2018 (3) Flashcards
1
Q
What can you use to examing the teeth in rodents?
A
Vaginal speculum and otoscope
2
Q
Which animals primarily get cheek pouch impaction?
A
Hamsters
3
Q
How do you recognise cheek pouch impaction?
A
Hard, unhomogenously swelling of the cheek
4
Q
Symptoms of zootrichobezoar?
A
Anorexia, unable to eat enough and weight loss
5
Q
Treatment for zootrichobezoar?
A
Intensive fluid therapy, laxatives, GI-motility stimulators, enzyme extract or fresh
pineapple juice
6
Q
Etiology of constipation?
A
Low exercise, causing atonia, malnutrition or lack of fresh water and abdominal mass
7
Q
Which antibiotic may you give Per os without any complications?
A
Fluroquinolones, Sulphonamides, Chloramphenicol, Metronidazol
8
Q
What is the treatment for Giardia infection?
A
Metronidazol and Fenbendazole
9
Q
Mucoid enteritis is seen in which animal and what age groups?
A
Rabbits, between 7-14 weeks of age
10
Q
Symptoms of mucoid eneritis includes?
A
Lethargy, anorexia, tympani, abdominal pain, mucoid like faeces, chronic and no
defecation
11
Q
What is the treatment when confirmed mucoid enteritis?
A
Force feeding with baby food and fiber, probiotics, GI-motility stimulants, fresh pinapple
juice
12
Q
What are the clinical forms of Pasteurellosis?
A
Upper respiratory tract infection, otitis media, otitis interna and septicaemia
13
Q
Which animal gets Pasteurellosis?
A
Rabbits
14
Q
How do you diagnose Pasteurellosis in rabbits?
A
Clinical signs, x-ray of skull, abdominal and thorax, US and blood test
15
Q
What do you use as treatment for Pasteurellosis?
A
Enrofloxacin (+ metronidazol) and treat for at least 3 weeks
16
Q
Supportive treatment of Pasteurellosis may be?
A
Fluid therapy, force feeding and NSAIDs, mucolytics, nasal spray and eye drops
17
Q
Can you vaccinate against Pasteurellosis?
A
no
18
Q
What is the causative agent of rabbit haemorrhagic disease, which age groups are susceptible?
A
Calicivirus, 4-5 weeks of age
19
Q
Clinical signs of rabbit haemorrhagic disesase include?
A
Lethargy, fever, respiratory signs and sudden death
20
Q
Can you vaccinate against rabbit haemorrhagic disease?
A
yes
21
Q
How many serotypes are known which causes infectious disease of the birds brain?
A
PMV 1-9
22
Q
In which birds can PMV-1 cause infection?
A
All birds
23
Q
In which birds can PMV-2 cause infection?
A
Song birds, parrots and domestic species
24
Q
In which birds can PMV-3 cause infection?
Song birds, parrots and domestic species
A
Song birds, parrots and domestic species
25
In which birds can PMV-4 cause infection?
Ducks, geese and domestic species
26
In which birds can PMV-5 cause infection?
Small parrots and lories
27
In which birds can PMV-6 cause infection?
Ducks, geese and turkey
28
In which birds can PMV-7 cause infection?
Pigeons and doves
29
In which birds can PMV-8 cause infection?
Ducks and geese
30
In which birds can PMV-9 cause infection?
Domestic duck
31
Which PMV serotypes causes asymptomatic infection?
4,7,8 and 9
32
What is the causative of Newcastle disease in domestic and wild birds?
Paramyxovirus 1
33
Clinical symptoms of Newcastle disease?
Apathy, lethary, enteritis, ophistotonus in doves, due to encephalitis, respiratory signs in
song birds
34
Which viruses can cause infections of the brain, other than paramyxovirus?
Polyomavirus and West-Nile virus
35
What kind of inflammation can be seen in the brain in the case of pneumomycosis?
Granulomatous inflammation
36
Which birds are prone to botulism and during what season?
Exotic pheasants and ducks during the summer
37
What is the best treatment against botulism in birds?
Remove the sick birds from the water
38
Which disease causes changes in the lumbosacral pleaxus?
Marek's disease
39
Which birds are sensitive to Marek's diseases and what can be seen in the nerves?
Galliform birds, lymphoid cell infiltration in the nerves
40
Which pathogens cause changes in the eyelids, and what changes do they cause?
Paramyxovirus, chlamydophila psittatci and mycoplasma causes conjunctivitis followed
by discharge, poxvirus causes papules or knots, papillomavirus causes tumors
41
Which bacteria can cause septic arthriculitis in the joints of birds? And what is the cause of aseptic arthriculitits?
Mycoplasma, chlamydopila psittaci, salmonella, streptococcus and staphylococcus
Aseptic: uric acid deposits
42
Why is it important to remember the high metabolic rate that birds have?
They starve fast
43
Which ovary is present in birds?
Left
44
Which jugular vein is present in birds?
Right
45
What can you do if the birds lacks grit in the crop?
Add it to the food or directly into the crop
46
What is the DD of birds which have crop without grit?
Proventricular dilation disease, malabsorption, enteritis and megabacteriosis
47
Where should you examine a bird to find out if its obese?
Sternum
48
What can be the consequence of feeding only sunflower seeds to a
bird?
Vitamin A deficiency
49
How do you treat bumble foot?
Local antibiotic
50
Which mites are found on birds and where?
Knemidokoptes pila (beak), K. mutans (legs) and K. gallinae (feather shafts)
51
In which bird do you primarily find Knemidokoptes pila?
Parrots
52
In which bird do you primarily find Knemidokoptes jamaicaensis?
Canary and other finches
53
In which bird do you primarily find Knemidokoptes mutans?
On legs of domestic birds
54
What are the clinical signs of Knemidokoptes infection?
Inflammation, then hyper-parakeratosis and greyish white discoloration
55
What is the recommended therapy for Knemidokoptes infestation?
Ivermectin, Cydectin
56
What are the clinical signs of paramyxovirus or mycoplasma infection in pheasants?
Oversecretion of mucous, leads to suffocation
57
What are the agents causing diptheric infection in birds?
Poxvirus, candid, trichomonas
58
Which bacteria cause Megabacteriosus?
Macrorohabdus ornithogaster
59
Where can Megabacteriosis localise?
In the superficial proprial glands of the proventriculus
60
How to treat Megabacteriosis in birds?
Amphotericin B (per os), separation, drinking water should have a pH 6 and Lactobacillus supplement
61
Which birds are likely to suffer from proventricular dilation disease?
Larger parrot species (like ara, jaka, amazon and kakadu)
62
The clinical signs of PDD?
Lethargy, loss of appetite, bad condition, change in faeces consistencey and suffocation
63
Which birds are prone to Megabacteriosis?
Canaray birds, small and large parrot species
64
Which birds are likely to get haemorrhagic enteritis?
Small song birds and parrots
65
What can be the cause for bleeding in the intestinal mucosa?
Mycotoxins, paramyxovirus and bird flu
66
What are the clinical signs of necrotic enteritis, caused by Clostridium perfringens toxins in pheasants?
Lethargy and loss of appetite
67
Where can tuberculosis be found in birds?
Pharynx, oesophagus, proventriculus, intestine, respiratory tract, bone marrow, CNS and
spleen
68
Pathology seen in case of salmonella infection?
Enteritis, necrotic inflammation in parenchymal organs, necrotic inflammation in testis
and follicular degeneration of ovaries
69
Pathogen, clinical sign and diagnosis of coccidiosis
Eimeria species
Diarrhoea, sudden death and weight loss
Flotation technique for oocyst detection
70
Which ascarid worms infect birds, and which birds are most likely to get infected?
Ascaridia gali and Ascaridia columbae
Parrots, doves, pheasants and patridges
71
Which heterakis species infects birds, and which birds are most likely to get infected?
Heterakis gallinarum, dispar and isolonche
Pheasants, patridges and some geese
72
What type of tumor may be seen in the cloaca of parrots?
Papilloma
73
What are the causatives of inclusion body hepatitis?
Herpesvirus and adenovirus
74
Infectious agent and susceptible age of duck viral hepatitis?
Picornaviridae in young ducks
75
Clinical signs and prevention of duck viral hepatitis
Peracute: Sudden death
Acute: Acute liver dystrophy, tremors, moving problems and incoordination
Prevention: Vaccination
76
Bacterial infections in parrots and doves?
Salmonella, Yersinia, Pasteurella, Citrobacter and Pseudomonas
77
Bacterial infections in duck and geese?
Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and Erysipelas
78
Cause and clinical signs of Psittacosis?
Clamydophila psittaci
Lethargy, apathy, decreased appetite, diarrhoea, weight loss and respiratory symptoms
79
Therapy and prevention of Psittacosis?
Doxycyclin or enrofloaxcin, closed colonies and quarantine
80
What would you feed a finch?
Quality formulated seed mix, soft food (like egg, cheese, carrots and bisque), insects
after hatching and fresh water
81
What would you feed to a Psittacine?
Quality formulated pellet diet: pulses.
Tropical fruit, pigmented vegetables and vitamins
82
What are the symptoms if a birds lacks grit?
Poor condition and undigested material in the faeces
83
Why is it dangerous to use penalty when you are training your bird?
Creates fear and aggression
84
What happens if you use louder voice to your bird?
It will imitate you
85
Which muscle is used for IM drugs?
Pectoral muscles
86
Where do you give SC injection in a bird?
In the femoral skin, on the back between the wings
87
What do you need for general anaesthesia in a bird?
Isoflurane or sevoflurane, mask or endotracheal tube
88
What is the aim of feather clipping?
Limit flying, not terminate
89
What is the recommended method of feather clipping?
Clip the inner and outer permanent feathers, bilaterally, maximum 7,5 m flight capacity,
cut ends should be below the cover feathers
90
Clinical signs for pox infection in birds?
Septicaemia, changes of mucous membrane and skin
91
What is the preferred therapy and prevention of bird pox?
Use antibiotics to prevent 2nd bacterial infections, prevent pox infection by vaccination
92
What types of birds are predisposed for bumble foot?
Predator birds
93
Which type of bird should be handled extra carefully?
Pigeons
94
Why is it so important to reduce the birds visit to the vet?
They are very sensitive to transportation
95
Why is the bird x-ray always blurry?
They are always moving because of their breathing
96
Which x-ray position is contra-indicated in case of birds with dyspnoea?
Laterolateral
97
How do you determine the sex of the birds?
Endoscopy, DNA
98
Why is the birds lung so excellent for pathogens?
High oxygen, humidity and temperature
99
Is US often used in birds?
No, because of the airsacs (except for egg retention)
100
What are the methods for oral drug administration in birds?
Feeding tube with blunt
101
Can IV catherters be used in birds?
Only in large species
102
What is the indication for interosseous catheter placement?
Intra or postoperative fluid therapy
103
Why are injectable anaesthetics not recommended in birds?
Difficult to control
104
Do birds need small cages to feel safe?
No, minimum 3 x wing span
105
Which species of birds are seed eaters?
Most Psittacins and Finches
106
Which species of birds are fruit eaters?
Parrots
107
Which birds are soft feed eaters?
Lories, Beo and Toucan
108
Which bacteria are responsible for follicular degeneration on the ovary?
Salmonella and other
109
Which three infection routes are possible for infection of the oviduct during the egg laying season?
Ascending, descending and hematogenous
110
Clinical symptoms of infectious disease of the oviduct?
Asymptomatic in the beginning, laying suddenly stops egg pesudoconcretion
111
How can you treat infectious diseases of the oviduct, what about prognosis?
Antibiotic, remove nest and poor prognosis
112
The causative of egg drop syndrome and in which birds is it more common?
Adenovirus in pheasants
113
Clinical symptoms of egg drop syndrome?
Skin like egg shell and broken egg shell
114
Which factors can have serious consequences around hatching?
During egg development: Vitamin and mineral insufficiency
During egg laying: Bad nest hygiene
During incubation: Humiditiy and temperature
115
What can be consequence of improper conditions around hatching?
Chickens are hatched but with low vitality
Loud peeping
Disheveled feathers and swaging
116
What is the causative and victims of Marble spleen disease?
Adenovirus, exotic pheasants and turkey
117
What are the clinical sings of Marble spleen disease?
Soft faeces, lethary, loss of appetite and dyspnoea
118
Which virus is likely to infect the bursa of Fabricii and what are the signs?
Circovirus: depletion of lymphoid tissue and inclusion bodies
119
Which infectious disease of the bone marrow can be seen in birds?
Lymphoma, mycotoxicosis, tuberculosis
120
What is the causative agent for bacterial respiratory infection in guinea pigs?
Bordetella bronchiseptica, streptococcus pneumoniae
121
What is the treatment for bacterial respiratory infection in guinea pigs?
Antibiotics and supportive treatment
122
Respiratory disease in rats is a multifactorial disease, what are the factors?
Mycoplasma pulmonis, latent respiratory virus and high ammonia levels
123
What are the symptoms of CRD in rats?
Weight loss, nasal discharge, dyspnoea, poor quality fur and porphyrine
124
What is the treatment of CRD in rats?
Enrofloxacin, supportive treatment + flucocorticoids and optimal husbandry
125
What are the bacteria causing bacterial respiratory disease in rats?
Streptococcus pneumonia and Cornybacterium kutscheri
126
Non infectious respiratory diseases in rabbits and rodents includes?
Allergies and pulmonary tumor
127
What is the most common pulmonary tumor in all species
Alveolar adenocarcinoma
128
Which animals are susceptible to urolithiasis formation?
Rabbits and guinea pig
129
Symptoms in case of urolithiasis?
Anorexia, abdominal pain, blood in urin and porphyrinurea
130
How do you diagnose urolithiases?
X-ray, US and urine examination
131
What is the treatment for urolithiasis?
Surgical removal of the stone, fluid therapy and pain control, antibiotic to prevent 2nd
cystitis
132
What is hypercalcuria?
Not a uroliths, but rather amoprhous calcium sludge's instead
133
What are the signs of hypercalcuria?
Pasty urine, bleeding and 2nd inflammation of urinary tract
134
What type of examination is always needed to determine enteral pathogens?
Faecal samples
135
Which animals are especially sensitive to E. coli infections?
Guinea pig, Hamser and Chinchillas
136
What are the predisposing factors to E. coli infections?
Improper antibiotic use, stress and malnutrition
137
What are the symptoms of E. coli infections?
Acute-subacute diarrhoea, salivation and tympani
138
What are the causative agents of salmonelosis, and what animal are sensitive?
S. enteritidis, S. typhimurium
All rodents and rabbits
139
What are predisposing factors for salmonellosis?
Stress, hypovitaminosis and malnutrition
140
What is the causative agent of Tyzzer's disease and which animal are sensitive?
Clostridium piliformis, gerbils
141
What is the pathological picture of Tyzzer's disease?
Necrosis in the liver and intestinal mucosa, myocardial degeneration
142
Which animal is sensitive to Lawsonia intracellularis infections?
Hamster, rabbit and guinea pig
143
What are the symptoms for L. intracellularis infection?
Anorexia, weight loss, yellowish diarrhoea and rectal prolapse
144
What do you use to treat L. intracellularis infection?
Tetracycline, chloramphenicol and fluid therapy
145
What is the causative agent of entamoebosis of guinea pigs and what is the treatment?
Entamoeba caviae, metroindazol
146
Which animals are sensitive to giardiosis?
Mouse, rat, hamster and chinchillas
147
What is the most common fungi causing dermatitis?
Trichophyton mentagrophytes
148
Which are the bacterial agents most commonly causing bacterial dermatitis?
Staphylococcus, pasteurella
149
What is the treatment for dermatitis due to fungal infection?
Local treatment: myconazole, ketoconazole and natamycin, systemic itraconazole
150
What is the treatment for dermatitis caused by parasites?
Pyrethroids contact powder, Ivermectin
