2021ACE_Glossary_5

Question 1

Leptin

Answer 1

A hormone released from fat cells that acts on the hypothalamus to regulate energy intake. Low leptin levels stimulate hunger and subsequent fat consumption.

Question 2

Lever

Answer 2

A rigid bar that rotates around a fixed support (fulcrum) in response to an applied force.

Question 3

Liability

Answer 3

Legal responsibility.

Question 4

Licensee

Answer 4

Any business, organization, or individual that has been granted legal permission by another entity to engage in an activity.

Question 5

Lifestyle and health-history questionnaire

Answer 5

A type of form utilized by personal trainers and healthcare professionals that gathers an individual’s personal medical information, family health history, and individual health behaviors.

Question 6

Ligament

Answer 6

A strong, fibrous tissue that connects one bone to another.

Question 7

Limited liability company (LLC)

Answer 7

A company that limits investors’ personal financial and legal liabilities but provides flow-through taxation for investors. It is not limited to a certain number of shareholders and owners do not have to be U.S. citizens.

Question 8

Limited liability partnership (LLP)

Answer 8

A partnership in which some or all partners (depending on the jurisdiction) have limited liability; exhibits elements of both partnerships and corporations.

Question 9

Limited partner

Answer 9

An individual who retains no legal liability beyond his or her initial investment and does not have any formal input regarding partnership operations.

Question 10

Line of gravity

Answer 10

A theoretical vertical line passing through the center of gravity, dissecting the body into two hemispheres.

Question 11

Linear periodization

Answer 11

A form of periodization used in resistance training that provides a consistent training protocol within each microcycle and changes the training variables after each microcycle.

Question 12

Lipid

Answer 12

The name for fats used in the body and bloodstream.

Question 13

Lipoprotein

Answer 13

An assembly of a lipid and protein that serves as a transport vehicle for fatty acids and cholesterol in the blood and lymph.

Question 14

Locus of control

Answer 14

The degree to which people attribute outcomes to internal factors, such as effort and ability, as opposed to external factors, such as luck or the actions of others. People who tend to attribute events and outcomes to internal factors are said to have an internal locus of control, while those who generally attribute outcomes to external factors are said to have an external locus of control.

Question 15

Lordosis

Answer 15

Excessive anterior curvature of the spine that typically occurs at the low back (may also occur at the neck).

Question 16

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

Answer 16

A lipoprotein that transports cholesterol and triglycerides from the liver and small intestine to cells and tissues; high levels may cause atherosclerosis.

Question 17

Macrocycle

Answer 17

The longest timeframe in a periodized training program, usually a period of six months to one year. The goals of a macrocycle are long-term and require multiple steps to be achieved.

Question 18

Macronutrient

Answer 18

A nutrient that is needed in large quantities for normal growth and development.

Question 19

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer 19

A diagnostic modality in which the patient is placed within a strong magnetic field and the effect of high-frequency radio waves on water molecules within the tissues is recorded. High-speed computers are used to analyze the absorption of radio waves and create a cross-sectional image based upon the variation in tissue signal.

Question 20

Maintenance

Answer 20

The stage of the transtheoretical model of behavior change during which the individual is incorporating the new behavior into his or her lifestyle and has been doing so for more than six months.

Question 21

Malignant

Answer 21

Pertaining to a cancerous tumor characterized by progressive and uncontrolled growth.

Question 22

Maximal heart rate (MHR)

Answer 22

The highest heart rate a person can attain. Sometimes abbreviated as HRmax.

Question 23

Maximal oxygen uptake (V02max)

Answer 23

The maximum capacity for the body to take in, transport, and use oxygen during exercise; a common indicator of physical fitness.

Question 24

Mechanism of injury

Answer 24

The manner in which a physical injury occurred. Describes how energy is transferred to an individual and results in an injury.

Question 25

Medial epicondylitis

Answer 25

An injury that results from an overload of the wrist flexors and forearm pronators. Sometimes called golfer's elbow.

Question 26

Medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS)

Answer 26

Inflammation of the periosteum (connective tissue covering of the bone). Often induced by a sudden change in activity and has been associated with pes planus.

Question 27

Mediastinum

Answer 27

The portion of the thoracic cavity between the lungs.

Question 28

Medical nutrition therapy

Answer 28

Disease management through nutritional diagnostic, therapy, and counseling services provided by a registered dietitian or nutrition professional.

Question 29

Mediterranean-style eating plan

Answer 29

An eating plan generally characterized by increased consumption of olive oil, complex carbohydrates, vegetables, and fish, and decreased red meat and pork consumption.

Question 30

Meissner's corpuscle

Answer 30

A specialized mechanoreceptor located in the superficial aspect of the skin responsible for detecting light touch; occur abundantly in the skin of the fingertips, palms, soles, lips, tongue, and face.

Question 31

Menisci

Answer 31

The plural form of meniscus; cartilage disks that act as a cushion between the ends of bones that meet in the knee joint.

Question 32

Mesocycle

Answer 32

The mid-length timeframe of a periodized training program, usually two weeks to a few months long. The goals of a mesocycle are designed to be steps on the way to the overall goal of the macrocycle.

Question 33

Metabolic equivalents (METs)

Answer 33

A simplified system for classifying physical activities where one MET is equal to the resting oxygen consumption, which is approximately 3.5 milliliters of oxygen per kilogram of body weight per minute (3.5 mUkg/min).

Question 34

Metabolic syndrome (MetS)

Answer 34

A cluster of factors associated with increased risk for coronary heart disease and diabetesabdomina I obesity indicated by a waist circumference ;z:40 inches (102 cm) in men and >35 inches (88 cm) in women; levels of triglyceride >150 mg/dL (1.7 mmol/L); highdensity lipoprotein levels <40 and 50 mg/dL (1.0 and 1.3 mmol/L) in men and women, respectively; blood-pressure levels > 130/85 mmHg; and fasting blood glucose levels ;z:110 mg/dL (6.1 mmol/L).

Question 35

Metabolite

Answer 35

Any substance produced during metabolism.

Question 36

Metastasize

Answer 36

To spread to other sites in the body.

Question 37

Micelle

Answer 37

An aggregate of lipid- and water-soluble compounds in which the hydrophobic portions are oriented toward the center and the hydrophilic portions are oriented outwardly.

Question 38

Microcycle

Answer 38

The shortest timeframe in a periodized training program, usually one to four weeks long. The goals of a microcycle are short-term and are designed to be steps on the way to the overall goal of the mesocycle.

Question 39

Micronutrient

Answer 39

A nutrient that is needed in small quantities for normal growth and development.

Question 40

Mineral

Answer 40

An inorganic substance needed in the diet in small amounts to help regulate bodily functions.

Question 41

Minority partner

Answer 41

A partner holding less than 50% of the company's ownership shares.

Question 42

Minute ventilation

Answer 42

(V el A measure of the amount of air that passes through the lungs in one minute: calculated as the tidal volume multiplied by the ventilatory rate.

Question 43

Mitochondria

Answer 43

The "power plant" of the cells where aerobic metabolism occurs.

Question 44

Mobility

Answer 44

The degree to which an articulation is allowed to move before being restricted by surrounding tissues.

Question 45

Moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT)

Answer 45

Exercise performed continuously at a moderate intensity (50- 75% of V02max, 50-75% of heart-rate reserve, or 50-80% of maximal heart rate).

Question 46

Monocarboxylate transport (MCT) proteins

Answer 46

Proteins acting as carriers for lactate, pyruvate, and ketone bodies.

Question 47

Monounsaturated fat

Answer 47

A type of unsaturated fat (liquid at room temperature) that has one open spot on the fatty acid for the addition of a hydrogen atom (e.g., oleic acid in olive oil).

Question 48

Morbidity

Answer 48

The disease rate; the ratio of sick to well persons in a community.

Question 49

Mortality

Answer 49

The death rate; the ratio of deaths that take place to expected deaths.

Question 50

Motivational interviewing (Ml)

Answer 50

A person-centered conversation style that encourages clients to honestly examine THE EXERCISE PROFESSIONAL'S GUIDE TO PERSONAL TRAINING beliefs and behaviors, and that motivates clients to make a decision to change a particular behavior.

Question 51

Motor learning

Answer 51

The process of acquiring and improving motor skills.

Question 52

Motor unit

Answer 52

A motor nerve and all of the muscle fibers it stimulates.

Question 53

Muscle spindle

Answer 53

The sensory organ within a muscle that is sensitive to stretch and thus protects the muscle against too much stretch.

Question 54

Muscular endurance

Answer 54

The ability of a muscle or muscle group to exert force against a resistance over a sustained period of time: a health-related component of physical fitness.

Question 55

Muscular fitness

Answer 55

Having appropriate levels of both muscular strength and muscular endurance.

Question 56

Muscular strength

Answer 56

The maximal force a muscle or muscle group can exert during contraction; a health-related component of physical fitness.

Question 57

Myelin

Answer 57

The fatty insulation of nerve fibers that is important for the conduction of nerve impulses. These fibers are damaged in individuals with multiple sclerosis.

Question 58

Myocardial infarction (Ml)

Answer 58

An episode in which some of the heart's blood supply is severely cut off or restricted, causing the heart muscle to suffer and die from lack of oxygen. Commonly known as a heart attack.

Question 59

Myocardial ischemia

Answer 59

The result of an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand, most often caused by atherosclerotic plaques that narrow and sometimes completely block the blood supply to the heart.

Question 60

Myofibril

Answer 60

The portion of the muscle containing the thick (myosin) and thin (actin) contractile filaments: a series of sarcomeres where the repeating pattern of the contractile proteins gives the striated appearance to skeletal muscle.

Question 61

Myofibrillar hypertrophy

Answer 61

The increase in the size of muscle cells (myofibrils).

Question 62

Myoglobin

Answer 62

A compound similar to hemoglobin, which aids in the storage and transport of oxygen in the muscle cells.

Question 63

Myosin

Answer 63

Thick contractile protein in a myofibril.

Question 64

Near-infrared interactance

Answer 64

Bodycomposition assessment method that involves the use of light absorption and reflection to estimate percent fat and percent fat-free mass. It is based on the principle that body fat absorbs light while lean body mass reflects light.

Question 65

Negative affect

Answer 65

A broad concept that can be summarized as feelings of emotional distress. More specifically, it is a construct that is defined by the common variance between anxiety, sadness, fear, anger, guilt, shame, irritability, and other unpleasant emotions.

Question 66

Negative feedback loop

Answer 66

A bodily reaction that causes a decrease in function because of some kind of stimulus.

Question 67

Negative reinforcement

Answer 67

The removal or absence of aversive stimuli following a desired behavior. This increases the likelihood that the behavior will occur again.

Question 68

Negligence

Answer 68

Failure of a person to perform as a reasonable and prudent professional would perform under similar circumstances.

Question 69

Nervous system

Answer 69

A complex collection of nerves and specialized cells known as neurons that collect information about conditions in relation to the body's external state and transmit signals between different parts of the body.

Question 70

Neurological inhibition

Answer 70

The suppression of normal nervous system function, often leading to jerkiness and erratic movement patterns and sequences.

Question 71

Neuromotor

Answer 71

Involving motor skills such as agility, gait, coordination, and balance. Neuromotor training is sometimes referred to as balance training.

Question 72

Neuromuscular efficiency

Answer 72

The ability of the neuromuscular system to allow muscles that produce movement and muscles that provide stability to work together synergistically as an integrated functional unit.

Question 73

Neuromuscular junction

Answer 73

The site at which a motor neuron transmits information to a muscle fiber.

Question 74

Neuromuscular system

Answer 74

The nervous and muscular systems, which work together to control, direct, and allow movement of the body.

Question 75

Neuron

Answer 75

The basic anatomical unit of the nervous system; the nerve cell.

Question 76

Neurotransmitter

Answer 76

A chemical substance such as acetylcholine or dopamine that transmits nerve impulses across synapses.

Question 77

Niacin

Answer 77

A B vitamin found in meat, wheat germ, dairy products, and yeast; used to treat and prevent pellagra.

Question 78

Noncommunicable disease (NCD)

Answer 78

A medical condition or disease that is noninfectious and non-transmissible among people.

Question 79

Non-contact injury

Answer 79

Refers to an injury that occurs through a non-contact mechanism and is not the result of contact from another person or piece of equipment. These injuries may be the result of compressive forces, ground reaction forces, muscular imbalances, impingement, overuse, and alignment of the body.

Question 80

Non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)

Answer 80

Physiological processes that produce heat; a relative newly discovered component of energy expenditure.

Question 81

Non-HDL

Answer 81

Cholesterol other than highdensity lipoprotein (HDL) circulating in the blood.

Question 82

Nonshivering thermogenesis

Answer 82

Generation or production of heat, especially by physiological processes.

Question 83

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)

Answer 83

A drug with analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects. The term "nonsteroidal" is used to distinguish these drugs from steroids, which have similar actions.

Question 84

Norepinephrine

Answer 84

A hormone released as part of the sympathetic response to exercise.

Question 85

Nutrient

Answer 85

A component of food needed by the body. There are six classes of nutrients: water, minerals, vitamins, fats, carbohydrates, and protein.

Question 86

Nutrient content claim

Answer 86

Statement of the implied health benefits of a product that describes the level of a nutrient in a product using terms like "free," "high," or "low," or compared to another product using terms like "more," "reduced," and "lite." OARS A tool used to explore a client's values; stands for Open-ended questions, Affirmations, Reflections, and Summarizing. Obesity An excessive accumulation of body fat. Usually defined as more than 20% above ideal weight, or over 25% body fat for men and over 32% body fat for women; also can be defined as a body mass index of >30 kg/m2 or a waist girth of >40 inches (102 cm) in men and >35 inches (89 cm) 1n women.

Question 87

Obesogenic

Answer 87

An environment that tends to generate or create a state of obesity.

Question 88

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)

Answer 88

A condition in which breathing stops for more than 10 seconds during sleep due to part of the airway being closed off while a person is trying to inhale during sleep.

Question 89

Occupational therapist

Answer 89

A healthcare provider specializing in treatments that help people who suffer from mentally, physically, developmentally, or emotionally THE EXERCISE PROFESSIONAL'S GUIDE TO PERSONAL TRAINING disabling conditions to develop, recover, or maintain daily living and work skills that include improving basic motor functions and reasoning abilities.

Question 90

Omega-3 fatty acid

Answer 90

An essential fatty acid that promotes a healthy immune system and helps protect against heart disease and other diseases; found in egg yolk and cold water fish and shellfish like tuna, salmon, mackerel, cod, crab, shrimp, and oyster. Also known as linolenic acid.

Question 91

One-repetition maximum (1-RM)

Answer 91

The amount of resistance that can be moved through the range of motion one time before the muscle is temporarily fatigued.

Question 92

Onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA)

Answer 92

The point in time during highintensity exercise at which the production of lactic acid exceeds the body's capacity to eliminate it; after this point, oxygen is insufficient at meeting the body's demands for energy. Also referred to as the second ventilatory threshold (VT2).

Question 93

Open-ended question

Answer 93

A question that does not allow for a simple one-word answer (yes/no); designed to encourage a full, meaningful answer using the subject's own knowledge and/or feelings.

Question 94

Open-kinetic-chain exercise

Answer 94

Exercises in which the distal end of a limb (kinetic chain) is free to move. Examples of openkinetic- chain exercises include the seated leg extension and biceps curl with dumbbells. Typically, these movements involve isolated, single-joint movements.

Question 95

Operant conditioning

Answer 95

A learning approach that considers the manner in which behaviors are influenced by their consequences.

Question 96

Orthopnea

Answer 96

Form of dyspnea in which the person can breathe comfortably only when standing or sitting erect; associated with asthma, emphysema, and angina.

Question 97

Orthostatic hypotension

Answer 97

A drop in blood pressure associated with rising to an upright position.

Question 98

Osteoarthritis (OA)

Answer 98

A degenerative disease involving a wearing away of joint cartilage. This degenerative joint disease occurs chiefly in older persons.

Question 99

Osteoblast

Answer 99

A bone-forming cell.

Question 100

Osteoclast

Answer 100

A cell that reabsorbs or erodes bone mineral.