Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Internal medicine (eob) ECR > 2022 > Flashcards

2022 Flashcards

1
Q

52) Main complaint = SOCRATES

examination

A

site
onset
character
radiation
alleviating factors
timing
exacerbating factors
severity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

53) Bronchus Ca, presents with sob and chest pain
a. Bronchus Ca: clinical features in early disease (3)
b. SOB reasons (2)
c. reason for chest pain (1)

pulmonology

A

a. bronchus ca
- chronic cough
- LOW
- blood stained sputum

b. SOB
- pleural effusion
- obstruction in main bronchus

c. chest pain
- metastasis to the pleura and ribs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

54) patient present with oedema, raised jvp and has copd
a. cor pulmonale definition
b. signs of PHT (4)

cardio

A

a. right sided failure due to significant pulmonary hypertension

b. signs
- parasternal heave
- loud p2
- big a wave
- (pansystolic murmur)
- (hepatomegaly)
- (ascites)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

55) patient presents with afib and dyspnoea
a. signs of Afib (2)
b. signs of LVF (3)

cardio

A

a. AF
- irregular irregular pulse
- pulse deficit

b. LVF
- pulsus alternans
- S3
- dilated displaced apex beat
- bi-basal crackles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

56) young stroke
a. definition and importance to pick them up
b. potential causes (4)

neuro

A

a. under 50, with risk factors or unknown cause

b. cardio-embolic
hyper-coagulability state
autoimmune disease
mimickers (HIV, meningitis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

57) pathologies caused by excessive alcohol use (5)

?

A

cvs
- hpt
- cardiomyopathy

cns
- black-outs

git
- acute gastric erosions
- pancreatitis
- gastro-intestinal bleeing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

58) patient presents with chronic cough. has smoked 10 cigarettes a day since 15 and is 65 now
a. clinical features of hyperinflation (4)
b. calculate pack years

pulmonology

A

a. barrel chest
resonant on percussion
liver dullness downwards
decreased cardiac dullness

b. 10/20 x 50 = 25 pack years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

59) microvascular changes in DM (4)

endo

A
  • nephropathy
  • retinopathy
  • neuropathy
  • gastroparesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

60) back pain red flags (5)

rheuma

A
  • neuro deficit
  • unexplained fever/weight loss
  • malignancy
  • immnosuppression
  • age <20
  • trauma
  • osteoporosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

61) clinical features of pre-renal kidney injury (4)

nephro

A
  • thirst
  • sunken eyes
  • oliguria
  • orthostatic hypotension
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

62) chronc hep b
a. signs of liver failure (3)
b. shifting dullness definition
c. caput medusa definition

liver linking signs

A

a. jaundice
bruising
encephalopathy

b. sign of free peritoneal fluid wherein dullness of percussion shifts, from one side to the other when the patient turns from side to side

c. cluster of swollen veins in the abdomen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

63) jvp pulse vs arterial pulse (4)

?

A

jvp
- not palpable
- double waveform pulse
- decreases on inspiration
- pulsation eliminated by light pressure

arterial pulse
- palpable
- single waveform pulse
- remains the same on inspiration
- pulsation not eliminated by light pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

64) clinical signs of tricuspid regurg (4)

cardio

A
  • raised jvp
  • parsternal heave
  • pansystolic murmur
  • hepatomegaly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

65) definition and causes
- whispering pectroriloque
- amphoric breathing
- pemberton sign

A

whispering pectroriloque
- whispered speech can be heard clearly upon auscultation
- consolidation (pneumonia)

amphoric breathing
- hollow sound heard over a cavity
- cyst

pemberton’s sign
- positive when patient lifts both arms above their head and start to show signs of cyanosis and plethora after 1-2 minutes
- superior vena cava syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

66) signs of HIVAN (3)
causes of renal impairment in HIV (2)

infectious disease

A

HIVAN
- large kidneys
- immunosuppression
- proteinuria without other features of nephrotic syndrome

renal impairment
- drug related
- pre-renal causes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

67) LMN signs on motor exam (4)
spinal lesions signs on motor exam (2)

neuro

A

LMN
- hyopreflexia
- atrophy
- hypotonia
- fasiculations
- focal weakness

spinal lesion
- sphincter dysfunction
- flaccid paralysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

68) 3 secondary causes of HPT + clinical feature of each (6)

cardio

A
  • obstructive sleep apnoea: snoring
  • cushing’s syndrome :obesity
  • renal artery stenosis: abdominal bruit
  • (primary aldosteronism: hypokalaemia)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

69) clinical signs of hypothyroidism (4)

endo

A
  • skin: cold, dry, rough
  • hoarse voice
  • puffy face
  • bradycardia
  • (yellow skin discolouration)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

70) signs of cirrhosis in chronic alcohol user (5)

liver linking signs

A
  • palmar erythema
  • dupuytren’s contracture
  • gynecomastia
  • spider nevi
  • testicular atrophy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

71) clinical signs of pleural effusion (4)
signs on CXR (2)

pulmonology

A

signs
- stony dull on percussion
- decreased/absent breath sounds
- decreased chest movement
- trachea shifted away

cxr
- mensicus sign
- pleural thickening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

72) clinical signs of ILD (4)
confirm diagnosis (2)

pulmonology

A

ILD
- decreased expansion
- fine inspiratory crackles
- clubbing
- signs of connective tissue disease (rheumatoid arthritis)

dx
- cxr
- chest ct scan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

73) lacunar stroke
common presentations (3)
clinical significance of lacunar vs mca stroke

neuro

A

presentation
- pure motor hemiparesis: unilat motor deficit, mild dysarthria, no higher cerebral dysfunction
- pure sensory stroke: unilt numbness, paresthesia, hemisensory deficit (face, arm, trunk,leg)
- ataxic hemiparesis: weakness more prominent in lower extremity with ipsilat arm and leg inco-ordination

lacunar vs mca
- mca you need to find the cause to see if it is ischaemic or haemorrhagic by doing a ct. no investigations needed for lacunar stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

74) ecg features of pht (3)

cardio

A
  • p pulmonale
  • prominant r wave in v1
  • t wave inversion in v1-v3
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

75) types of shock (5)

?

A
  • spinal
  • septic
  • anaphylatic
  • hypovolaemic
  • cardiogenic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
76) nail signs + associated conditions (5) | examination
- blue: cyanosis - red: polycythaemia - clubbing: infective endocarditis - leuconychia: hypoalbuminaemia - koilonychia: fe deficiency
26
77) a. amphoric breathing + cause b. pemberton sign + cause c. kussmaul's breathing + associated condition | pulmonology
a. hollow sound heard over a cavity caused by cyst or cavitation b. positive when patient lifts both arms above head and signs of cyanosis and plethora can be seen after 1-2 minutes cause is sup vena cava syndrome c. deep, rapid respiration due to stimulation of the respiratory centre. metabolic acidosis
27
78) DMT1 microvascular complications (4) | endo
- nephropathy - retinopathy - neuropathy - gastroparesis
28
79) hyperthyroidism a. signs and features of grave's disease (4) b. test to confirm dx
a. bruit grave's ophthalmopathy grave's dermopathy acropachy b. antibody TSAb in blood
29
80) mechanism of extra heart sounds a. s3 b. s4 c. conditions causing above (2)
a. rapid ventricular filling on opening of av valves b. atrial contraction with a non compliant ventricle c. s3: AR, MR s4: AS
30
81) paracetamol overdose a. liver failure clinical signs (3) b. test to confirm liver failure | liver linking signs
a. jaundice bruising encephalopathy b. bilirubin inr albumin cholesterol
31
82) clinical signs of aortic incompetence (5) | cardio
- soft s2 (maybe s3) - dilated displaced apex - waterhammer pulse - decrscendo murmur - best heard on exhalation when sitting forward
32
83) leg weakness a. features of spinal cord lesion | neuro
- loss of sphincter function - flaccid paralysis
33
84) TB spine complications (2)
- paraparesis - collapse of vertebrae pressure
34
85) haemoptysis a. life threatening haemoptysis b. 3 causes
a. haemodynamically unstable (> 400ml) b. bronchiectasis bronchus carcinoma aspergiloma
35
86) young person with liver failure after paracetamol OD a. signs of liver failure (3) b. tests to confirm liver failure (2)
a. brusing jaundice encephalopathy b. liver function tests bilirubin INR albumin
36
87) stable vs unstable angina a. pathogenesis b. clinical presensation
a. stable rupture of a small atheromatous plaque unstable obstruction of the coronary artery by a thrombus b. stable - tight chest - chest pain during rest unstable - chest pain - dyspnoea - no enzyme leak
37
88) patterns of weakness
look at diagram
38
89) features that lead to diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy (4)
- large kidneys - microalbuminaemia - proteinuria - microvascular damage (retinopathy, neuropathy)
39
90) Kussmaul’s Sign and Kussmaul’s Breathing
Kussmaul’s Sign - paradoxical rise in right atrial pressure during inspiration Kussmaul’s Breathing - deep rapid breathing due to stimulation of the resp centre
40
91) ecg features of pe (4)
- sinus tachycardia - incomplete RBBB - right axis deviation - s1q3t3 - (r ventricular strain: tall r wave in v1, inverted t waves in v1-v3)
41
92) clinical signs of pht (4) | cardio
- parasternal heave - loud p2 - big a wave - pulsatile liver - (pansystolic murmur) - (hepatomegaly)
42
93) chronic bilharzia infection a. presenting features b. clinical signs
a. rash fever bloody stool b. hepatosplenomegaly ruq tenderness generalised lymphadenopathy
43
94) chronic bilharzia vs liver cirrhosis a. presentation (3) b. clinical signs (3)
a. presentation bilharzia - rash - fever - bloody stool liver cirrhosis - jaundice - low - nausea and vomiting b. signs bilharzia - hepatosplenomegaly - ruq tenderness - generalised lymphadenopathy liver cirrhosis - palmar erythema - dupuytren's contracture - spider nevi
44
95) ECG features of a Pericardial Effusion (2) | cardio
- small complexes - electrical alternans
45
96) clinical features which suggest pericardial tamponade (4) | cardio
- distended neck veins - tachycardia - drop in bp - pulsus paradoxis
46
97) typical features of TB on CXR (2) 2 types of TB CXR presentations | infectious disease
a. pleural effusion parenchymal infiltrates (hilar adenopathy) b miliary tb upper lobe disease with cavitation
47
98) main features on history and clinical signs of bronchiectasis (5) | pulmonology
- sputum production - clubbing - coarse crackles - wheeze - maybe some dullness - severe: shifted towards
48
99) features of Pre-Renal failure, with regard to a. History b. Signs (3) c. Symptoms (3) d. Investigations (2) | nephro
a. b. oliguria thrist oedema c. orthostatic hypotension tachycardia sunken eyes d. urea:creatinine ratio fractional excretion of Na
49
100) definition of an Irregularly irregular pulse | cardio
heart beats with no pattern
50
101) associated signs of irregularly irregular pulse (1) | cardio
- pulse deficit
51
102) ecg features of AF (2) | cardio
- no clear p waves - irregular irregular pulse
52
103) clinical signs of aortic stenosis (5) | cardio
- ejection systolic murmur - heaving apex - plateau pulse - loud s2 - radiating up carotid
53
104) define + name the cause a. radial femoral delay b. corrigan's sign c. pulsus paradoxus
a. delay between the radial pulse and femoral pulse when palpated simultaneously b. abrupt distension and quick collapse of the carotid arteries c. drop in BP of more than 10mmHg during inspiration
54
105) headache red flags (5)
- sudden onset - papilloedema - > 50 years age - after recent trauma - neuro deficit
55
106) reasons/causes for hypoglycaemia in a patient with diabetes (3)
- not eating but still using meds - diabetic neuropathy - not adjusting meds after weight loss
56
107) mechanism or techniques to obtain an accurate history other than Socrates (5)
- comfortable eye contact - do not appear to be in a hurry - show empathy - no judgement - acknowledge patient's feelings
57
108) reasons hiv patients default arv tx (5)
- depression - alcohol or substance use - work-related problems - non-disclosure - following pregnancy
58
109) secondary causes of hpt in young patients (5)
- cushing's syndrome - renal artery stenosis - thyroid disease - primary aldosteronism - obstructive sleep apnoea
59
110) diabetic a. define charcot joint b. define diabetic amyotrophy
a. destruction of a joint resulting from lysis and fragmentation of the bone in the setting of neuropathy b. type of diabetic neuropathy characterised by nerve damage in hip, buttock or thigh typically on one side of the body
60
111) clinical features of Guillain barre syndrome (5)
- areflexia - progressive ascending weakness - minimal senosory features - resp failure - autonomic features
61
112) signs of tension pneumothorax (5)
- trachea shifted away from affected side - hyperresonant - absent breath sounds - absent vocal resonance - dec chest expansion on affected side
62
113) renal failure a. features of chronic renal failure (3) b. classify renal failure and give 1 cause of each (3)
a. prev values small kidneys fibrosis b. pre-renal: shock renal: gn (glomerulonephritis) post-renal: bph (benign prostatic hyperplasia)
63
114) causes of haemoptysis (4)
- bronchiectasis - aspergiloma - bronchus carcinoma - any pneumonia causing cavitation
64
115) pleural effusion a. cxr signs (2) b. prove that effusion is d/t tb (4)
a. meniscus sign pleural thickening b. afb's (acid fast bacilli) on microscopy culture genexpert
65
116) signs of aortic stenosis (5)
- ejection systolic murmur - loud s2, potential s4 - heaving apex - plateau pulse - radiating up carotid
66
117) signs of aortic regurg (5)
- decrescendo murmur - soft s2, potential s3 - dilated displaced apex - waterhammer pulse - best heard sitting forward in exhalation
67
118) respiratory failure type 1 vs type 2
type 1 - resp system can't adequately provide oxygen to the body. result = hypoxemia type 2 - resp system can't sufficiently remove carbon dioxide from the body. result = hypercapnia
68
119) 5 ways to describe cardiac murmur
- timing - radiation - loudness - pitch - area of greatest intensity

Internal medicine (eob) ECR (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions