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ANAT1019 Past Exams > 2015 > Flashcards

2015 Flashcards

1
Q

Concerning the pelvic girdle and lower limb,
A) iliacus and psoas major attach to the greater trochanter via the iliopsoas tendon
B) the common action of piriformis, gemellus superior, obturator internus, gemellus inferior, quadratus femoris, and obturator externus is extension at the hip
C) a muscle that attaches to the ischial tuberosity is the semimembranosus
D) the distal attachment of the tendon of the semimembranosus muscle is the head of the fibula
E) the gluteus medius muscle is attached to the external surface of the ilium, between the anterior and posterior gluteal lines, and then via a short tendon to the neck of the femur

A

C (possible E but my notes say ‘lateral surface’ rather than external and not 100% sure if they are meaning different things)
(same as 2016)

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2
Q 
Since joints in the lower limb are subjected to greater forces than joints in the upper limb, lower
 limb joints are
A) not diarthrotic joints
B) not stabilised by ligaments
C) generally less stable
D) less mobile
E) more mobile
A

D??

same as 2016

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3
Q 
Sartorius derives its proximal attachment at which bony landmark?
A) anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS)
B) pubic tubercle
C) tibial tuberosity
D) anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
E) medial epicondyle of the knee
A

D

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4
Q 
The ligament that prevents anterior displacement of the tibia on the femur is the
A) anterior cruciate ligament
B) tibial collateral ligament
C) posterior cruciate ligament
D) meniscofemoral ligament
E) fibular collateral ligament
A

A

same as 2016

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5
Q

During the gait cycle, the tibialis anterior acts to
A) plantarflex the ankle during the stance phase
B) dorsiflex the ankle during the stance phase
C) dorsiflex the ankle during the swing phase
D) plantarflex the ankle during the swing phase
E) evert the ankle during the swing phase

A

C

same as 2016

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6
Q 
Which muscle is attached to the flexor digitorum longus?
A) interossei
B) flexor digitorum brevis
C) quadratus plantae
D) adductor hallucis
E) flexor hallucis brevis
A

C

same as 2016

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7
Q

When you turn your head 30 degrees toward the right, most of that movement would occur at
which of the following intervertebral levels?
A) C0/1
B) C1/2
C) C2/3
D) C3/4
E) C4/5

A

B (same as 2016)

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8
Q

The transverse ligament
A) resists forward translation of C1 on C2
B) is a continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament
C) is predominantly elastin fibres
D) attaches to the odontoid process and the margins of foramen magnum
E) resists rotation of C1 on C2

A

A (same as 2016)

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9
Q

Regarding the curvature of the thoracic vertebral column, the form of the curve is
A) described as a secondary curve
B) primarily due to the shape of the discs
C) described as a scoliosis
D) primarily due to the shape of the vertebrae
E) described as a lordotic curve

A

D (same as 2016)

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10
Q 
How many intervertebral discs are normally present in a typical human vertebral column?
A) 23
B) 24
C) 25
D) 29
E) 30
A

A

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11
Q

In the lumbar spine,
A) axial rotation to the right will result in compression of the right zygapophyseal joint
B) the superior articular processes of lower lumbar vertebrae are oriented in the sagittal plane whilst those of the upper lumbar vertebrae are more aligned with the coronal plane
C) extension may result in the inferior articular process of the superior vertebrae impacting the lamina between the articular processes of the vertebra below
D) zygapophyseal joint orientation favours movements in the transverse plane
E) the main site of muscle attachment is the vertebral body

A

??

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12
Q 
Contraction of which of the following muscles produces the greatest posterior shear force on
the vertebral motion segment?
A) quadratus lumborum
B) iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum
C) longissimus thoracis pars thoracis
D) rectus abdominis
E) multifidus
A

B (same as 2016)

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13
Q 
The posterior outer annulus fibrosus is innervated by the
A) sciatic nerve
B) medial branch of the dorsal rami
C) sinuvertebral nerve
D) anterior vertebral plexus
E) grey rami communicantes
A

C (same as 2016)

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14
Q 
Which of the following muscles does NOT contribute to axial rotation of the lumbar spine?
A) transversus abdominis
B) internal oblique abdominal
C) multifidus
D) iliocostalis lumborum pars thoracis
E) external oblique abdominal
A

D ( or maybe A)

same as 2016

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15
Q

Which of the following statements regarding the spinal cord is FALSE?
A) The fasciculus gracilis can be observed on the dorsal surface of the upper and lower spinal cord
B) Lower motor neurons are found in the ventral horns of the spinal cord and lesions involving these neurons can lead to flaccid paralysis
C) The lateral reticulospinal, vestibulospinal and tectospinal tracts are all important for lower limb movement
D) A hemisection of the spinal cord results in a contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation below the level of the lesion
E) The nucleus dorsalis (Clarke’s nucleus) gives rise to the posterior spinocerebellar tract and transmits information from the legs and lower half of the body to the cerebellum

A

?

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16
Q

Which of the following statements regarding the medulla oblongata is CORRECT?
A) The pyramids of the medulla oblongata contain cortico-pontine fibres
B) The olive lies medial to the pyramid
C) The caudal part of the olive demarcates the border between the medulla and spinal cord
D) It contains the tectum
E) The hypoglossal nerve emerges in the sulcus between the pyramid and the olive

A

??

17
Q

The following statements concerning the thalamus are correct EXCEPT
A) it forms the anterior boundary of the interventricular foramen
B) it is separated from the lentiform nucleus by the internal capsule
C) the gray matter of the thalamus is divided by a vertical sheet of white matter called the internal medullary lamina.
D) it is the largest part of the diencephalon and serves as a relay station to all the main sensory tracts (except the olfactory pathway)
E) it may be joined to the thalamus on the opposite side

A

??

18
Q

Nuclei of the thalamus that interconnect different regions of the cortex are
A) limbic relay nuclei
B) association nuclei
C) the ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei
D) the medial and lateral geniculate nuclei
E) the mammillary bodies

A

??

19
Q

Concerning the prosencephalon,
A) the corpus callosum communicates between the left and right cerebral hemispheres
B) the occipital lobes perceive auditory information
C) the precentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex is the somatosensory region
D) the reflex pathways involved with head turning in response to loud sounds pass through the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus
E) the ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus projects to the occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex

A

??

20
Q

Which of the following questions regarding the pathways for non-conscious propriocception is INCORRECT?
A) The anterior spinocerebellar tract receives input from descending motor neurons
B) First order neurons in the posterior spinocerebellar tract synapse in Clarke’s nucleus
C) First order neurons in the cuneocerebellar tract synapse in Clarke’s nucleus
D) The second order neuron in the anterior spinocerebellar pathway has its cell body on the lateral surface of the ventral horn
E) The anterior and posterior spinocerebellar ascend in the lateral funiculus

A

C (no clarke’s nucleus in cuneocerebellar)

21
Q

Which of the following statements concerning the frontal lobe is INCORRECT?
A) The supplementary premotor area is primarily located in the inferior frontal gyrus
B) Lesions of the frontal lobe may give rise to ocular signs
C) The frontal lobe contains the giant cells of Betz
D) The frontal lobe contains the Broca’s area
E) The primary motor cortex is located in the precentral gyrus

A

B ?? same as 2016

22
Q

The posterior cerebral artery (PCA)
A) is the principal source of blood supply to the primary auditory cortex
B) is the terminal branch of the basilar artery
C) is a branch of the internal carotid artery
D) supplies blood to the medial aspects of the temporal, parietal and occipital lobes
E) supplies blood to the occipital lobe as well as the cerebellum

A

B (same as 2016)

23
Q

Which of the following statements concerning the pyramidal pathway is INCORRECT?
A) The corticospinal tract descends via the posterior limb of the internal capsule
B) Some fibres of the pyramidal pathway originate from gyri different to precentral gyrus
C) All fibres of the lateral corticospinal tract cross over (decussate) at the level of the caudal medulla
D) Most parts of the pyramidal pathway descend to the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord
E) Most fibres of cortico(bulbar)nuclear are found within the pyramids of the medulla

A

E?? (not A or D) (same as 2016)

24
Q 
The pyramidal pathway
A) is a commissural fibre tract
B) only descends to the pyramids of the medulla
C) mainly contains dendritic fibres
D) is an association fibre tract
E) is a projection fibre tract
A

?? (im thinking B but idk)

25
Q

Which of the following statements concerning the descending motor pathways is TRUE?
A) The tectospinal tract usually ends at the lumbar spine level
B) The reticulospinal tract crosses over (decussates) to contralateral side at the level of medulla
C) The tectospinal tract crosses over (decussates) to the contralateral side at the mid-brain level
D) The rubrospinal tract descends in the anterior funiculus of the spinal cord
E) The vestibulospinal tract receives a major input from the cochlea

A

C

26
Q

Which of the following statements concerning the descending motor pathways is CORRECT?
A) The rubrospinal tract descends in the anterior funiculus of the spinal cord
B) The vestibulospinal tract solely conveys the information from the vestibular apparatus
C) The tegmentum of the pons contains the corticospinal tract
D) The tectospinal tract gives collaterals to the reticulospinal tract
E) The reticulospinal tract originates from the reticular formation of the midbrai

A

D ( im pretty sure)

27
Q

Which of the following statements regarding the basal nuclei is INCORRECT?
A) The internal capsule passes through the striatum
B) The caudate nucleus has a head, body and tail
C) The basal ganglia are connected to the ventroanterior (VA) nucleus of the thalamus
D) Parts of the caudate nucleus are located in the temporal lobe
E) The striatum is predominantly composed of dopaminergic neurones

A

E ( GABA- i think)

28
Q 
Which of the following is a sign of impaired cerebellar function?
A) cogwheel rigidity
B) ataxic gait
C) loss of conscious proprioception
D) spasticparalysis
E) Babinski sign
A

B

29
Q

Which of the following statements concerning the cerebellum is INCORRECT? The cerebellum
A) receives major input from the thalamus
B) projects to the thalamus
C) receives major input from the brainstem
D) receives major input from the spinal cord
E) projects to vestibular nuclei

A

??

30
Q

Which of the following statements regarding the cerebellum is CORRECT?
A) The tonsils connect its two hemispheres
B) Disease of the right cerebellum will result in symptoms on the left half of the body
C) The cerebellum is supplied by the internal carotid arterial system
D) The afferent fibres reaching the cerebellar cortex originate in the deep cerebellar nuclei
E) The archicerebellum is primarily concerned with the maintenance of balance

A

possibly D but i have no clue

31
Q

Concerning the glutei muscles, state the primary action of each muscle.

A

gluteus maximus: hip extension
gluteus medius: hip abduction
gluteus minimis: hip abduction
(same as 2016)

32
Q

Concerning the glutei muscles, state the secondary action(s) of each muscle and name the component that produces each action.

A

gluteus maximus: lateral rotation, component- ??
gluteus medius: medial rotation, component- ??
gluteus minimus: medial rotation, component- ??
(same as 2016)

33
Q

Describe the structure of a typical lumbar intervertebral disc and discuss how the structure contributes to the function of the disc.

A

the lumbar region has a large intervertebral disc to vertebral body height ratio = this facilitates movement through having a larger intervertebral disc height you have maintained the weight bearing surface and distributing the force to decrease the stress so the superior vertebrae can undergo greater movement before impacting the inferior vertebrae
the greater amount of seperation = the greater amount of movement

(same as 2016)

34
Q

Contrast the anatomy and function of the: longus cervicis, longus capitis and sternocleidomastoid

A

sternocleidomastoid:

  • origin: manubrium of sternum and medial portion of clavicle
  • insertion: mastoid process of temporal bone and superior nuchal line of occipital bone
  • unilateral contraction- ipsilateral LF, contralateral axial rotation
  • bilateral contraction- upper cervical extension, lower cervical flexion

longus cervicis:

  • origin: transverse process of C3 to T3
  • insertion: anterior arch of the atlas
  • action: flex and rotate cervical spine

longus capitis:

  • origin: anterior tubercles of transverse process of C3 to C6
  • insertion: basiliar part of the occipital bone
  • action: flex the head and neck laterally, rotate
35
Q

Contrast the anatomy and function of the: lumbar multifidus, longissimus thoracis pars lumborum and longissimus thoracis pars thoracis

A

lumbar multifidus:

  • arises from caudal edge of lamina/spinous process–> 3 to 5 fascicles diverge inferiorly and attach to mamillary processes, iliac crest and sacrum
  • actions- lumbar extension, maintains lumbar lordosis, could also assist in rotation

LTPL

  • origin- medial PSIS
  • inserts- lumbar transverse processes
  • B action- lumbar extension and posterior shear
  • U action- ipsilateral LF

LTPT

  • origin- L3-L5 spinous processes and sacrum
  • insertions- T1-T12 transverse processes
  • B action- thoracic and lumbar extension
  • U action- ipsilateral thoracic and lumbar LF
36
Q

Detail the specific pathway of proprioceptive impulses from a muscle spindle in the left gastrocnemius muscle through to conscious perception. Include the site of synapses and neuron
cell bodies.

A

?? (same as 2016)

37
Q

Detail the pathway that permits the localisation of pain and those pathways that influence the
emotional response to pain.

A

??

38
Q

Discuss the function of the CEREBELLUM in muscle coordination in the body.

A

(same as 2016)

one of the functions of the cerebellum is to regulate and coordinate voluntary movement through indirectly influencing descending pathways (pyramidal and extrapyramidal)
- the motor action gets sent down via pyramidal and extrapyramidal pathways where it gets sent to a skeletal muscle to activate (while a ‘motor copy plan’ gets sent to the cerebellum via the mossy fibres)
- depending on how the movement went, we get sensory feedback about the movements and gets sent back via the posterior spinocerebellar pathway (LL) and cuneocerebellar pathway (UL)- this gives us feedback on how the movement went
- the feedback is sent to the cerebellum via mossy fibres or an error signal is sent to the cerebellum via climbing fibres
- the cerebellum compares motor actions w/ sensory feedback and can detect errors between the action and feedback
- if needed, error correction is sent from the cerebellum to the motor action via output of climbing fibres
(idk if this is answering the question ahahah)

39
Q

Name all the structural components of the basal ganglia and describe their functional roles with regards to movement planning and execution.

A

(same as 2016 exam)

striatum (caudate nucleus + putamen):
- major recipient of inputs to the basal ganglia
globus pallidus (GPe + GPi):
- GPi is considered as an output site that influences limb muscles
- GPe ..?
subthalamic nucleus (STN):
- STN acts as a brake of unwanted movement as it is disinhibited by GPe
substantia nigra (pars compacta = SNc & pars reticulata = SNr)
- SNr is consider an output site that influences axial muscles
- SNc modulates the cortical input into the striatum

ANAT1019 Past Exams (5 decks)

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