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Anatomy 220 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine glands

A

are ductless
glands that secrete hormones
directly into the bloodstream

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2
Q

hormones

A 
are carried throughout the body
by the bloodstream
- initiate specific actions in target
cells (cells that have receptors
for the hormone)
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3
Q

Tropic hormones

A

Hormones
that affect the release of other
hormones

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4
Q

endocrine vs. nervous system

A 
– acts using hormones
– can affect any cell in the
body (target cells have
hormone receptors)
– has widespread effects
– has slower but longer
lasting responses
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5
Q

amine hormone

A

the modified amino acid, norepinephrine

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6
Q

peptide hormone

A

short chains of linked amino acid oxytocin

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7
Q

protein hormone

A

long chains of linked amino acids growth hormone

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8
Q

steroid hormone

A

derived from the lipid cholesterol testosterone and progesterone

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9
Q

another name for the posterior pituitary gland

A

neurohypophysis, nervous tissue

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10
Q

another name for the anterior pituitary gland

A

adenohypophysis glandular tissue

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11
Q

Antidiuretic hormone

Vasopressin

A 
Initiates water retention in
kidney during dehydration
• Increases blood pressure
through vasoconstriction
• Hyposecretion causes
diabetes insipidus
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12
Q

oxytocin

A

• Uterine contractions and

milk ejection

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13
Q

where does ADH production occur

A

neurosecretory cells of the paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus

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14
Q

where does OT production occur?

A

in the neurosecretory cells of the supraoptic nucleus in the hypothalamus

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15
Q

what is in the infundibulum

A

hypothalamohypophyseal tract (axons of neurosecretory cells)

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16
Q

What is released by the posterior pituitary

A

OT and ADH oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

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17
Q

what is the roll of the hypothalamus in the anterior pituitary hormones

A

releases the hormones from neurosecretory cells

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18
Q

what stimulates the anterior pituitary to release hormone?

A

hypothalamus

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19
Q

7 anterior pituitary hormones?

A 
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
(FSH)
• Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
• Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
(ACTH)
• Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone
(TSH)
• Prolactin (PRL)
• Growth Hormone (GH)
• Melanocyte-Stimulating
Hormone (MSH)
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20
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

acts on thyroid gland

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21
Q

prolactin (PRL)

A

acts on mammary glands

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22
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone CTH

A

acts on the adrenal cortex

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23
Q

growth hormone (GH)

A

acts on
all body tissues, especially bone,
muscle, and adipose connective
tissue.

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24
Q

Follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH) &
luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

acts on gonads (testes and ovaries)

25
melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
acts on melanocytes in the epidermis
26
pituitary dwarfism
Hyposecretion of | GH in children
27
pituitary gigantism
Hypersecretion of | GH in children
28
acromegaly
Hypersecretion of GH during adulthood after the epiphyseal plates have closed
29
pineal gland
part of epithalamus | produces melatonin
30
what does melatonin do
helps regulate circadian rhythm
31
Thyroid gland
inferior to larynx, largest pure endocrine gland | produces: thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) and calcitonin
32
what does the thyroid hormone do?
increases metabolic rate
33
what does calcitonin do?
lowers level of blood calcium and decreases osteoclast activity, increases osteoblast activity
34
hyperthyroidism
excessive TH production high metabolic rate, weight loss, hyperactivity, always feeling hot, tachycardia
35
hypothyroidism
decreased production of TH | low metabolic rate weight gain fatigue, always feeling cold
36
endemic goiter
dietary iodine deficiency
37
parathyroid glands hormone they produce?
parathyroid hormone PTH
38
what does the parathyroid hormone do?
increases blood concentration of calcium | increases osteoclast activity and decreases osteoblast activity
39
thymus
located in lower neck and mediastinum, yellows and atrophies after puberty
40
what hormone does the thymus produce?
thymopoietin and thymosins
41
what do thymopoietin and thymosins hormones do?
stimulate growth and maturation of T-lymphocytes
42
What hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex?
aldosterone and cortisol
43
what hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla
epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine
44
aldosterone
sodium and water retention in kidney produced in adrenal cortex
45
cortisol
helps body deal with stressful situations produced in adrenal cortex
46
epinephrine
adrenaline produced in adrenal medulla
47
norepinephrine
enhances fight or flight responses produced in adrenal medulla
48
cushing syndrome
``` – Hypersecretion of cortisol – Symptoms: • Re-distributed body fat • Moon face & buffalo hump • Kidney stones • Suppressed immune system, low resistance to infection • Skin becomes fragile and thin ```
49
Addison's disease
``` – Hyposecretion of cortisol and aldosterone – Symptoms: • Weight loss • General fatigue • Hypotension (low blood pressure) ```
50
corticosteroids
are the steroid hormones from the adrenal cortex (ex. cortisol) act on the immune system by blocking inflammation
51
side effects of corticosteroids
``` They inhibit white blood cells, leading to increased susceptibility to infection – They lull the patient’s own adrenal cortex to sleep – Can cause symptoms of Cushing syndrome ```
52
pancreas location and production
in posterior wall of abdominal cavity, pancreatic islets or islets of langerhans produces glucagon and insulin
53
glucagon
secreted by alpha cells glycogen breakdown in the liver increases blood glucose levels
54
insulin
secreted by beta cells, signals body cells to take up and use glucose for energy decreases blood glucose levels
55
what does the pancreatic islet contain?
alpha and beta cells
56
diabetes Mellitus
Insufficient secretion of insulin or resistance of body cells to effects of insulin
57
type 1 diabetes
Autoimmune disorder – Absent or diminished production and release of insulin by the pancreatic beta cells – Treated with insulin shots or pumps
58
type 2 diabetes
– Decreased insulin effectiveness, body cells become resistant to insulin – Develops more slowly – Associated with being overweight, eating poorly and inactive lifestyle
59
gestational diabetes
Diabetes that develops during pregnancy – Placental hormones can block the action of insulin in the mom’s body – Higher risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later in life

Anatomy 220 (17 decks)

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