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MM Revision > 2017/2018 SAQ > Flashcards

2017/2018 SAQ Flashcards

(43 cards)

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1
Q

stages in the biofilm life cycle.

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Colonization
  3. Growth
  4. Maturation
  5. Detachment
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2
Q

Attachment

Biofilm

A

bacterial cells attaches to a surface

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3
Q

Colonization

Biofilm

A

Bacteria multiplies
Extracellular matrix produced
Allows stick to surface and each other

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4
Q

Growth

Biofilm

A

As more bacteria joins community
Biofilm grows in thickness and complexity

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5
Q

Maturation

Biofilm

A

Biofilm is more stable
resistant to external factors

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6
Q

Detachment

A

Bacteria/ Small clusters of cell detach from Biofilm
Disperse
Cycle restarts

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7
Q

Method 1

16S rRNA sequencing

DNA-based methods

Classification of Bacteria

A

Identify bacteria
sequencing of conserved region of 16 rRNA gene
Varies between bacterial taxa

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8
Q

Method 2

Whole-genome sequencing

DNA-based methods to classify bacteria

A

Sequence entire genome of bacterial strain
high-resolution phylogenetic analysis
Identify unique genetic marks

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9
Q

Method 3

Multi-locus sequence typing

DNA- based methods to classify bacteria

A

MLST
Sequence several different genes across bacterial genome
More detailed analysis of genetic diversity
Allows strain level identification

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10
Q

Key characteristics of cytopathogenic viruses in terms of their pathogenecity

A

visible damage to infected cells
lead to cell death
altered cell function
cell rounding
syncytium formation (fusion of multiple cells)
Inclusion body formation
Changes in cell morphology

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11
Q

Cytopathic effects of cytopathogenic viruses

A

tissue damage
organ dysfunction
leads to clinical symptoms and disease

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12
Q

One characterstic distinguish fungi from animals

A

fungi - hetertrophic
> absorb nutrients from environment
Animals
> ingest good and digest internally

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13
Q

Characteristics distinguish fungi from plant kingdom

A

Fungi: No chorophyll> no photosynthesis; plants do to produce own food
Celll wall : chitin(fungi) cellulose (plants)
Fungi: Reproduce by spores > dispersed by wind
Plants: Reproduce by seeds. begetative propagation

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14
Q

5main fungal phyla

mycota

A
  1. Ascomycota
  2. Basidiomycota
  3. Zygomycota
  4. Chytridiomycota
  5. Glomeromycota
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15
Q

Ascomycota

fungal phylum

A

largest fungal species
characterized by production of sexual spores in sac-like structures called asci.

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16
Q

Basidiomycota

Fungal phylum

A

produces sexual spores on basidia structures
Important decomposers
mycorrhizal fungi

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17
Q

Zygomycota

Fungal phylum

A

Produces tough, resistant zygospores as a result of sexual production
includes many soil dwelling and plant associted species

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18
Q

Zygomycota

Fungal phylum

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A

Produces tough, resistant zygospores as a result of sexual production
includes many soil dwelling and plant associted species

19
Q

Chytridiomycota

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A

Motile zoospores
most primitive fungal group
many aquatic and soil dwelling species

20
Q

Glomeromycota

Fungal phylum

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A

Fungi forms mutualistic associations with th eroot of plants
Known as arbuscular mycorrhizae

21
Q

Sexual reproduction: zygomycotina and ascomycontina

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A

Zygo
- by producing thick walled zygospores as a result of fusion between 2 diff mating types
**
Asco
- produce sexual spores in asci (sac-like)

22
Q

Asexual reproduction: zygomycotina and ascomycontina

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A

Zygo- by producing sporangia
Asco- producing conidia

23
Q

Habitat: zygomycotina and ascomycontina

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A

zygo- Soil dwelling fungi
asco- wider range of habitat: oil, water, symbionts of plants or animals
> econimocally important: yeasts, molds and plant pathogens

24
Q

Uncomplicated UTIs

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A

Healthy individuals w/ normal unirnary tracts
By single bacteria species
e.coli

25
Infections: uncomplicated UTI
Bladder (cystitis) Urethra (urethritis) Painful urination Frequent urination Strong urge to urinate
26
Complicated UTIs
people w/underlying UT abnormalities/comorbidities >kidney stones,UT obstruction, dibaetes/immunosupression Mutiple bacterial species
27
Complicated UTIs infections
Kidney damage systemic infection
28
Complicated UTI treatment
Long course of antibiotic treatment Surgical intervention to address the underlying condtion (some cases)
29
List 4 protective characteristic of lactobacilli in vagina (chai)
1. Acidification 2. Hydrogen peroxide production 3. Competitive exclusion 4. Immunimodulation
30
Lactobacilli: Acidification
Lactobacilli produce lactic acid maintain acidic environment ph 3.5-4.5 inhibit growth of pathogenic bacteria
31
Lactobacilli: Hydrogen peroxide production
Some strains produce h2o2 has antimicrobial activity against wide range of bacteria and virus
32
Lactobacilli:competitive exclusion
Lactobacilli compete w/pathogenic bacteria for adhesion sites on vaginal epithelium Preventing colonization
33
Lactobacilli:immunomodulation
Lactobacilli stimulate immune system enhance production of antimicrobial peptides and cytokines Protect against infection
34
Species associated with intestinal health | Gut
Probiotic bacterium Called Bifidobacterium
35
Effector molecules produces **Bifido**bacterium
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) = butyrate Modulates the balance of T-helper cells in the gut
36
Function of butyrate
Promote differentiation and activity of regulatory T cells (Tregs) Maintain immune tolerance Prevent inflammation and autoimmunity Inhibit pro-inflammatory T-helper 17 differentiation (Th17) Promote anti-inflammatory T-helper 2 cells differentiation (Th2) Overall effect: T- helper cel balance, promote intestinal health, prevent inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
37
Function of butyrate
Promote differentiation and activity of regulatory T cells (Tregs) Maintain immune tolerance Prevent inflammation and autoimmunity Inhibit pro-inflammatory T-helper 17 differentiation (Th17) Promote anti-inflammatory T-helper 2 cells differentiation (Th2) Overall effect: T- helper cel balance, promote intestinal health, prevent inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
38
4 opportunistic pathogens associated with cystic fibrosis | `
1. Pseudomonas Aeruginosa 2. Burkholderia cepacia complex 3. Staphylococcus aureus 4. Aspergilluus fumigatus
39
4 opportunistic pathogens associated with cystic fibrosis | `
1. Pseudomonas Aeruginosa 2. Burkholderia cepacia complex 3. Staphylococcus aureus 4. Aspergilluus fumigatus
40
Name 5 viral infection which may lead to viral encephalitis (inflammation and swelling of the brain tissue)
1. HSV = Herpes Simplex Virus 2. VZV = Varicella-zoster virus 3. WNV = West Nile virus 4. JEV = Japanese encephalitis virus 5. TBEV = Tick-borne encephalitis virus
41
2 virulence factprs essential to meningeal invasaion by Neisseria meningitis
1. Capsule 2. Type IV pili
42
Role of capsule | ​Meningeal invasIon by Neisseria meningitis
Thick polysaccharide layer that surroynds the bacteral cell Protects it from phagocytosis by host immune cells Essential for bacteria to survive in bloodstream and cross the blood-brain barrier to infect the meninges
43
Role of IV Pili | ​Meningeal invasIon by Neisseria meningitis
long, thin protein appendages extending from bacterial surface Mediate adherence to host cells and tissues Enable bacteri to bind to and invade thecells of the blood- brain barrire Facilitate entry into the central nervous system

MM Revision (15 decks)

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