.8%) were found to experience lower rates of upward mobility than black Caribbean women (67.3%)
- study also showed that for second generation south asian groups in the uk, men had benefited more from upward occupational mobility than women
7
Q
20 marker: feminisation of poverty
A
- pensioners poverty, life expectancy is longer
- harder for women to get out of cycle of poverty, career consists of children and family, job prospects are limited, more likely to be careers
- more likely to be single parents (poverty trap)
- invisibility of female poverty, put family first
- period poverty
- pink tax: more expensive to be a woman
- gender pay gap, lower paid jobs
8
Q
ruth lister and feminisation of poverty (2004)
A
- high rates of both official and hidden poverty for women reflect, ‘on the one hand structural factors associated with women’s economic dependance and make power and on the other hand, the agency of women who will sacrifice their own needs on behalf of other family members, especially their own children
- women are not just more likely to suffer poverty, they also have more responsibility with dealing its effects
- ‘it tends to be women who manage poverty and debt as part of their general responsibility for money management in low income families
- may lead to extra stress or ill health
- women may suffer from ‘time poverty’ because of their continued responsibility for most domestic labour
9
Q
20 marker: wilmott and young and symmetrical family
A
- in modern society, we have a symmetrical family where men now spend an equal amount on domestic areas, join decision making and spend lots of leisure time as a family unit
- they said it was evident in middle class families and trickling down to working class families
- this is called the principle of stratified diffusion
10
Q
20 marker: ann oakley and domestic labour
A
- interview 40 married women in 1974, to get their opinion on conjugal roles
- only 15% of men ‘highly participate’
- majority of women did not enjoy their housewife role and found it tedious, boring and unfulfilling
- oakley puts this down to early gender socialisation/ canalisation
11
Q
hardill and power and decision making
A
found that men still make the important, ‘life changing’, decision
12
Q
20 marker: pahl and money decisions
A
- men still made the important family decisions eg. where to live, major financial problems
- women still managed shopping and smaller household bills
- tells us that power is still not important in families
13
Q
is the new housewife coming back into fashion?
A
- # tradwife all over social media, people wanting to go back to traditional roles
- can be seen as a demonstration of successful feminism
- women seem to now have a choice if they want to be at the home or work
14
Q
20 marker: why did girls underachieve in the past?
A
- differential access: girls had to study a different ciriculum to boys, even if they were not interested. this meant that girls underachieved. girls could go to university in 1887
- patriarchy: canalisation (gender into socialisation) why education girls if there just going to be housewives?
- ideology of romance: girls prioritised getting married and having children
- invisible girls in the classroom: boys dominated, girls are ignored by teachers
- differences in confidence: girls underestimate ability
- hidden ciriculum: suttle sexism and messages eg. reading books, patriarchy taught in schools eg. ‘big strong boys’
15
Q
20 marker: why has girls achievement now improved?
A
- equal rights legislation and feminism, women are now seen as role models
- increase in divorce, women cannot depend on their partners, need to be financially independant, canalisation and social attitudes have changed
- coursework, girls do better in coursework, boys do better in exams
- national ciriculum, everyone learns the same thing
- economy has changed, jobs are now more based around teamwork, which targets more women, factories on decline
- media, successful females, role models
16
Q
20 marker: why are boys underachieving?
A
- more likely to get excluded
- willis: anti-school subculture
- lack of male role models, more female teachers
- negative role models in the media eg. andrew tate
- boys more likely to be ‘misbehaving’, labelling theory, Becker, female is more likely to be ‘ideal pupil’
- socialisation, girls are more conforming, boys get away with being monstrous
17
Q
20 marker: mitsos and brown and boys underachievement
A
- boys are more easily distracted in the classroom, not regarded as macho to work hard, so they ‘play up’ to impress friends. hard-working boys may be accused of being homosexual
- boys overestimate ability and girls underestimate ability
- boys have difficulty organising their time to meet deadlines
18
Q
20 marker: why do women present more mental health issues?
A
- canalisation: girls = ‘emotional’, there’s a pressure for boys to act in a certain way, girls are more likely to express, OCD = cleaning (organisation, gender roles). boys = ‘toughen up’ ‘boys dont cry, expectation of strength (toxic masculinity), PTSD and dark side of family, media = portrayol of female characters, dual burden and triple shift, leads to depression, no time for self
19
Q
20 marker: women as guardians of family health: role of the family
A
traditional women have tended to take on the responsibility of looking after the health of members of their family as well as themselves. more women than men are their main carer for their children and may care for other dependant family. intensive caring can affect social, emotional and physical health. women are over represented in low income, low status jobs, often part time, more likely to live in poverty than men. physical and sexual abuse of girls = long term impact
20
Q
20 marker: women as guardians of family health: social support
A
women’s friendships with other women are more likely to help with mental health, providing a source of support. they are encourage to seek help from family and friends, so more likely to be diagnosed
21
Q
20 marker: women as guardians of family health: depression
A
more likely to be experienced by women. women’s increased life expectancy means they are more likely to outlive men and move into residential care. older people are often faced with daily stresses and difficult life events than younger people
22
Q
20 marker: patriarchy of pregnancy
A
- birth described as increasingly risky for mothers, made a medick matter with high levels of intervention
- a new spirit of medical enquiry, especially in anatomy and physiology, emphasis on formal training, new form of ‘expertise’
- shift from home to hospital
- changes in ‘culture of childbirth’
23
Q
20 marker: why don’t women appear on crime statistics?
A
- sex role theory (socialisation): from infancy, children are socialised that the two sexes are different. This is called canalisation. Female roles contain such elements as caring, passivity and domesticity. male roles, stress elements of toughness, aggression and sexual conquest. it is argued that females generally lack the values that are typically associated with delinquency
24
Q
20 marker: heidensohn and control theory
A
- women have lower recored crime, rate and commit fewer serious crimes
- the control theory emphasises how the agencies of social control reduce crime
- the agencies control women more than men because they are headed by men in a patriarchal society
- women’s behaviour is more controlled than men, leaving less opportunity for deviance
- women are controlled and constrained at home, in public and work
25
20 marker: heidensohn: control of women in the home
- domestic life and marriage control women, ensuring they conform
- their domestic role limits their opportunities to commit crime
- adolescent daughters are expected to come home earlier than sons, and adolescent working class girls in particular are expected to spend time on housework and childcare
26
20 marker: heidensohn: control of women in public
- male violence controls women's behaviour. in public, women are more likely to fear crime and sexual assault, limiting and controlling their behaviour
- women also control their behaviour for fear of a 'bad reputation'. men control women's reputations eg. describing them in terms of their sexuality
27
20 marker: heidensohn: control of women in the workplace
- men usually hold power and authority over women
- glass ceiling
- sexual harassment is a form a male control, limiting their freedom in the workplace
28
20 marker: femininity: lack of opportunities, wilkinson
- there was an assumption that because women were confined to the private world with limited access to the public world they lacked opportunity for crime
- however, this situation is changing, with women occupying roles in the workplace and public life
- women still have less opportunity for crimes but wilkinson found in california that where women were equal to men, they were engaged in similar levels of white-collar crime
29
20 marker: women as victims: crime
- a significant proportion of criminal activity consists of crimes against women
- the majority of such crime is carried out by men and includes the use of violence
- 1 in 4 women are victims of domestic violence, 1 in 10 each year
- such crimes against women are subject to significant underreporting
30
20 marker: otto pollak and women's crime
- in his book 'criminality of women' he suggests female crime is underestimated
- argues women were good at hiding their crimes egg. poisoning or child abuse
31
20 marker: 'chivalry' factor
- men are socialised to protect women, so unwilling to arrest them
- chivalry thesis: treating others, especially women, with courtesy, sympathy and respect
- women are treated more leniently than men by the criminal justice system
32
20 marker: double deviance
- not everyone accepts chivalry thesis
- some femininists argue against: women get punished more from criminality
- an even greater stigma of being a female criminal
- female criminals are going against gender norms and social norms
- women have more to loose from receiving a criminal label
33
20 marker: why do men appear more on statistics?
- cohen: status frustration, masculinity crisis, no working class 'masculine' jobs, unsuccessful in education, 'breadwinner' role is disappearing - women are breadwinners for themselves' lack of identity, hyper masculinity
- heidensohn: more opportunity than women
- canalisation: socialised to be tough and violent
- labelling, becker
- merton, strain between goals and where you are now, has to be achieved legitimately
- media, toxic masculinity, lack of role models (films,games,music) Andrew Tate
- Charles murray: fatherless sons
33
20 marker: messerschmidt and masculinity
- there is a 'normative masculinity' (what a real man should be), which is highly valued by most men
- middle class men less likely to suffer from
- lack of breadwinner status leads to 'aggressive masculinity'
