20 mark questions unf

Question 1

How protestant was England by 1547?

Answer 1

1. Ideology- changes to church doctrine and practices
2. beliefs of the clergy- Cromwell and Catholics (bishops like fisher)
3. Henry’s ambiguous stance

Conc: Protestantism definitely developed e.g doctrinal change. But population not pratictualrly protestant in belief- more at doctrine level than at popular level. Protestantism cemented under Edward

Question 2

How effectively did Henry vii deal with England’s domestic problems?

Answer 2

1. Financial- needed to increase wealth (ordinary, extraordinary, admin)
2. Nobility- over mighty subjects and uncontrolled- needed to lessen power and assert authority
3. Law and order- out of control, corrupt landlords (JPs, council learned, star Chamber)

Conc: Very successful- most success under finance and control/ innovation of relationship with nobles. Limited actual improvement to law and order

Question 3

How successful was Henry vii in establishing his authority over the nobility during his reign?

Answer 3

1. Financial- reduce financial power (needed money to bribe foreign powers): bonds and limited patronage
2. Social: feudal obligations and overmigthy subjects
3. Political- carrot and stick: rewards, attainders, retainers
   (4. Military: wars and uprisings including nobles)

Conc: Overall success despite some nobles in uprisings e.g lovel and stanley

Question 4

‘the most important reasons for Henry vii defeating the Yorkist challenges were Yorkist weaknesses’ HFDYA?

Answer 4

1. Domestic support
2. Foreign support
3. Leadership
   (4. timing/ duration)

conc: No rebeliions would not have fallen without Henry’s solutions/ force. But some challenges inherently weaker than others

Question 5

How successful was Wolsey’s domestic policy?

Answer 5

1. Legal: civil law, star chamber, poor people, court of chancery
2. Social: reform
3. Financial- funding Henry’s foreign policy: subsidy, amicable grant, forced loans

Conc: 5.5/10 did what he could, Henry’s goals over ambitious. Financial very unsuccessful, others somewhat successful. Reforms largely undone if he wanted to increase his own power or had to serve Henry, also stopped once he fell

Question 6

‘Wolsey’s fall was mainly caused by his failure to obtain a divorce for HVIII’ HFDYA?

Answer 6

1. Great matter failure
2. Other failings policies: domestic and foreign (can’t fund wars, amicable grant, eltham ordinances)
3. Alter rex/ personal prestige: hampton court, poor image in church
4. Factionalism: Boleyn faction, hated by nobility (ipwsich butcher), eltham ordinances

conc: Great matter main reason, but without other matters may not have happened as drastically e.g if his policies were perfect may nothave fallen- Great matter main cause and trigger but in conjuncture with long term factors

Question 7

‘Wolsey’s ability was the main reason for his rise to power by 1514’ HFDYA?

Answer 7

1. Skill/ ability: rose from poor to rich and powerful in church
2. Ruthless with rivals: used power to elimante rivals (Duke of Buckingham and Earl of Northumberland)
3. Relationship with king: complimented foreign policy, FP success, charmed king, luck (old adivsors)

Conc: Agree, skill drove him all the way and motivated other factors

Question 8

How far did Henry vii improve the financial position of the crown during his reign?

Answer 8

1. Income: ordinary, extra-ordinary
2. Expenditure: avoided foreign wars, shrunk nobility, expensive wedding + buildings
3. Administration: Exchequer, Chamber system, Council learned

Conc: Yes richest king of england upon death. Innovative way to reduce spending and reap extra income greatly increased crown’s financial position- did cause resentment from nobles

Question 9

How far did Henry vii’s domestic policies strengthen royal power in England?

Answer 9

1. financial: ordinary, extraordinary, crown income
2. Political: control of nobility
3. Social: control of nobility and dealing with rebellions

Conc: Despite rebellions authority able to increase and protect dynasty- success as henry not usurped and Henry viii inherited rich crown with loyal nobles

Question 10

‘Improving trade was the most important consideration of Henry vii’s foreign policy’ HFDYA?

2023

Answer 10

1. Improving trade
2. dynastic security/ recognition
3. **avoiding foreign wars **(financial)

conc: No, clear that trade was important as Henry wanted to increase crown finances but, would sacrifice rade for dynastic security and to avoid war e.g Brenton crisis and Suffolk. Not main concern

same factors for any foreign polic question on HVII

Question 11

How far did Henry vii strengthen government during his reign?

Answer 11

1. Local
2. Regional
3. Central

Conc: He did to a great extent- had extensive amount of work to do. But local quite limited and regional only successful sometimes. Central greatly increased, and could argue with time others would improve

Question 12

assess the condition of the church in 1529

Answer 12

1. Anticlericalism and absenteeism
2. antipapalism
3. beliefs and practices

conc: externally strong but internally vulnerable, maintained wide public support and religious authority, but it was also burdened. Best described as an institution ripe for reform, not collapse. Its condition in 1529 helps explain why changes came quickly and decisively in the following years, but also why they were initially resisted by many.

Question 13

‘Henry VIII’s foreign policy brought little benefit to england’ HFDYA

Answer 13

1. 1509-1514 = Military Glory
2. 1514-1527 = Balance of Power
3. 1527-1529 = Succession

OR

Para 1) Balance of Power
Para 2) Military Glory
Para 3) Succession

Conc: some porpaganda victories and minor successes for dynsatic security and improving image of England. But overal very expensive, caused resentment from people, and very little pay off

Question 14

How serious was the opposition to Henry viii’s religious policies in the 1530s and 1540s?

Answer 14

1. Clerical and ecclesiastical: More, Fisher
2. Popular resistance: Pilgrimage of grace, normal people
3. nobility/ organisation and leadership: aske, Barton, Darcy

Conc: Serious but ultimately unsuccessful. Henry able to oppose and suppress, not united or effective. Also evidence opposing socio-economic things

Question 15

Assess the reasons that Thomas Cromwell became chief minister in the 1530s

Question 16

‘the failure of the marriage of anne of cleeves was the main reason for the fall of cromwell’ HFDYA

Answer 16

1. Failure of anne of cleeves
2. Faction (catholic- Norfolk)
3. Policies too protestant, too radical

Conc: Was the marriage- trigger and main reason, other factors long term contributers

Question 17

How successful were the wars between scotland and france from 1540-47?

Question 18

how far was henry viii manipulated by faction in the 1540s?

Question 19

how effective was Henry viii’s government at dealing with the opposition to religious policies 1530s and 1540s

Question 20

assess the reasons why England was at war with france and scotland in the 1540s

2018

Question 21

To what extent were the aims of Henry VIII’s foreign policy achieved in the period from 1509 to 1529?

2023

Question 22

‘The power and influence of the nobility was the most serious domestic challenge to Henry VII’s rule.’ How far do you agree?

2022

Answer 22

1. Power and influence of the nobility
2. pretenders: simnel and Warbeck
3. finances: tax rebellions, financial issues, bonds and recognisances

Question 23

Assess the reasons for the break with Rome

Answer 23

1. desire for a divorce and doctrinal change
2. desire for power (away from pope)
3. Influence from cromwell (radical protestant)

Conc: Initial cause and main cause- divorce and desire for heir