#20 Upper Digestive System

Question 1

gastrointestinal tract in order

Answer 1

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

Question 2

gastrointestinal tract in order

Answer 2

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

Question 3

accessory organs in order

Answer 3

Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder

Question 4

digestive processes

Answer 4

propulsion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, defaction

Question 5

propulsion

Answer 5

Swallowing (oropharynx)

Peristalsis (moving food) (esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine)

Question 6

mechanical digestion

Answer 6

Chewing (mouth)

Churning (stomach)

Segmentation (small intestine)

Question 7

accessory organs in order

Answer 7

Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder

Question 8

defaction

Answer 8

removal of waste, things not broken down

Question 9

propulsion

Answer 9

Swallowing (oropharynx)

Peristalsis (moving food) (esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine)

Question 10

mechanical digestion

Answer 10

Chewing (mouth)

Churning (stomach)

Segmentation (small intestine)

Question 11

chemical digestion

Answer 11

Use of enzymes

In oral cavity, stomach, and small intestine

Question 12

absoprtion

Answer 12

Nutrients and water to blood vessels and lymph vessels (small intestine)

Water to blood vessels (large intestine)

Question 13

defaction

Answer 13

removal of waste, things not broken down

Question 14

layers of gastrointestinal wall

Answer 14

lumen, mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa (adventitia)

Question 15

lumen

Answer 15

The space in the gastrointestinal tract (surrounded by mucosa)

Question 16

mucosa

Answer 16

Epithelial lining closest to lumen, performs secretion and absorption, stratified squamous (esophagus) or Simple columnar (stomach and intestines

Question 17

submucosa

Answer 17

Vascularized and innervated connective tissue

Question 18

muscularis

Answer 18

Inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of smooth muscle (deep to submucosa)

Question 19

serosa (adventitia)

Answer 19

Visceral peritoneum

Outside of peritoneal cavity = adventitia

Within peritoneal = serosa

Made of connective tissue (collagen and elastic fibers)

Question 20

oral cavity

Answer 20

Lips and oral cavity are lined with non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

First site of mechanical and chemical digestion

Question 21

hard palate

Answer 21

Bones of maxilla and palatine bones

Lined by mucosal membrane

Question 22

soft palate and uvula are made of…

Answer 22

Made of mucosal membrane and muscle

Question 23

tongue

Answer 23

Helps with mechanical digestion

Root body apex

papillae

Lingual frenulum

Question 24

root

Answer 24

place of attachment

Question 25

body

Answer 25

makes up bulk of tongue

Question 26

apex

Answer 26

tip of tongue

Question 27

submandibular gland

Answer 27

60-70% of saliva production Just below mandible

Question 28

parotid gland

Answer 28

25-30% of saliva production Anterior to external ear (auricle of ear)

Question 29

sublingual gland

Answer 29

3-5% of saliva production Just underneath tongue

Question 30

primary or deciduous teeth

Answer 30

20 total 8 incisors 4 canines 8 molars

Question 31

permanent teeth

Answer 31

``` 32 total 8 incisors (tear and cut food) ``` 4 canines (piercing) 8 premolars (bicuspids) (grinding) 12 molars (grinding)

Question 32

Nasopharynx

Answer 32

Lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Question 33

oropharynx and laryngopharynx

Answer 33

Lined with stratified squamous epithelium

Question 34

deglutition (swallowing) phases

Answer 34

Voluntary phase Bolus of food is pushed by tongue against the hard palate and moves toward oropharynx Pharyngeal phase (involuntary) Soft palate and uvula close off the nasopharynx Larynx and hyoid elevate and the epiglottis closes over the laryngeal opening Esophageal phase (involuntary) Peristaltic contractions of the esophageal muscle push the bolus toward the stomach

Question 35

muscular tube of esophagus | upper and lower parts made up of?

Answer 35

Upper part: skeletal muscle Lower part: smooth muscle

Question 36

Esophagus

Answer 36

muscular tube, propels swallowed food to stomach through peristalsis lined with stratified squamous epithelium, sphincter muscles esophageal hiatus

Question 37

sphincter muscles

Answer 37

Superior esophageal sphincter Inferior esophageal sphincter (cardiac sphincter)

Question 38

esophageal hiatus

Answer 38

Opening in the diaphragm

Question 39

stomach

Answer 39

within abdominal cavity Inferior to diaphragm 3 layers of muscle

Question 40

functions of stomach

Answer 40

Storage of food (usually about 4 hours) Mechanical digestion: churn food with gastric juice Chemical digestion: initiate protein digestion Limited absorption

Question 41

surface epithelial cell

Answer 41

secretes mucus to protect the stomach wall (make up gastric pit in mucosa layer)

Question 42

parietal cell

Answer 42

secretes hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor

Question 43

chief cell

Answer 43

secretes pepsinogen (enzyme that breaks down proteins) | make up gastric gland

Question 44

Enteroendocrine cell:

Answer 44

secretes gastrin into the bloodstream

Question 45

Gastric gland

Answer 45

made up of many different cells Parietal cells that produce hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor that travels with food to small intestine and helps in absorption of vitamin B12

Question 46

reflux esphagitis

Answer 46

Acidic contents regurgitate into the esophagus Chronic condition is called gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Question 47

peptic ulcers

Answer 47

Erosion of stomach or duodenal mucosa Majority of cases are associated with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori Perforating ulcer Eroded through entire wall Treatments include: Eliminating bacteria (antibiotics) Eliminating acid