20 - The Endocrine Glands

Question 1

• Suspended by stalk from hypothalamus at base of brain
• prolactin secretion controlled by prolactin inhibitory factor
• thyroid stimulating hormone stimulates release of prolactin and thyroid hormones

Answer 1

Pituitary Gland

Question 2

Growth hormone
Prolactin
TSH
ACTH
LH

Answer 2

Anterior Pituitary Lobe Hormones

Question 3

TSH

Answer 3

Thyroid - stimulating hormone

Question 4

ACTH

Answer 4

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone

Question 5

FSH

Answer 5

Follicle stimulating hormone

Question 6

LH

Answer 6

Luteinizing hormone

Question 7

ADH

Oxytocin

Answer 7

Posterior Pituitary Lobe hormones

Question 8

ADH

Answer 8

Antidiuretic hormone - causes more concentrated urine

Question 9

stimulates uterine contractions and milk production

Answer 9

oxytocin

Question 10

• deficiency of growth hormone

- causes retarded growth and development

Answer 10

pituitary dwarfism

Question 11

diabetes insipidus

Answer 11

• failure of posterior lobe to secrete ADH or failure of kidney to respond to ADH
• unable to absorb water
• causes excretion of large amounts of diluted urine
• may be caused by a pituitary tumor

Question 12

growth hormone overproduction

Answer 12

• caused by pituitary adenoma
• causes gigantism in children
• causes acromegaly in adults

Question 13

prolactin overproduction

Answer 13

• result from small pituitary adenoma

- causes amenorrhea and galactorrhea

Question 14

galactorrhea

Answer 14

secretion of milk by breast not associated with pregnancy or normal lactation

Question 15

amenorrhea

Answer 15

absence of menstrual cycle

Question 16

tumor that produces hormones that cause clinical manifestations

Answer 16

functional tumors

Question 17

tumor that does not produce hormones but exerts other effects

Answer 17

nonfunctional tumors

Question 18

• controls rate of metabolic processes

- required for normal growth and development

Answer 18

actions of the thyroid gland

Question 19

• rapid pulse
• increased metabolism
• hyperactive reflexes
• emotional lability
• GI effect: diarrhea
• warm, moist skin

Answer 19

Hyperthyroidism

Question 20

-slow pulse
-decreased metabolism
-sluggish reflexes
-placid and phlegmatic
GI effect: constipation
-cold, dry skin

Answer 20

hypothyroidism

Question 21

-thyroid gland enlarges to increases hormone secretion
Causes:
-inadequate hormone output 
-iodine deficiency 
-enzyme deficiency 
-inefficient enzyme function
-increased hormone requirements
Treatment: administer thyroid hormone; may need surgical removal

Answer 21

Nontoxic Goiter

Question 22

hyperthyroidism

Answer 22

-toxic goiter or graves disease
-caused by antithyroid antibody that stimulates gland
-mimics effects of TSH but not subject to normal control mechanisms
Treatment:
-antithyroid drugs, thyroidectomy, large doses of radioactive iodine

Question 23

hypothyroidism in adults

Answer 23

• myxedema
• causes metabolic slowing
• treatment: administration of thyroid hormone

Question 24

hypothyroidism in an infant

Answer 24

• cretinism
• causes impaired growth and CNS development
• causes hypometabolism
• early diagnosis and treatment required for normal development

Question 25

- auntoantibody destroys thyroid tissue - results in hypothyroidism - an immunologic reaction, not infection - cellular infiltration from an immunologic reaction between antigen and antibody

Answer 25

Hashimoto Thyroiditis (or Chronic Thyroiditis)

Question 26

Parathyroid glands actions

Answer 26

regulates calcium level | -blood calcium level is in equilibrium with calcium in the bone

Question 27

low calcium in the blood causes...

Answer 27

tetany, increased neuromuscular excitability causing spasm of skeletal muscle

Question 28

high calcium in blood causes...

Answer 28

lowered neuromuscular excitability

Question 29

-usually from a hormone-secreting parathyroid adenoma

Answer 29

hyperparathyroidism

Question 30

effects of hyperparathyroidism

Answer 30

- hypercalcemia - renal calculi - calcium deposits in tissues - decalcification of bone from excessive calcium withdrawn from bone

Question 31

-usually from accidental removal of parathyroid glands during thyroid surgery

Answer 31

hypoparathyroidism

Question 32

effects of hypoparathyroidism

Answer 32

- hypocalcemia | - leads to neuromuscular excitability and tetany

Question 33

paired glands above kidneys

Answer 33

adrenals

Question 34

hormones secreted by adrenal cortex

Answer 34

-glucocorticoids -mineralocorticoids -aldosterone: major hormone -sex hormones (renin-angiotensin system is main stimulus)

Question 35

- from aldosterone-producing tumor of adrenal cortex - high sodium, blood volume, blood pressure - low potassium level leading to neuromuscular manifestations

Answer 35

overproduction of aldosterone

Question 36

- produces catecholamines that stimulate the sympathetic nervous system - norepinephrine (noradrenaline) - epinephrin (adrenaline)

Answer 36

adrenal medulla

Question 37

- an adrenal cortical hypofunction - deficiency of all steroid hormones - an autoimmune disorder

Answer 37

addison's disease

Question 38

glucocorticoid deficiency

Answer 38

hypoglycemia

Question 39

mineralocorticoid deficiency

Answer 39

low blood volume and low blood pressure

Question 40

hyperpigmentation

Answer 40

from increased ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) due to loss of feedback inhibition

Question 41

-excessive overproduction of adrenal corticosteroids

Answer 41

cushing disease

Question 42

glucocorticoid excess

Answer 42

disturbed carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism

Question 43

mineralocorticoid excess

Answer 43

high blood volume and high blood pressure

Question 44

gonad function

Answer 44

- production of germ cells | - production of sex hormones: controlled by gonadotropic hormones of pituitary gland FSH and LH

Question 45

hormones secreted by nonendocrine tumors that are identical with or mimic action of true hormones

Answer 45

ectopic hormones

Question 46

any event that disturbs homeostasis

Answer 46

stress

Question 47

alters metabolism, taxes cardiovascular system, impairs inflammatory and immune responses -involves adrenal cortex, predisposes to illness

Answer 47

chronic response to stress