20. Motivation Flashcards
(17 cards)
intrinsic motivation definition
engaging in an activity or behaviour as it is inherently satisfying or enjoyable
athletes are driven by internal desires, interests to experience a sense of accomplishment
extrinsic motivation definition
engaged to attain an external reward, recognition or avoid punishment
motivated by external factors:
- tangible - money, trophies
- intangible - praise, recognition
self-determination theory
intrinsic motivation is superior to extrinsic motivation as it fosters genuine passion & self-driven commitment leading to lasting engagement & satisfaction
extrinsic motivation may not always be present
problems using tangible rewards as motivation
- too many rewards
- risk of cheating
- become overly dependent
- increased pressure
- removal leads to demotivation
- lose sight of intrinsic motivation
how can a coach increase motivation?
- allow success in training
- appropriate goal setting
- use of external rewards
- make sessions fun & varied
- use of role models
- use praise / reinforcement
- emphasise personal improvements
- make goals more demanding for more able performers
- use process > outcome goals for less able performers
- avoid punishment
how can a coach increase intrinsic motivation?
- feel a sense of control and pride in difficult situations
- greater focus on activity for its own sake
- allow appropriate negative response
- less dependent on rewards
- set process goals
- install a sense of self worth through success
- fun and enjoyment
achievement motivation definition
an individuals desire and drive to strive for success when faced with difficult situations
an aspect of personality and also situation specific
what is achievement motivation dependent on?
Need to achieve (NAch) - approach behaviour
Need to avoid failure (NAF) - avoidance behaviour
characteristics of NAch performers
- willing to take risks
- high self confidence
- low self consciousness
- values feedback
- persists at tasks
- enjoy evaluation
- takes responsibility of own actions
- optimistic
- success is attributed internally
- failure attributed externally
characteristics of NAF performer
- avoids challenging situations
- dislikes 50-50 situations
- low confidence
- doesn’t like feedback
- gives up easily
- dislikes evaluation situations
- outcome goal oriented
- avoids personal responsibility
- takes long time over task
- pessimistic
- failure is attributed internally
- success is external
→ adopt learned helplessness (failure is inevitable)
what does NAch or NAF depend on
- importance of event
- past success / possibility of future success
- confidence
- experience
- personality
- motivation
- competitive trait anxiety levels
how can a coach help an athlete adopt NAch behaviour?
- encourage feelings of pride & satisfaction
- reduce punishment
- gradually increase task difficulty, allowing early success
- set realistic goals
- encourage attribution of success to internal factors
- cater to all abilities
- raise levels of self-efficacy
- provide encouragement
competitiveness definition
sport specific form of achievement motivation
factors of competitiveness
- competitiveness
- win orientation
- goal orientation
self- confidence definition (Bandura)
general & stable personality trait
overall belief in themselves in all contexts
self-efficacy definition (Bandura)
specific to situation & variable
motivational strategies to aid learning
- goal setting
- positive reinforcement
- visualisation & mental imagery
- feedback & constructive criticism
- competition & rivalry
- autonomy & intrinsic motivation
- use of external rewards
