2011 SAQ

Question 1

2 regions of stomach

Answer 1

Fundus, cardia, pylorus, body, antrum

Question 2

Where are gastrin, hcl, IF, pepsinogen produced

What part of stomach are the formed

Answer 2

G cells - Gastrin - body
HCL - parietal cells
IF - Parietal cells
Pepsinogen - chief cells

Question 3

Apart from gastrin what factors stimulate parietal cells?

Answer 3

Ach Histamine

Question 4

what 3 processes would you advise for someone to stop smoking

Answer 4

ready, steady, stop

Question 5

2 reasons someone might not be able to quit

Answer 5

Addiction, dependence, enjoyment

Question 6

what 2 aids would you give someone that smokes

Answer 6

NRT

CBT

Question 7

2 non respiratory conditions smokers are at risk of

Answer 7

Heart disease
Myocardial infarction
Stroke
Diabetes

Question 8

What is present in segmental bronchi but not respiratory bronchioles?

Answer 8

Cartilage

Question 9

What three things comprise a respiratory acinus?

Answer 9

Resp bronchiole + alveolar duct + alveolus

Question 10

What part of your respiratory tract lies behind sternal angle?

Answer 10

Carina - t4

Question 11

Which glucocorticoid is the most common in man?

Answer 11

Cortisol

Question 12

Which two anatomical areas are involved in glucocorticoids negative feedback loops?

Answer 12

Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

Question 13

What two hormones does glucorticoids inhibit?

Answer 13

ACTH, CRH, glucagon

Question 14

Which hormone from the pituitary gland stimulates the release of glucocorticoids and what class of receptor does it bind to?

Answer 14

ACTH – g protein coupled receptor
(remember – all hypothalamic and pituitary hormones act on G-protein coupled receptors and organs act on nuclear receptors)

Question 15

How do you calculate BMI?

Answer 15

Wt kg /height2

Question 16

. Name three conditions that are exacerbated or caused by weight gain

Answer 16

Coronary heart disease, diabetes, osteoporosis,

Question 17

Name two individual reasons that are causing the increase in childhood obesity

Answer 17

Technology development –video games, using car instead of walking / public transport

Question 18

. Name two factors that contribute to the obesogenic lifestyle

Answer 18

Taking car instead of walking

Opting for fast food / unhealthier food because it’s cheaper and easily available

Question 19

1. What two hormones from the pituitary influence the menstrual cycle?

Answer 19

FSH and LH

Question 20

2. How does progesterone act on the uterus (two things)?

Answer 20

Thickening of the lining (to prevent miscarriage)

Prevents uterine smooth muscle contraction

Question 21

A biopsy of mid-secretory phase endometrium is normal. Give three histological features that will be seen.

Must know

Answer 21

Glands becoming tortuous
Formation of spiral arteries
Stromal oedema

Question 22

What hormone does the normal pregnancy test look for?

Answer 22

hcg

Question 23

. Name two effects that oestrogen has on the endometrium

Answer 23

Uterine SM growth

Softening of cervix and pelvic ligaments

Question 24

By the 28th week what 3 changes would there be in an embryos cardiorespiratory system?

Answer 24

Day 22- heart beat
Wk 24 – surfactant
Wk 20 – ductus arteriosus opens

Question 25

Name one hormone from the pituitary and one from the chorion/decidua that induce labour

Answer 25

Pituitary – oxytocin, | Chorion/decidua – PGs

Question 26

What anatomical site is affected in Parkinson’s

Answer 26

Substantia Nigra

Question 27

Give three other components of the Basal Ganglia

Answer 27

Caudate, putamen, globus pallidus

Question 28

What site does brain stimulation affect?

Answer 28

Subthalamic Nucleus

Question 29

What is the neurotransmitter deficit in Huntington’s disease?

Answer 29

GABA

Question 30

Which anatomical area is affected in Huntington’s?

Answer 30

Striatum – caudate nucleus

Question 31

Patient’s wife complains of wasting in the thenar muscles and loss of sensation in thumb and first two fingers. Which nerve is compressed and what structure is compressing it?

Answer 31

Median and flexor retinaculum

Question 32

. Give four features of pain as defined by the international pain society??

Answer 32

Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with an actual or potential damage to tissue, Nociception, pain perception, suffering, pain behaviour Pre-frontal gyrus 🡪 pain awareness Sensorimotor cortex 🡪 positional awareness Amygdala 🡪 emotional response to pain

Question 33

A patients Calcium is low but phosphate is normal. What two systemic ‘hormones’ are responsible for the abnormailities.

Answer 33

PTH and calcitonin

Question 34

. Name three ways that the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract and upper gut contribute to innate immunity

Answer 34

Mucus traps bacteria Muco-ciliary escalator wafts to top of oesophagus Swallowed and degraded by the low pH of the HCl in the stomach

Question 35

What two areas of the body have a low pH to combat bacteria?

Answer 35

Stomach and vagina