2018 SAQ

Question 1

What are the classes of filaments present in the cytoskeleton of the cell and their respective diameters?

Answer 1

ACTIN - 6
microtubules- 25
intermediate - 10

Question 2

What are the 3 functions of Golgi Apparatus?

Answer 2

modify lipids protein and lipids

Question 3

where is rRNA synthesised in the cell

Answer 3

nucleolus

Question 4

What are the 2 enzymes that catalyse this reactions : glucose -> glucose-6-phosphate?

Answer 4

hexokinase

glucokinase

Question 5

Overall Glycolysis reaction: glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + Pi = 2 X + 2 Y + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 H2O. What is X and Y?

Answer 5

X - ATP

Y - PYRUVATE

Question 6

List down the 2 steps (showing their substrate and production, no need to show enzyme) that require ATP in glycolysis.

Answer 6

glucose to glucose 6 phosphate

fructose 6 to fructose 1,6

Question 7

what is the rate limiting enzyme for aerobic glycolysis?

Answer 7

PFK1

Question 8

Name the 2 products of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate.

Answer 8

dihydroxyacetonephopshate

G3P

Question 9

Parasympathetic stimulation to the heart
Which nerve?
Where does it synapse?
What is its effect on bowel blood flow?

Answer 9

vagus

preganglionic fibres

Question 10

Baroreceptor
2 anatomical positions of baroreceptors?
Afferent nerve supply to medulla?

Answer 10

carotid sinus

aortic arch

Question 11

What is the equation for calculating cardiac output? (no abbreviations)
What is the equation for calculating blood pressure?

Answer 11

SV x HR

TPR x CO

Question 12

What is the effect of increased ventilation on PaO2?

Answer 12

lower

Question 13

Describe the effect of blood loss on kidneys via RAAS.

Answer 13

RAAS is activated when there is a drop in BP or BV.
Juxtaglomerular cells in kidney release renin in response to decreased BP.
Renin converts angiotensinogen to Angiotensin 1.
ACE cleaves Angiotensin 1 to form Angiotensin 2.
Angiotensisn 2 is vasoconstrictor leading to increase in BP.

Question 14

Describe the effect of ADH on kidneys.

Answer 14

ADH binds to AVPR 2 receptors on collecting ducts
Promotes aquaporins to embed themselves in cell membrane
Promotes water intake into the cell

Question 15

Which type of cell produces immunoglobulin?

Answer 15

Plasma cells

Question 16

Which Ig is first produces in infection?

Answer 16

IgM

Question 17

Which Ig is present on mucosal surface?

Answer 17

IgA

Question 18

What is the most abundant Ig in circulation?

Answer 18

IgG

Question 19

A process to produce different Ig?

Answer 19

Different antigen exposure

Question 20

Which property of immunity does vaccination use?

Answer 20

Adaptive immunity

Question 21

What are the 4 ways antibodies use to kill bacteria?

Answer 21

Neutralisation of infection
Phagocytosis
Use of lysosomes

Question 22

What are the 4 histological layers of the intestine?

Answer 22

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa

Question 23

2 histological descriptions of the duodenal epithelium.

Answer 23

Mucosa is simple columnar
Submucosa loose connective tissue
Smooth muscle layer

Question 24

List 4 ways the small intestine maximise absorption

Answer 24

Plicae circularis
Villi
Microvilli
Highly folded

Question 25

List 5 liver functions.

Answer 25

Detoxification Energy storage Synthesis of clotting factors

Question 26

State Vitamins? stored in the liver

Answer 26

ADEK B12

Question 27

Name 2 metals the liver stores.

Answer 27

Iron | Copper

Question 28

Where are red blood cells broken down

Answer 28

Spleen | Liver

Question 29

What is unconjugated bilirubin bound to in blood

Answer 29

Albumin

Question 30

What is involved in making bilirubin hydrophilic

Answer 30

In liver bilirubin conjugated wtih glucaronic acid by enzyme glucoronyl transferase firstly into bilirubin glucuronide then to bilirubin diglucuronide making it soluble in water

Question 31

Define or describe cross sectional study.

Answer 31

Data from a population at a specific point in time

Question 32

What does ‘adjusted’ mean?

Answer 32

When averages must be corrected to compensate for data imbalances and large variances

Question 33

Define opportunity cost

Answer 33

Loss of value or benefit that would be incurred by engaging in the activity

Question 34

2 principles economists use

Answer 34

Cost of something that you have to give up to get it - cost benefit And peoples responses to incentives- cost consequences

Question 35

4 ways to evaluate costs in economics?

Answer 35

Cost effectiveness Cost benefit Cost utility Cost consequences

Question 36

Which part of the brain controls autonomic nervous system?

Answer 36

Hypothalamus

Question 37

Name the 2 functional divisions of the autonomic nervous system and briefly list down their functions.

Answer 37

Sympathetic | Parasympathetic

Question 38

Where in the CNS do the nerves exit

Answer 38

The spinal canal via the intervertebral foramen

Question 39

Effect on sphincter during micturition

Answer 39

External innervated by pudendal nerve

Question 40

What is the precursor to dopamine?

Answer 40

Tyrosine L-Dopa

Question 41

A hormone and a neurotransmitter dopamine is metabolised into?

Answer 41

Adrenaline and noradrenaline

Question 42

Where does dopamine project to?

Answer 42

Ventral tegmentum area

Question 43

Where is dopamine synthesised?

Answer 43

In dopaminergic neurons of the ventral tegmentum area of the Substantia nigra in mid brain and arcuate nucleus

Question 44

Name 2 neurological diseases associated with basal ganglia damage

Answer 44

Parkinsons Huntingtons

Question 45

Psychiatric issue with basal ganglia

Answer 45

OCD

Question 46

Pigment in skin Which cell in skin secretes it? What is the pigment?

Answer 46

Melanin | Melanocytes

Question 47

Range of days for menstrual cycle?

Answer 47

21-35

Question 48

Where is GnRH produced?

Answer 48

Hypothalamus

Question 49

Which hormone stimulates follicle development?

Answer 49

FSH

Question 50

Which hormone stimulates ovulation?

Answer 50

Luteinising hormone

Question 51

Have sex during which period most likely to lead to fertilisation?

Answer 51

ovulation phase

Question 52

Which hormone does corpus luteum mainly produce?

Answer 52

Progesterone

Question 53

Calculate Blood pressure

Answer 53

BP= CO x TPR

Question 54

What is the effect of aldosterone on the kidney?

Answer 54

Acts on DCT and collecting ducts by binding to intracellular mineral corticoid receptor that translocates to the nucleus

Question 55

What is the primary physiological function of aldosterone?

Answer 55

Acts on dct and collecting duct to increase sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron to maintain sodium balance

Question 56

What 2 factors stimulate production of ADH?

Answer 56

Change in osmotic pressure | Volume status

Question 57

What is the main physiological effect of activated vitamin D?

Answer 57

Bone growth | Mineral metabolism

Question 58

Name 2 places that are involved in the activation of vitamin D? List their substrate and product

Answer 58

kidneys- -calcidiol ----> cholecalciferol Liver to vitamin D is cholecalciferol ----> calcitriol 25- dihydroxy vit d

Question 59

What proportion people vit d deficient in winter?

Answer 59

95% of Caucasian

Question 60

2 groups of people in UK who are susceptible to vitamin D deficiency?

Answer 60

Elderly, young, Caucasian, eczema

Question 61

Name 4 rotator cuff muscles

Answer 61

Subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus and teres minor

Question 62

Innervation of axillary nerve? Sensory: Motor:

Answer 62

Sensory - skin over lower deltoid | Motor - teres minor and deltoid

Question 63

What initiates abduction from the rotary cuff muscle

Answer 63

From the rotator cuff muscles | Supraspinatus

Question 64

What are the actions that lift arm above head apart from actions at shoulder joint?

Answer 64

SUPRASPINATUS DELTOID TRAPEZIUS SERRATUS ANTERIOR