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MM Revision > 2018/2019 SAQ > Flashcards

2018/2019 SAQ Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 phases of microbial growth in batch culture?

A
  1. Lag Phase
  2. Log Phase
  3. Stationary Phase
  4. Death Phase
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2
Q
  1. Lag Phase

What are the 4 phases of microbial growth in batch culture?

A
  • Microorganism adjusting to new environment
  • Preparing to divide
  • Little/no increase in cell number
  • Slow growth rate
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3
Q

2.Log Phase

What are the 4 phases of microbial growth in batch culture?

A
  • Also known as exponential phase
  • Microorganism grow and divide at exponential rate
  • Logarithmic increase in cell number
  • Population doubles in specific amount of time= **generation time **
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4
Q

3.Stationary Phase

What are the 4 phases of microbial growth in batch culture?

A
  • Growth rate slows down
  • depletion of nutrient
  • Accumulation of waste products
  • Population size reaches a maziumum
  • remains constant
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5
Q

Death Phase

What are the 4 phases of microbial growth in batch culture?

A
  • Number of microorganisms decrease
  • Lack of nutrients
  • Accumulation of toxic waste products
  • death rate exceed growth rate
  • decline in population size
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6
Q

List the 3 motilities of bacteria

A

Gliding
Twitching
Swarming

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7
Q

Explain Gliding Motility

A

Cells move smoothly along a surface
Exact mechanism not well understood
Invoves secretion of a slime trail that bacterium moves along

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8
Q

Explain twitching motility

A

Extention and retraction of pili (think, hair-like appendages)
To pull the cell along a surface
Important: colonization of surfaces and biofilm formation

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9
Q

Explain Swarming motility

A

Cell move in a coordinated fasion across a surface
In responseto physical or chemical signals
Highly motile
Multiple flagella allow them to move quickly and efficiently

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10
Q

4 examples of polymers involved in specific ireversible adhesion of bacteria to surfaces

A
  • Flagella
  • Fimbriae
    *Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)
  • Stalks
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11
Q

4 examples of polymers involved in specific ireversible adhesion of bacteria to surfaces

A
  1. Extracellular polymeric substances 9EPS)
  2. Capsular polysaccharides
  3. Fimbriae or Pilli
  4. Adhesins
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12
Q

Polymer

EPS

A
  • secreted by bacteria
  • form matrix around cells
  • role in bioflm formation and adhesion to surfaces
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13
Q

Capsular polysaccharides

A
  • Complex carbohydrates
  • surface of some bacteria
  • bacterial adesion to srufaces
  • > provide sticky surface for attachment
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14
Q

Fimriae or Pilli

A
  • Hair like appendages
  • surface of bactia
  • adhesion to surfaces
  • > bind to spcific receptors on host cells
  • allow attachment of bacteria to and colonize surface
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15
Q

Fimriae or Pilli

A
  • Hair like appendages
  • surface of bactia
  • adhesion to surfaces
  • > bind to spcific receptors on host cells
  • allow attachment of bacteria to and colonize surface
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16
Q

Adhesins

A
  • Bacterial surface proteins
  • Adhesins bind to receptoron host cells, extracellular matrix proteins, bacterial cells
  • allow attachmet of bacteria, colonize surfaces
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17
Q

What is the formal phylum name of sac fungi?

A

Ascomyota

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18
Q

What is the formal phylum name of club fungi?

A

Basidiomycota

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19
Q

Key difference betweek Ascomycota and Basidomycota in terms of sporecontaining structures?

A

Ascomycota
* Produce spores inside sac-like structures (asci)
* Containing within fruiting body = ascocarp
* enclosed

Basidiomycota
* produce spores on the surface of club-shaped structures= basidiocarp
* exposed on surface

-> important in classification, identification

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20
Q

Give the 2 scientific names of 2 fungal species that benefit humans

A
  1. Saccharomyces cerevisiae
  2. Penicilium chrysogenum
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21
Q

2 fungal species threath to humans

A

Aspergillus fumigatus
Candida albicans

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22
Q

Fungi: Saccharomyces cerevisae

A

Benefit humans
- food industry
- baking, brewing, wine making
- biofuel production
- pharmaceuticals
- industrial enzymes

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23
Q

Fungi-penicillium chrysogenum

A

benefit to humans
* species of mold:antibiotic penicillin
* widely used to treat bacterial infections

24
Q

Fungi- Aspergillus fumigatus

A

Threath to human health
* mold: severe respiratory infections
* worsed with weakened systems

25
Fungi- Aspergillus fumigatus
Threath to human health * mold: severe respiratory infections * worsed with weakened systems
26
Fungi- Candida Albicans
threat to humans - species of yeast - oral thrush - vaginal yeast infections - serious systemic infections in immunocompromised individuals
27
Types of viral transmission
1. Horizontal transmission 2. Vertical transmission
28
Horizontal viral transmission
- Spread of virus from one individual to another within the same generation - >how: direct/indirect contact: with infected bodily fluids, respiratory droplets, fomitea (objects carry infectious agents) Example - air-borne transmission - via contaminated syrfaces or object
29
Vertical viral transmission
- Mother to offspring - during pregnancy - childbirth - breastfeeding How -transplacentallu (across placenta) - Perinatally (during childbirth) Result - congenital infections - infections n newborns
30
How is influenza virus transmitted
Horizontal transmission - repiratory droplets - diect contact with infected individuals - contaminated surfaces - air over short distance Vertical transmission - rare - associations: maternal influenze infection during pregnancy - increased risk of adverse pregnancy oucome - respiratory infection in newborns
31
Morphology ## Footnote What are the **main features** of the **Ebola virus**?
- filamentous, thread like shape - electron microscope - virus particles 800-100nm - 80nm diameter
32
Envelope ## Footnote What are the **main features** of the **Ebola virus**?
- envelope derived from host cell membrane surround virus particle - glyoproteins: viral entry ->host cell
33
Genome ## Footnote What are the **main features** of the **Ebola virus**?
- single stranded RNA - 19kb - encodes structural and non-structural proteins
34
Pathogenesis ## Footnote What are the **main features** of the **Ebola virus**?
- fatal hemorrhagic fever in humans and non human primates - entry: via mucous membanes/breals in the skin and replication in tissues and organs - widespread damage - triggers hist immune response - lead to inflammation anhd organ failure
35
Transmission ## Footnote What are the **main features** of the **Ebola virus**?
- direct contact with the blood, body fluids, tissues of infected individuals or animals - contact with contaminated surfaces/objects - person t person thorugh close contact with infected individuals (caring for/liing with infected indivual.
36
Name 2 pathogens associated with Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (Trench mouth)
1. Porphyromonas gingivalis 2. Prevotella intermedia
37
# Pathogen of trench mouth 1. Porphyromonas gingivalis
- gram negative - anaerobic - associated with periodontal disease, including ANUG - produces virulene factors: proteases, LPS - damage to host tissue and cause inflammation
38
2. Prevotella intermedia
- gram negative - also associated with peridontal disease , includinf ANUG - Produces enzmes/toxins contribute to tissue destrction and immune evasion
39
Urinary catheter infection
- Medical procedure - insertion of a flexible tube into bladder through urethra - why> drain urine - associated with increased risk of urinart tract infection (UTI) - >Those with long-term catheterization
40
Important pathogens associated with urinary catheter infection- Keep C
1. Escherichia coli 2. Klebsiella pneumoniae 3. Pseudomonas aeuruginosa 4. Enterococcus feacalis 5. Candida albicans
41
# bacteria Escherichia coli ## Footnote Important pathogens associated with urinary catheter infection
* gram negative * catheter associated UTIs * colonize catheter surface * form biofilm * hard to treat with antimicrobial agents
42
# Bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae ## Footnote Important pathogens associated with urinary catheter infection
* gram negative * catheter associated UTIs * patientswith underlying medical condtions: diabetes, compromised immune function
43
# Bacteria Pseudomononas aeruginosa ## Footnote Important pathogens associated with urinary catheter infection
* gram negative * opportunistic pathogen * colonize catheter surface * form biofilm * persistent infection * treatment failure
44
# Bacteria Enterococcus faecalis ## Footnote Important pathogens associated with urinary catheter infection
* gram positive * catheter associated UTIs * patients exposed to antibiotics/compromised immune function
45
# Fungus Candida albicans ## Footnote Important pathogens associated with urinary catheter infection
- opportunistic - colonize cather surface - form biofilm - persistent infection - treatment failure - long term catheterization - exposed to borad antibiotics
46
List 4 symptoms of meningitis
1. Fever 2. Headache 3. Stiff neck 4. Altered mental status
47
List 4 symptoms of meningitis
1. Fever 2. Headache 3. Stiff neck 4. Altered mental status
48
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- gram-negative - diplococcus bacterium - sexually transmitted infection
49
List 4 virulence factors found **Neisseria gonorrhoeae** ## Footnote virulence factors found **Neisseria gonorrhoeae**
1. Pili 2. Porin 3. Lipooligosaccharide (LOS) 4. Proteases
50
Pili ## Footnote virulence factors found **Neisseria gonorrhoeae**
* produces long thin appendages= pilli * >undergo genetic variation * helps bacteria evade host immune system
51
Porin ## Footnote virulence factors found **Neisseria gonorrhoeae**
- produces porin protein - penetrate and survive within himan cells - resist host immune system - contributes antibiotic resistance
52
Lipooligosaccharide (LOS) ## Footnote virulence factors found **Neisseria gonorrhoeae**
- Produces complex LOS - Trigger inflammatory response in host - contributes to symptoms of infection
53
Proteases ## Footnote virulence factors found **Neisseria gonorrhoeae**
- break down host proteins - damage to host tissues - evade host immune system by degrading antibodies and complement proteins
54
Lower urinary tract infection ## Footnote Explain the differenced between lower and upper urinary tract infection
Lower UTIs * affects bladder and urethra * symptom: * Pain/burning urination * urgency to urinate * coudy/bloody urine * strong-smelling urine * pain in lower adbomen/back Low UTIs - how -bacteria enter uretra and travell up into thebladder
55
Upper urinary tract infection ## Footnote Explain the differenced between lower and upper urinary tract infection
* Affect kidneys and ureters Symptoms * High fever * Chills and shivering * nausea and vomiting * pain int he upper back or side * flank pain * blood in the urine How * bacteria enter bloodstream * travrl to kidneys * More serious than lower UTIs * seek promt medical attention
56
Upper urinary tract infection ## Footnote Explain the differenced between lower and upper urinary tract infection
* Affect kidneys and ureters Symptoms * High fever * Chills and shivering * nausea and vomiting * pain int he upper back or side * flank pain * blood in the urine How * bacteria enter bloodstream * travrl to kidneys * More serious than lower UTIs * seek promt medical attention

MM Revision (15 decks)

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