2018 (2) Flashcards
1
Q
What disease do you use metroindazole for in reptiles?
A
Entamoeba and ciliated infections
2
Q
Which species should never get Ivermectin?
A
Turtles
3
Q
The color of reptile skin depends on several factors, which factors?
A
Genetic, condition, season, age and reproduction status
4
Q
Darker skin color may be due to what?
A
Stress, illness, physiological accomodation
5
Q
In which animas is it physiological to have tattered sheeding?
A
Lizards, Boid snakes, gecko, chameleion, boa snakes
6
Q
In which species is it pathological to have tattered sheeding?
A
Colubrid snakes
7
Q
What types of dermatitits is found in reptiles?
A
Necrotic, ulcerative, ventral derma necrosis and nodular dermatitis
8
Q
What are the symptoms of scale rot?
A
Brownish scales and abcesses
9
Q
What are common neoplasms in reptiles?
A
Papillomatosis, carcinoma, melanoma
10
Q
What are the clinical signs of vtiamin A hypovitaminosis?
A
Eyelids are swollen, hyper –and parakeratosis
11
Q
What is a non-infectious cause of stomatitis?
A
Uric acid excretion
12
Q
In what cases is liver lipidosis physiological in reptiles?
A
Under gravidity, after hibernation and before first shedding
13
Q
Under which circumstances is it physiological for reptiles to refuse feed?
A
Hibernation, gravidity, breeding season and before shedding
14
Q
What are the reasons for post hibernation anorexia in reptiles?
A
Dehydration
15
Q
What is the therapy for post hibernation anorexia?
A
Rehydration by swimming in low lukewarm water
16
Q
Common tumors in lung of toroises?
A
Fibroma and Fibrosarcoma
17
Q
Common tumors in lungs of snakes?
A
Adenocarcinoma
18
Q
What is the reason for atelectatic lung in reptiles?
A
Overconditioning
19
Q
What are the predisposing factors for pregnancy toxaemia?
A
Young female, big littler, no resting time and malnutrition
20
Q
What is the treatment if you have suspected pregnancy toxaemia?
A
Warm fluid, energy support and shock therapy
21
Q
What are the most common pathogens causing mastitis?
A
Pasteurella, Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species, bordetella bronchiseptica
22
Q
What are the clinical signs of mastitis?
A
Swollen, warm and painful mammary glands
23
Q
Therapy in case of suspected mastitis?
A
Antibiotic, NSAID, fluid therapy and hot packs
24
Q
What is the most common mammary tumors?
A
Adenocarcinoma
25
Clinical findings in case of mammary tumor?
In-homogenous palpation, not swollen and not painful
26
What is the treatment of mammary gland tumor?
Mammectomy of OHE
27
In which animal is paraphimosis common?
Chincillas
28
Encephalotozoonosis is found in what species, and caused by what pathogen?
Found in rabbits, and caused by E. cuniculi
29
Where are the spores of encephalitozoon expelled/excreated?
Urine
30
What is the infection route of encephalitozoon?
Per os or aerogenous
31
What are the symptoms in a rabbit with encephalitozoon infeciton?
Head tilt, behavioral changes, nystagmus, seizures, interstitial nephritis and renal
failure, PD/PU
32
Treament of Encephalitozoon infections?
Dexamethason, Chlroamphenicol, Oxibendazole, Diazepam
33
Is Encephalitozoon infections zoonotic?
yes
34
Lymphocytic choriomenigits, affects which species?
All rodents, especially mouse and hamsters
35
What are the 4 different forms of lymphocytic choriomenigitis and their clinical symptoms?
Cerebral from: Abnormal posture, tremor, tonic clonic seizures and death
Visceral form: Conjuctivitis, ascites and lethargy
Late form: 9-12 months after natal or prenatal infection, cause lethargy, ascites and proteinuria
Vestigial form: Abnormal development and death
36
What is the pathogen causing LCM?
Arenavirus
37
What are the clincal signs of trauma or stroke in rodents/rabbits?
Head tilt and CNS symptoms
38
What is the preferred treatment of stroke?
Glucocorticoids, B-vitamin supplement
39
What are the symptoms of heat stroke in rabbit and rodents?
Bad general status, seizures, dyspnoea and warm body
40
Treatment when suspecting heat stroke?
Cooling of the body, shock treatment, diuretics and oxygen
41
Diabetis mellitus affects which species in particular?
Degus
42
Lymphoma is common in which species?
Commonly in guinea pigs and rabbits
43
Lymphoma in guinea pigs is caused by?
Retrovirus
44
What are the diseases which are related to obesity?
Pododermatitis, hypercalcuria, incontinentia, dermatitis, hepatic lipidosis, dysochia, joint
problems and spinal problems
45
To which family does the ferret belong too?
Mustellidae
46
Which three ferret species do we have?
M. putenus, M. eversmannt and M. nigripes
47
What are the uses of ferrets?
Rodent control, hunting, pelt, biomedical reasearch, cable transport, sports and companion
48
What is the body weight of a ferret?
1,5-2 kg in males
0,6-1 kg in females
49
How long does the ferrets approximately live?
7-9 years
50
When is a ferret mature?
6-12 months
51
How long is the gestaing period of ferrets, and when are they weaned?
41-43 days of gestation, weaned after 6-8 weeks
52
What is the normal body temperature of the ferrets?
38-39,5 °C
53
What can you say about the digestive tract of ferrets?
Big dilating stomach, very short gastrointestinal tract, carnivorous, lots of prey and
gastrointestinal parasitism is rare
54
How can the diet help prevent or treat hypocalcuria?
More vegetables, grass/hay and fresh water, less seeds and timothy based pellets
55
Chronic renal failure is common at what age?
Old age
56
Ovarian cysts are common in which species, and at what age?
Guinea pigs after 1,5 year
57
How do you diagnose ovarian cysts?
Palpation, found behind the kidneys (round shape) and US
58
What is the treatment in case of ovarian cyst?
Ovarian hysterectomy
59
In which animals is endometritis and uterine tumors common?
Rabbits
60
Pyometra in rabbits is caused by which pathogens?
Pasturella multocida and Staphylococcus aureus
61
How do you prevent adenocarcinoma in rabbits?
Spaying (under 2 years of age)
62
Dystochia is common in which species?
Guinea pigs
63
What is the cause of dystochia in guinea pigs?
Large foetuses, permanent fuse of the symphyisis and abnormal position of the foetus
64
What is the treatment of dystochia?
Calcium and oxytocin, C-section, OHE and manual removal of foetus
65
How do you prevent dystochia in guinea pigs?
Should not breed until minimum 6 months of age, separate males and females at 3-4
weeks of age
66
When does symphyis fusion happens in guinea pigs?
1-1,5 years
67
How long is the resting time in guinea pigs?
Minimum 1 month
68
Pregnancy toxaemia is especially important in which species?
Guinea pig, chinchillas and rabbits
69
What is the time period you should expect pregnancy toxaemia?
2 weeks of pregnancy and 1 week after delivery
70
Which species are prone to vitamin B1 hypovitaminosis?
Water snakes species
71
What are the clinical symptoms of vitamin B1 hypovitaminosis?
Moving disorder
72
What are the parts of the carpax?
Nuchale, Neuralia, Costalia, Marginalia
73
What are the parts of the pasltrom?
Gularia, Humeralia, Pectoralia, Abdominalia, Femoralia, Analia
74
What type of blood sampling tubes should be used to take blood sample in reptiles?
Li-heparin
75
What may be the reason for tattered shedding?
Low humidity, high temperature, absence of rubbing material, absence of water and Ophionyssus natricis
76
What are the clinical signs of tattered sheeding?
Old skin remains, nervousness and feed refusal
77
What is the appropriate therapy for tattered shedding?
Swimming water
78
What may be the cause of failed shedding?
Too low or too high temperature
79
What may be the cause of shortened shedding cycle?
Damage of skin, after surgery or bite, too high thyroxin levels and high temperature
80
Which species are referred to as large agamas?
Iguana iguana (green iguana), bearded dragons and water agamas
81
What may be the cause of rostral skin damage in large agamas?
Too small terrarium, too many adult males and bad environment
82
What is the correct therapy for this disease?
Change of keeping and antibiotics
83
What may be the cause if you see scarring of the skin?
Prey bite, fighting and fixing bite during copulation
84
What may be the reason for generalized oedema in reptiles?
Heart or kidney failure
85
What is another name for ventral dermal necrosis?
Scale rot
86
How to prevent egg myiasis?
Clean hatchery
87
Why does mycosis happen in eggs?
Inappropriate hatching medium
88
What happens if you use peat (turf) as hatching medium?
No mildew
89
What happens if you use peril as hatching medium?
Mould may occur
90
How to treat mycosis in eggs?
Affeceted area should be dusted with carbon activates
91
In which species does encephalitis occur?
Snakes
92
What are the causative agents for encephalitis in snakes?
Paramyxovirus, systemic mycosis and tophus
93
In which species is internal ear inflammation common?
Turtles
94
What is internal ear inflammation caused by?
Bacterial infections
95
What is the symptom of internal ear infection?
Lateral part of the head is enlarged
96
How to treat internal ear inflammation?
Surgery and antibiotic injection
97
When is it physiological to have opal/white discoloration of the eyes in snakes?
During shedding
98
What is the causative agent, if you have chronic eye infections?
Mite infection
99
What are the reasons for developing ceratopathy?
Post-hibernation certopathy, lipidosis and erosion
100
What is the proposed therapy fro Entamoeba enteritis?
Metronidasole, 250 mg/kg, every 2nd day, 3x. High temperature, vitamin injections and
antibiotics
101
How to prevent Entamoeba enteritis?
Separate carnivorous snakes and lizards from herbivorous tortoises
102
What is the aetiology behind disciliasis of snakes?
Too low temperature under the digestion
103
Causative agent for acute purulent like hepatitis?
Bacteria
104
Chronic hepatitis with tubercle formation is caused by which pathogen?
Mycobacterium, fungi and alga
105
Nodular hepatitis is caused by which type of parasite?
Capillaria and Larvae migrans viscellaris
106
What types of hepatitis are found in reptiles?
Acute purulent, necrotic, chronic with tubercle formation and nodular hepatitis
107
What are the most common viruses causing hepatitis?
Iridovirus, herpesvirus and adenovirus
108
Rhinitis and sinusitis most commonly affects which reptile species?
Terrestrial tortoises
109
Causes for rhinitis and sinusitis?
Virus: herpersvirus and iridovirus
Allergic, non-infectious
Intestinal parasitosis
Fungi spore
110
Clinical signs of sinusitis and rhinits?
Serous to purulent discharge
111
Which snake types are sensitive to viral pneumonia?
Venomous and colubrid
112
Causative agent for viral pneumonia in snakes?
Paramyxovirus
113
What are the positions for x-ray in soft shelled turtles?
DV, LL and cranio-caudal
114
Which sites can be used for blood sampling in a chelonian?
Sub-carpaxial sinus, dorsal coccygeal vein and vena jugularis
115
Which sites can be used for blood sampling in lizards?
Ventral coccygeal vein, heart and others like abdominal vein
116
Which sites can be used for blood samplig in snakes?
Ventral coccygeal vein, heart and vena palatina
117
What can be the consequence of too high humidity?
Dermatitis
118
What can be the consequence of too low humidity?
Shedding problems
119
Poxvirus dermatitis is common in which species?
Kaiman, Green iguana and Sceloporus species
120
What are the clinical signs of poxvirus dermatitis?
Small brownish papules, localisation
121
What are the clinical signs of Ophionyssus natricis infection?
Anaemia and shedding problems
122
What is the correct therapy if suspecting Ophionyssus natricis infections?
Ivermectin, Frontline
123
Shell disease is most common in which type of chelonian?
More common in aqua chelonian than tortoise
124
In what reptiles do you most commonly find stomatitis?
Snakes (venomous) and large lizards
125
What are the most common surgical procedures in rodents and rabbits?
Explorative laparotomy, excision of neoplasms, ovary-hyterectomy, exstripatio bulbi and
cystotomy
126
What is the maintenance volume of Isoflurane?
2-2,5%
127
What is the introduction volume of Isoflurane?
4-5%
128
Dosages of painkillers intra and postoperative?
Butorphanol: 3 mg/kg,
Flunixin: 1-10 mg/kg,
Ketoprofen: 5-10 mg/kg
129
What is the species causing intestinal coccidiosis in guinea pigs?
Eimeria caviae
130
What are the clinical signs of intestinal coccidiosis of guinea pigs and rabbits, and what are the treatment?
Clinical signs: Bloody diaorrhea, weight loss
Treatment: Sulphonamides
131
What are the causative agents for alopecia and puritis?
Husbandry problems
132
What can be causative agents for dermatitis?
Fungi, bacterial, parasites and allergy
133
Clinical signs of flea dermatitis?
Discomfort, pruritus, fur –and skin damage
134
Clinical signs of lice dermatitis?
Pruritus and nervous animals
135
Give an example of common mites which is causing dermatitits?
Gyropus ovalis, Chirodiscoides caviae, Trixacarus caviae
136
Which animals have most commonly problems with their marking glands?
Hamsters and Gerbils
137
Which animals get ateroma?
Guinea pigs
138
What is a good diet in case of malnutrition status in an animal?
Good quality commercial food, apples and good quality hay
139
What may be the cause of malocclusion?
Teeth growing in the wrong direction, incomplete wear, prognatha inferior, trauma and
malnutrition
140
What may be the symptoms of malocclusion?
Anorexia, stop eating due to pain, increased salivation, causing moist dermatitis, injury
and ulceration
141
During rabbit surgery, which one do you not put in?
Cerclage
142
What is Rhabdias infection?
Rhabdias Hylae is a lungworm of toads and frogs that causes pneumonia (adults in the
lungs secrete eggs into the GI tract, coelomic tract and lymph spaces)
143
What is the minimum weight a hedgehog can be accommodated?
<700g if adult, 450g if growing, and suckling 100-130g
144
Age for breeding guinea pig?
Has to be 6 months and >650g
145
What is ”Bumblefoot”?
Ulcerative pododermatitis (bacterial infection and inflammatory and reaction on the
feet of birds, rodents and rabbits)
146
What is specific or sensitive to the liver?
AST sensitive, but not specific
147
How to diagnose Encephalitozoon cuniculi?
Serology, anamnesis, x-ray and CT
148
In case of dystocia in turtle, what should you not do?
Give paraffin oil per os
149
Antibiotic suitable for Per os use in rodents?
Fluoroquinolons, Sulfonamids, Chloramphenicol and Metronidazol
150
Infectious causes of kidney disease in birds?
Viral: Corona, birna, astro, entero
Bacterial: E.coli, staphylococcus, actinomyces, chlamydohili
Fungal: Aspergillus
Parasitic: Eimeria, sarcocystitis, cryptosporidium
