2023

Question 1

V

to make something less harmful, unpleasant, or bad

Answer 1

mitigate

/ˈmɪt̬.ə.ɡeɪt/

As a cybersecurity analyst, you will need to communicate and collaborate with others. Understanding others’ questions or concerns and communicating information clearly to individuals with technical and non-technical knowledge will help you mitigate security issues quickly.

Question 2

n

a camelid native to South America, closely related to the llama.

Answer 2

Guanaco

/ɡwəˈnäkō/

Guanaco range

Question 3

n

information that proves who committed a crime:

Answer 3

smoking gun

The tapes provided prosecutors with the** smoking gun** they needed.

Question 4

Human Evolution.

an extinct species of small archaic human that inhabited the island of Flores, Indonesia, until the arrival of modern humans about 50,000 years ago.

A facial reconstruction of the homo

Answer 4

Homo floresiensis

/flɔːrˈɛziːˌɛn.sɪs/

H. floresiensis skull, Cantonal Museum of Geology, Switzerland

The remains of an individual who would have stood about 1.1 m (3 ft 7 in) in height were discovered in 2003 at Liang Bua cave.(link to Smithsonian instituion)

Question 5

noun [ C ] informal disapproving

a man known for seducing women and having many lovers.

Answer 5

Casanova

/ˌkæs.əˈnoʊ.və/

The word originates from the name of the Italian adventurer and author, Giacomo Girolamo Casanova. He was known for his charm and charisma, and his name has become synonymous with the term “libertine”. His autobiography, “Histoire de ma vie” (Story of My Life), is regarded as one of the most authentic sources of information about the customs and norms of European social life during the 18th century. Despite the Spanish translation of “casanova” meaning “new house”, it has been associated with a connoisseur of seduction since the year 18883.

Question 6

phrasal verb

to be unable to think of anything to say, especially because you are nervous

Answer 6

freeze up

Do you freeze up when you see an attractive girl? Do you run out of things to say? Do you struggle to attract women through conversation? It doesn’t have to be this way

Question 7

adj

likely to forget things, esp. because you do not give your attention to what is happening

Answer 7

absent-minded

/ˈæbsəntˈmaindɪd/

Even the most absent-minded of us usually retain knowledge of which are our left and right hands.

Question 8

n - anatomy

a large part at the back of the brain that controls your muscles, movement, and balance

Answer 8

**cerebellum**

the cerebellum is involved in movement and coordination, whereas the cerebral cortex is involved in memory, language and consciousness.

from Latin ***cerebellum*** "a small brain," diminutive of *cerebrum* "the brain"

| /ˌser.əˈbel.əm/

Question 9

n

having a spine (= back bone)

Answer 9

vertebrate

مُهره‌داران

/ˈvɝː.t̬ə.brət/

Birds, fish, and reptiles are all vertebrates. /
The brains of vertebrate animals have developed in both size and sophistication.

Question 10

noun [ C ]

a group of similar things that are close together, sometimes surrounding something

Answer 10

cluster

/ˈklʌs.tɚ/

*Have a look at the cluster of galaxies in this photograph.

*The most primitive brains are little more than clusters of cells bunched together at the front of an organism.

Question 11

verb [ T ]

to experience something that is unpleasant or something that involves a change

Answer 11

Undergo

/ˌʌn.dɚˈɡoʊ/

The brain has undergone some remarkable changes through its evolution.

undergo - underwent- undergone

Question 12

adjective

1. causing someone to lose their balance; overwhelming or so great that it is difficult to deal with
2. causing astonishment or disbelief; incredibly impressive or shocking

Answer 12

staggering

/ˈstæɡ.ɚ.ɪŋ/

1. staggering debts
2. The human brain, in all its staggering complexity, is the product of millions of years of evolution. / staggering scientific progress

Question 13

noun [ C ]

a crack in the earth’s surface where the rock has divided into two parts that move against each other

Answer 13

fault line (OR fault)

/ˈfɑːlt ˌlaɪn/

Crucially, many of the predictions are vague enough to cover huge territory of where the earthquake(s) may strike, and/or focus on the well-known danger zones that are near prominent tectonic fault lines, and where spikes of seismic activity has been recorded.

گُسل

Question 14

noun [ U ] GEOLOGY specialized

the scientific study of the sudden, violent movements of the earth connected with earthquakes

Answer 14

**seismology**

| /saɪzˈmɑː.lə.dʒi/

## Footnote

The scientists have done long-term work in geophysics, oceanography and **seismology**.

Question 15

to come or bring something back to life, health, existence, or use

Answer 15

revive

Billion-dollar startup plans to bring the dodo back from the dead, and claims it can also revive the woolly mammoth

Question 16

adjective

easy and confident in speech, with little thought or sincerity

سلیس و چرب زبان

Answer 16

glib

/ɡlɪb/
glib glibber glibbest

I am not being glib. Keep it to yourself before you end up in a psyche ward.

Question 17

noun / idiom

(idiomatic) A topic that is not clearly one thing or the other, that is open to interpretation.

Answer 17

grey area

It exists in a grey area between legal and illegal.

Of course there’s a grey area.

(Canadians prefer the spelling grey, although gray is also correct.)

Question 18

noun

a very tall modern city building

Answer 18

skyscraper

Burj Khalifa is not just one of the most astounding skyscrapers on the planet, it’s also the tallest building in the world at the moment.

sky + scraper آسمان خراش

The term skyscraper originally applied to buildings of 10 to 20 stories, but by the late 20th century the term was used to describe high-rise buildings of unusual height, generally greater than 40 or 50 stories.

Question 19

noun

a tool used to remove something from a surface by rubbing

Answer 19

scraper

a paint scraper

خراشنده، زداینده

skyscaper آسمان خراش

Question 20

to stop or take hold of; interrupt the movement or progress of.

Answer 20

intercept

Luckily, they intercepted the package before it was delivered to the wrong people.

Question 21

to be attacked, injured, or killed by (someone or something)

Answer 21

fall victim to

Many of our ancestor fell victom to ferocious beasts.

Police think she may have fallen victim to a serial killer.

Question 22

belonging to the period in the Earth’s history that started about two million years ago and ended about 10,000 years ago, when much of the Earth was covered with ice

Answer 22

Pleistocene

often referred to as the Ice Age

mid 19th century: from Greek pleistos ‘most’ + kainos ‘new’.

Question 23

a large carnivorous North American dinosaur of the Cretaceous period that had small forelimbs and walked on its hind legs;

Answer 23

Tyrannosaurus rex (T_Rex)

Surely one of the most remarkable animals that had ever existed, and certainly one of the most famous is a dinosaur: Tyrannosaurus rex.

Greek tyrannos ( → TYRANT) + sauros “lizard”+Latin: rex“king”

Question 24

a feeling or quality that causes excitement. /

a very small piece of fire

Answer 24

spark

T. rex: An animal to spark the imagination for all of us.

جرقه، اخگر، بارقه، جرقه زدن

Question 25

next to, or together with **preposition, adverb**

Answer 25

**alongside** ## Footnote Bikes shared the road **alongside** cars and mopeds. جنب، کنار، به کنار، به موازات

Question 26

unusually large, or ugly and frightening; like a monster

Answer 26

**monstrous** ## Footnote 66 million years ago the skies were filled with flying giants. In the seas, **monstrous reptiles** patrol the depths. And on land, dinosaurs of every kind, all facing the struggle to survive. SYN hideous

Question 27

a group of young birds all born at the same time, or a person’s children:

Answer 27

**brood** ## Footnote Turtles are normally on a **Mosasaur's** menu But this **T-Rex brood** would make a welcome snack.

Question 28

# verb to undergo decomposition from the action of bacteria or fungi | پوسیده

Answer 28

**rot / rotting** ## Footnote The giant Turtle is dead, and the Tyrannosaur has smelled its **rotting** body. There, he saw 'several thousands of **rotting** fish'. rot vs deacy: Both rot and decay describe breakdown, but rot often implies faster decomposition, sometimes caused by fungus. Decay is more general.

Question 29

to try to deal with something or someone

Answer 29

**tackle** ## Footnote Hatchling turtles are the perfect size for a hatchling to **tackle**. There are many ways of **tackling** this problem. I **tackled** him about his careless work.

Question 30

(of a person or a person’s behavior) eager to know a lot about people or things:

Answer 30

**inquisitive** ## Footnote an **inquisitive** mind Our neighbors are too **inquisitive**.

Question 31

a large number of fish swimming as a group

Answer 31

**shoal** ## Footnote It's especially rich here in the North Atlantic, where huge **shoals of fish** come close to the shore. **NOTE** In biology, any group of fish that stay together for social reasons are **shoaling**, and if the group is swimming in the same direction in a coordinated manner, they are **schooling.**

Question 32

the hard, pointed part of a bird's mouth

Answer 32

**beak** ## Footnote Birds use their **beaks** to pick up food. SEE PICTURE ; The **dagger beak** of Phosphatodraco (**dagger**: a short pointed knife used as a weapon)

Question 33

to (cause someone or something to) move or fall suddenly and often a long way forward, down, or into something

Answer 33

**plunge** ## Footnote We ran down to the beach and **plunged _into_** the sea. no one seems quite ready to **take the plunge**. شیرجه، غوطه، سقوط

Question 34

done to avoid something bad happening

Answer 34

**evasive** ## Footnote **NOTE:** : **evasive action/ manouver** By the time the pilot realized how close the plane was to the building, it was too late to take **evasive action**. Drivers had to make sudden **evasive manoeuvres**. : گریزان: طفره

Question 35

a **young cow**, or the young of various other **large mammals** such as **elephants** and **whales**

Answer 35

**calf** ## Footnote This huge marine whale is accompanied by her **calf**, about six months old. **NOTE:** If a cow is ***_in calf_***, it is **pregnant**.

Question 36

to **stop** something

Answer 36

**cease** ## Footnote “Intellectual growth should **commence** **at** birth and **cease** only **at** death.” quote by Einestin **(**cease is **very formal**) **cease** ≠ **commence**

Question 37

the period in which two people have a romantic relationship that often leads to marriage

Answer 37

**courtship** ## Footnote They were married in 1923 after **a long courtship.** اظهار عشق، معاشقه, دوران نامزدی یا خواستگاری

Question 38

a small smooth round stone, especially one found on a beach or in a river

Answer 38

**pebble** ## Footnote This part of the coast has **pebble beaches**.

Question 39

not conscious of or careful about possible risks and dangers

Answer 39

**unwary** If you are **unwary**, he will cheat you. He sold fake insurance policies to **unwary customers**.

Question 40

quick and exact in movement or thought; agile

Answer 40

**nimble** ## Footnote A rival. A younger male, challenging for this territory. The old male is heavier, over 15 tons. But his rival is more **nimble.**

Question 41

to **push** **roughly** or be **pushed** in a crowd

Answer 41

**jostle** ## Footnote The males **jostle** for a place around the larger females. We were **jostled by** the crowd.

Question 42

taking a lot of time and effort

Answer 42

**laboriously** ## Footnote She's moving **laboriously**. This is a highly detailed, **laboriously** researched study.

Question 43

the period between around **144 and 65 million years ago**, in which plants with flowers first appeared:

Answer 43

**the** **_Cretaceous_** the **Cretaceous** period Fossil remains from the **Cretaceous** are almost always found in *_sedimentary deposits. سنگ رسوبی_* **Origin** cretaceous (1600-1700) Latin cretaceus, from **_creta_** “***chalk***

Question 44

Noticing how **words commonly go together**

Answer 44

**collocations** /ˌkɑː.ləˈkeɪ.ʃən/ ## Footnote In the phrase "a hard frost", "hard" is a **collocation** of "frost" and "strong" would not sound natural. همایند,

Question 45

the state of being extremely tired

Answer 45

**exhaustion** /ɪɡˈzɑː.tʃən/ ## Footnote She felt ill **with/from exhaustion**.

Question 46

ill or **very tired** from **working too hard**

Answer 46

**burnt out** ## Footnote Many doctors feel so tired and burnt out by the age of 55 or 60 that they retire early. **exhausted = very tired = burnt out**

Question 47

to take something, especially something necessary or pleasant, away from someone

Answer 47

**deprive** sb of sth /dɪˈpraɪv/ ## Footnote He claimed that he had been **deprived of** his freedom/rights. You can't function properly when you're **deprived of sleep**.

Question 48

used to say that it is now **your turn** or **responsibility**.

Answer 48

**over to you** ## Footnote "**it's over to you**, the people of Scotland, to decide who should win"

Question 49

to risk **going somewhere** or **doing** something that might be **dangerous** or **unpleasant**

Answer 49

**venture** ## Footnote The west of South America and one of the most desolate places on this prehistoric planet. Few animals **venture** here, yet it is the stage for one of the most extraordinary gatherings on Earth.

Question 50

An empty and **not attractive place**, with no people or nothing pleasant in it/ extremely **sad** and feeling alone

Answer 50

**desolate** ## Footnote The west of South America and one of the most **desolate** **places** on this prehistoric planet. Few animals venture here, yet it is the stage for one of the most extraordinary gatherings on Earth. She **felt desolate** when her best friend moved away.

Question 51

to **examine** sb or sth **very carefully**

Answer 51

**scrutinize** ## Footnote Crowds of females **scrutinize** the newly arriving males, assessing their strength and suitability. All new products are **scrutinized** by the laboratory.

Question 52

**showing no interest or energy** and unwilling to take action, especially over something important

Answer 52

**apathetic** /ˌæp.əˈθet̬.ɪk/ ## Footnote Don't be so **apathetic** - how are you going to get a job if you don't even start looking? **Apathetic agnosticism:** An **apathetic agnostic** would say, "I don't know whether any deity exists or not, and I don't care if any deity exists or not." بی تفاوت، بی احساس، بی روح

Question 53

to make something **increase in size** by **filling it with air,** or to increase in size when filled with air /// to **increase** in **price**

Answer 53

**inflate** /ɪnˈfleɪt/ ## Footnote to **inflate balloons/** Food prices are no longer **inflating** at the same rate as last year.

Question 54

to prevent or discourage someone from doing something

Answer 54

**deter** High prices are **deterring** many young people **from** buy**ing** houses. \*\*\*He weighs nearly 50 tons. And his display has, so far intimidated all challengers. But this new arrival is not **deterred**.

Question 55

(of people and animals) nervous or **easily frightened**

Answer 55

**skittish** ## Footnote The **Pterosaurs** are **skittish**, they will take to the air at the first sign of danger.

Question 56

a particular degree or amount of something

Answer 56

**quotient** ## Footnote Emotional intelligence (otherwise known as **emotional quotient** or **EQ**) is the ability to understand, use, and manage your own emotions in positive ways to relieve stress, communicate effectively, empathize with others, overcome challenges and defuse conflict. \*\*\*Being rich doesn't actually increase your **happiness quotient**. Latin quotiens “how many times”, from quot “how many”

Question 57

a group of people who spread from one original country to other countries, or the act of spreading in this way

Answer 57

**diaspora** ## Footnote We now have a Western **diaspora** and that **diaspora** is bringing Iranians and Indians together. **"Iranian diaspora"** **the Diaspora** : the Jews living in different parts of the world outside Israel Greek " from dia "about, across" + speirein "to scatter" پراکندگی، جماعت یهودیان پراکنده

Question 58

to become greater, more serious, or more extreme, or to make something do this

Answer 58

**intensify** ## Footnote Fighting around the capital has **intensified** in the last few hours.

Question 59

not wanting to do something and therefore slow to do it

Answer 59

**reluctant** ## Footnote I was **reluctant** to leave because I was having such a good time.

Question 60

the scientific study of organisms that lived on earth before there were written records, esp. by examining fossils

Answer 60

**paleontology** ## Footnote US spelling of ***Palaeontology***

Question 61

not completely safe or not completely honest

Answer 61

**sketchy** ## Footnote a **sketchy** guy They lived in a "**sketchy** **_neighborhood_**."

Question 62

**protection** or a **safe place**, especially for someone or something being chased or hunted

Answer 62

**sanctuary** ## Footnote a wildlife/bird **sanctuary**

Question 63

able to move your body quickly and easily

Answer 63

**agile** ## Footnote **Velociraptor's** body was kept warm by feathers, but they can't fly. They are however exceptionally **agile.**

Question 64

very heavy **rain**

Answer 64

**torrential** /tɔːˈren.ʃəl/ ## Footnote **torrential** rain/downpour/storm **Note: "Torrent: "**a **strong** and fast-moving **stream of water** or other liquid."

Question 65

A .... area has a lot of green, healthy plants, grass, and trees:

Answer 65

**lush** ## Footnote A **lush** forest/valleys

Question 66

frightening and violent

Answer 66

**ferocious** /fəˈroʊ.ʃəs/ ## Footnote a **ferocious** dog/battle/hunter She's got a **ferocious (= very bad)** temper. **[NOTE](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/thesaurus/articles/violent)"**These words describe people and things that use force to hurt others, or things that show people being hurt by force." : violent, aggressive, Ferocious, fierce, savage, Brutal, vicious, Bloody, gory"

Question 67

an animal that eats only plants

Answer 67

**herbivore** ## Footnote Despite **Triceratops's** fierce appearance, this famous ceratopsian, or horned dinosaur, was an **herbivore**. Cows and sheep are **herbivores**. **"ADJ: herbivorous, OPP: carnivore"**

Question 68

to touch, rub, or press someone gently and affectionately, esp. with the head or nose

Answer 68

**nuzzle** ## Footnote My dog came and **nuzzled** my foot to try and cheer me up.

Question 69

very eager for something, especially a lot of food

Answer 69

**voracious** ## Footnote He has a **voracious** appetite (= he eats a lot). He's a **voracious reader** of historical novels (= he reads a lot of them eagerly and quickly). **ADV voraciously:** the male feeds **voraciously**

Question 70

solid waste from animals, especially cattle and horses

Answer 70

**dung** **Note: "solid excrement from animals, esp. cattle and horses; manure"**

Question 71

force to go away from a particular place

Answer 71

**drive off** ## Footnote The older female is **driven off** but younger female nest is wrecked/ The army was **drivn off** by the fierce attacks of the rebels. We were **driven off** the island by the new owner.

Question 72

easily damaged or broken object

Answer 72

**fragile** ## Footnote **fragile** egg/vase/items **NOTE:** Synonyms : "**breakable, brittle** (EASILY DAMAGED) **delicate** (EASILY DAMAGED)"

Question 73

**rude** but not seriously offensive / confident or showing confidence

Answer 73

**sassy** ## Footnote a **sassy** young girl/dog/teenager boy I was a **sassy** kid who sometimes talked back to my mother.

Question 74

**idiom** If you need to go to the toilet, then this is the idiom to use (polite way to say)

Answer 74

**Nature's Call** ## Footnote OR**: Nature's calling** Why are you late? - I had to answer **the call of nature.** I kept waking up to answer **nature's call**.

Question 75

used for telling someone that you agree with what they are saying.

Answer 75

**"I second that"** ## Footnote **“People should stop posting images over 200kb on the front page."** **"I second that."**

Question 76

the particular importance or attention that is given to something

Answer 76

**emphasis** ## Footnote In Humanism, the **emphasis** is on the human being. On the other hand, in Feminism, the emphasis is solely on the right of the woman. Humanists approach the human being in a holistic manner, despite their gender difference. Feminists, however, stress the positioning of women specifically.

Question 77

public support for an idea, plan, or way of doing something

Answer 77

**advocacy** ## Footnote Feminism is the **advocacy** of women's rights on the basis of the equality of the sexes.

Question 78

something that especially **annoys you**

Answer 78

**pet peeve** مایه رنجش ## Footnote what is your biggest **"pet peeve"**? - People being late without telling me first. Weak coffee is one of my **pet peeves**. **NOTE: "peeve** = to annoy someone" :"It **peeves** me that she didn't bother to phone."

Question 79

To annoy someone or make someone angry

Answer 79

**get under someone's skin** ## Footnote [Five Things Our Judgments of Others Say About Us](https://www.psychologytoday.com/ca/blog/in-love-and-war/202001/5-things-our-judgments-others-say-about-us). This might explain why certain people **get under your skin**.

Question 80

[**tasting**](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/taste) [**extremely**](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/extremely) **good;** [**delicious**](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/delicious)

Answer 80

**scrumptious** ## Footnote *a scrumptious* [*breakfast*](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/breakfast)

Question 81

the state of **being drunk**

Answer 81

**inebriation** ## Footnote He was in an advanced state of **inebriation**.

Question 82

to put one's foot in something/ you get a job very easily

Answer 82

**step into** ## Footnote "Upon those who **step into** the same rivers, different and again different waters flow." **Heraclitus**

Question 83

**someone's opinion about something, esp.** **when it was not asked for or wanted** /idiom

Answer 83

**throw (put) one's two cents in** ## Footnote *if the* [*_changes_*](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/change) *are going to* [*_affect_*](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/affect) *me, then I* [*_want_*](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/want) *to put my two* [*_cents_*](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/cent) *in.*

Question 84

to **remember** a piece of information when you are making a decision or thinking about a matter

Answer 84

**bear/keep sth in mind** ## Footnote **Bear in mind** that's not an exact or by any means complete synopsis of how the study of philosophy came into being.

Question 85

a short description of the contents of something such as a film or book

Answer 85

**synopsis** ## Footnote Bear in mind that's not an exact or by any means complete **synopsis** of how the study of philosophy came into being. **plural synopses** کوتهواره، چکیده، همبینی، مختصر

Question 86

a comparison of the features or qualities of two different things to show their similarities

Answer 86

**analogy** ## Footnote *He was* [*explaining*](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/explaining) *that the* [*mind*](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/mind) *has no* [*form*](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/form) *and is* [*invisible*](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/invisible)*, and that a* [*useful*](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/useful) *analogy is of the* [*mind*](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/mind) *being like the* [*sky*](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/sky)*.*

Question 87

to choose someone officially to do a particular job:

Answer 87

**designate** ## Footnote *She has been designated **to*** [*organize*](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/organize) *the* [*meeting*](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/meeting)*.*

Question 88

(esp. of something bad) very great / extremely large

Answer 88

**colossal** /kəˈlɑː.səl/ ## Footnote **colossal** apetite /

Question 89

a chemical substance for killing insects

Answer 89

**insecticide** | /ɪnˈsektɪsaɪd/ ## Footnote Smoke is an **insecticide**. **Etymology**: * Insectum: meaning "cut into" or "notched," referring to the segmented bodies of insects. * -cide: meaning "killer" (found in other words like herbicide and fungicide).

Question 90

# V to guess, based on the appearance of a situation and not on proof

Answer 90

**conjecture** | /kənˈdʒek.tʃɚ/ ## Footnote Thales for instance observed that matter exists as solids, liquids, or gases, and he also observed that wate exists an all three states -- which is why he **conjectured** that everything is made of water. برداشت سطحی (برمبنای مدارک و اطلاعات ناکافی و حدسیات) گمان بردن

Question 91

(of a person or animal) strong and healthy, or (of an object or system) strong and unlikely to break or fail

Answer 91

**robust** ## Footnote knowledge about any sunject becomes more **robust** as we question, challenge, and ultimately improve on it.

Question 92

[**involving**](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/involve) **a lot of** [**sudden**](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/sudden) [**changes**](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/change)**,** [**arguments**](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/argument)**, or** [**violence**](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/violence)

Answer 92

**turbulent** ## Footnote *a turbulent* [*marriage*](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/marriage)

Question 93

a fixed, especially religious, belief or set of beliefs that people are expected to accept without any doubts

Answer 93

**dogma**

Question 94

[**doubt**](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/doubt) **that something is** [**true**](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/true) **or** [**useful**](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/useful)

Answer 94

skepticism ## Footnote After all, *skepticism* is a healthy element of science

Question 95

a method or way of doing something

Answer 95

**means** ## Footnote Television is an increasingly important **means** of communication. We need to find some other **means** of transportation.

Question 96

to say that something is certainly true

Answer 96

**assert** ## Footnote Philosophy isn't just about **asserting beliefs**, *It's about* defending them./ He **asserts** that she stole money from him.

Question 97

# V to remove all signs of something; destroy:

Answer 97

**obliterate** | /əˈblɪt̬.ə.reɪt/ ## Footnote “after supernova, Any life that might have existed in the star’s own planetary system would have been **obliterated**. ”

Question 98

an extremely destructive event or violent change

Answer 98

**cataclysm** /ˈkæt̬.ə.klɪ.zəm/ ## Footnote The age of dinosaurs ended in **_cataclysm_** one spring day 66 million years ago when **an asteroid 12 kilometers wide hit Mexico's Yucatan peninsula**, triggering the extinction of those remarkable beasts and about three quarters of Earth's species.

Question 99

not possible to change; impossible to return to a previous condition

Answer 99

**irreversible** ## Footnote [North Korea](https://www.cnn.com/2022/09/09/asia/north-korea-kim-nuclear-weapons-state-law-intl-hnk/index.html) declares itself a nuclear weapons state. North Korea's leader Kim Jong-un called the move "**irreversible"**

Question 100

intending to persuade other people to oppose their government

Answer 100

**seditious** ## Footnote A Hong Kong judge has found five speech therapists guilty of publishing **seditious** children's books. ([News link)](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-62821043) فتنه جو، فتنه انگیز، آشوب‌انگیز Noun : **sedition**

Question 101

by a very large amount

Answer 101

**astronomically** ## Footnote cost of living is rising **astronomically**.

Question 102

to get rid of something completely or destroy something bad

Answer 102

**eradicate** /ɪˈræd.ɪ.keɪt/ ## Footnote The disease that once claimed millions of lives has now been **eradicated**. از بین بردن، ریشه کن کردن

Question 103

If you describe someone's **feelings** or characteristics as ........., you are emphasizing that they are very **strong** and **not** **mixed** with any other **feeling** or **quality./ pure**

Answer 103

**undiluted /**ˌʌn.daɪˈluː.t̬ɪd/ ## Footnote 1992 is not a year on which I shall look back with **_undiluted pleasure._** (Her Majesty The Queen Elizabeth II) I will look back at this one with **undiluted pleasure.**

Question 104

# adjective **connected with the ability to smell**

Answer 104

**olfactory** | /ɑːlˈfæktəri/, /əʊlˈfæktəri/ ## Footnote *\*the olfactory* [*nerve*](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/nerve) \*Humans have a lot of genetic diversity in our **olfactory** receptors, which govern smell, allowing us to detect a wide array of [scents](https://www.businessinsider.com/some-neanderthals-evolved-to-stop-smelling-body-odor-study-suggests-2023-2).

Question 105

# adjective 1. showing a lack of respect for God or for something sacred 2. shockingly rude or profane

Answer 105

**blasphemous** | /ˈblæsfəməs/ ## Footnote A long time ago, on Valentine’s Day, 1989, Iran’s Supreme Leader, Ruhollah Khomeini, declared Rushdie’s novel “The Satanic Verses” **blasphemous** and issued a fatwa ordering the execution of its author and “all those involved in its publication.”

Question 106

# adj [**famous**](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/famous)**,** [**respected**](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/respected)**, or** [**important**](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/important)

Answer 106

**eminent** ## Footnote *an eminent* [*historian*](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/historian)

Question 107

an **advantage** that only one person or group of people has, usually because of their position or because they are rich

Answer 107

**privilege** ## Footnote Life is the greatest show on Earth, and we humans have the extraordinary **privilege** of having brains large enough to begin to understand it.

Question 108

# n the process of removing something | C2

Answer 108

**elimination** | /iˌlɪm.əˈneɪ.ʃən/ ## Footnote the adoption of AI in cybersecurity will have a significant impact on the industry, but it will not necessarily lead to the **elimination** of jobs.

Question 109

# n a bird, such as an eagle or a hawk, that kills and eats small birds and animals

Answer 109

**raptor** | /ˈræp.tɚ/ ## Footnote Paragon falcon is a majestic **raptor**. Synonum:** Birds of prey** or **predatory birds** 2nd meaning: a usually small-to-medium-sized predatory dinosaur (such as a velociraptor or deinonychus)

Question 110

# adv in a way that is unceremonious (= rude, sudden, or informal):

Answer 110

**unceremoniously** | /ʌnˌser.ɪˈmoʊ.ni.əs.li/ ## Footnote "When I was recently **unceremoniously** thrown into a Siberian prison cell, I said to myself, 'I will never visit a dodgy country again.'" [Link](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y2Nba4MMBAU)

Question 111

# adj likely to fail or cause problems:

Answer 111

**dodgy** | /ˈdɑː.dʒi/ ## Footnote "When I was recently unceremoniously thrown into a Siberian prison cell, I said to myself, 'I will never visit a **dodgy** country again.'" (2nd meaning: dishonest)

Question 112

# V to mix with and join society or a group of people, often changing to suit their way of life, habits, and customs:

Answer 112

**integrate** | /ˈɪn.t̬ə.ɡreɪt/ ## Footnote It's very difficult to **integrate** yourself into a society whose culture is so different from your own.

Question 113

# adj someone who repeatedly argues with other people; bad tempered

Answer 113

**quarrelsome** | /ˈkwɔːr.əl.səm/ ## Footnote He was moody, **quarrelsome** and indifferent to her and their son./ The hyena can be easily tamed, but even in captivity she often remains spiteful and **quarrelsome**.

Question 114

# V to walk with your heels raised off the ground

Answer 114

**tiptoe** | /ˈtɪp.toʊ/ ## Footnote Finally, when all the other animals had gone, the humans **tiptoed** carefully to the carcass to look for scraps…but the only thing left was bare bones.

Question 115

# n the body of a dead animal

Answer 115

**carcass** | /ˈkɑr·kəs/ ## Footnote Finally, when all the other animals had gone, the humans tiptoed carefully to the **carcass** to look for scraps…but the only thing left was bare bones.

Question 116

# V to raise your shoulders and then lower them in order to say you do not know or are not interested:

Answer 116

**shrug** | /ʃrʌɡ/

Question 117

# V to cause something to continue:

Answer 117

**perpetuate** | /pɚˈpetʃ.u.eɪt/ ## Footnote the dictator was trying to **perpetuate** his control. We should **perpetuate** the rare species.

Question 118

# V to punish or criticize someone strongly:

Answer 118

**chastise** | /tʃæsˈtaɪz/ ## Footnote A woman ***roundly*** was **chastised** by North Korean media for saving her kids in a house fire and not saving the pictures of leaders on her kitchen wall. [Link](https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-7868237/North-Korean-mother-facing-jail-saving-children-fire-instead-portraits-Kim-family.html) (In the given context, "***roundly***" means thoroughly or completely, strongly or severely.

Question 119

# n someone who interrupts a public speech or performance with loud, unfriendly statements or questions:

Answer 119

**heckler** | /ˈhek.lɚ/ ## Footnote Robertson was interrupted several times by **hecklers**. ,. The **heckler** was ejected from the hall by a couple of police officers.

Question 120

# n someone who studies astrology and uses it to tell people how they believe it will affect their lives

Answer 120

**astrologer** | /əˈstrɑː.lə.dʒɚ/ ## Footnote an **astrologer** might interpret celestial events as omens, while a scientist would explain them using astronomy and physics

Question 121

# adj ..... descriptions, memories, etc. produce very clear, powerful, and detailed images in the mind:

Answer 121

**vivid** ## Footnote He's one of those people with a very **vivid** imagination - every time he hears a noise he's convinced it's someone breaking in.

Question 122

# adj extremely angry:

Answer 122

**livid** ## Footnote When Cleopatra learns that Arsinoe is still alive, she is **livid**. Because she knows the threat she represents. She knows you can't trust your siblings. You can't trust them.

Question 123

# adj perfect, or complete in every way: ## Footnote 2nd meaning: "Make (a marriage or relationship) complete by having sexual intercourse."

Answer 123

**consummate** | /ˈkɑːn.sə.meɪt/ ## Footnote The ancient Egyptians were **consummate** astronomers, and they had created a very effective solar-based calendar. Twelve months of the year, each month with 30 days, and they had five days at the end to create a year of 365 days. The origin of our calendar and the one that Julius Caesar adopts when Cleopatra visits Rome. [link](https://tvshowtranscripts.ourboard.org/viewtopic.php?f=1846&t=62859) (2nd meaning example):The marriage was never **consummated**.

Question 124

# n a layer of feathers that covers a bird and the pattern, colour, and arrangement of those feathers.

Answer 124

**plumage** | /ˈpluː.mɪdʒ/ ## Footnote The pattern and colours of plumage differ between species and subspecies and may vary with age classes. Within species, there can be different colour morphs. / Male peacocks have beautiful **plumage**./ BIRDS often have vibrant **plumage**, but the dazzling diversity in their eye colour also seems to be important for their success.

Question 125

# n a precious stone, usually bright blue, that is often used in jewellery:

Answer 125

**sapphire** | /ˈsæf.aɪr/ ## Footnote a **sapphire** ring/bracelet/ 2nd meaning: bright blue (رنگ) آبی سیر Many birds have brightly coloured eyes. The black-and-red-broadbill (Cymbirhynchus macrorhynchos), for instance, has **sapphire** blue or vivid emerald eyes. ([New Scientist. Oct 28th, 2023](https://www.newscientist.com/article/2398428-why-birds-eyes-can-be-blue-green-pink-or-orange/#:~:text=Many%20birds%20have%20brightly%20coloured,blue%20or%20vivid%20emerald%20eyes.))

Question 126

# n the inner bark of a South-East Asian tree, used in cooking as a spice, especially in sweet foods

Answer 126

**cinnamon** | /ˈsɪn.ə.mən/ ## Footnote ground cinnamon

Question 127

# n the act of intentionally making someone slightly excited, usually with sexual images or descriptions:

Answer 127

**titillation** | /ˌtɪt̬.əlˈeɪ.ʃən/ ## Footnote I'm not out here for your **sexual titillation.** (Solar Opposites, S01E01 BY **Korvo **) هیجان، لذت، کیف، غلغلک، غلغلک اوری

Question 128

# n one of the main characters in a story or a play

Answer 128

**protagonist** | /prəˈtæɡ.ən.ɪst/ ## Footnote **Korvo** is the main **protagonist** of the Hulu animated series Solar Opposites. He is a leader of the main aliens and computer expert. He, along with the other aliens (Terry, Yumyulack, and Jesse) with the babylike alien as known as the Pupa leave their planet after the asteroid hits it and destroy.

Question 129

# n a type of dog that is a cross between (= a mixture of ) a Labrador and a poodle

Answer 129

**labradoodle** | /ˌlæb.rəˈduː.dəl/

Question 130

# Solar Opposite Series, 2020 a species of aliens originating from planet Shlorp.

Answer 130

**Shlorpian** ## Footnote The most notable **Shlorpians** on Solar Opposites are Korvo, Yumyulack, Terry, and Jesse. **Korvo**: sometimes it feels i am the only **shlorpians** who wants to escape this garbage planet. (S01E01)

Question 131

# adj unusual in a pleasing and exciting or silly way:

Answer 131

**wacky** | /ˈwæk.i/ ## Footnote Shlorpians - for the most part - ill-adjusted to Earth's customs, and Korvo and his family try to overcome the challenge of being immigrants to a relatively unknown planet. Because of their inexperience, the Shlorpian family gets themselves in **wacky** situations.

Question 132

# adj able to experience feelings:

Answer 132

**sentient** | /ˈsen.ti.ənt/ OR /ˈsen.ʃənt/ ## Footnote It is hard for a **sentient** person to understand how any parents could treat their child so badly.

Question 133

# V to start to feel happier:

Answer 133

**cheer (someone) up** ## Footnote She went shopping to **cheer** herself **up**.

Question 134

# adj very good at noticing and understanding things that many people do not notice:

Answer 134

**perceptive** | /pɚˈsep.tɪv/ ## Footnote I am extremely **perceptive**.

Question 135

# V to get rid of or kill something or someone, especially intentionally:

Answer 135

**zap** | /zæp/ ## Footnote I dont think we should have to go to schools with aliens who are probably gonna **zap** us with thier ray guns. (by **Lydia** "Solar Opposites"S01E01)

Question 136

# adj extremely or unpleasantly dirty:

Answer 136

**filthy** | /ˈfɪl.θi/ ## Footnote Wash your hands - they're **filthy**! **filthy habit** I've never smoked - it's a **filthy** habit. **filthy look** UK figurative That girl just gave me a **filthy** **look** (= looked at me in a very unpleasant, disapproving way). **filthy temper**/**mood** UK He was in a **filthy** (= a very bad) **temper/mood**.

Question 137

# n a phrase that is often repeated by and therefore becomes connected with a particular organization or person, especially someone famous such as a television entertainer

Answer 137

**catchphrase** | /ˈkætʃ.freɪz/ ## Footnote His **catchphrase**, "Make my day", has become part of the modern consciousness. "Bingo Bango, I am Funbucket." ..**Korvo** : I like that catchphrase

Question 138

# n the feeling of not liking someone or something and thinking that they do not deserve your interest or respect:

Answer 138

**disdain** | /dɪsˈdeɪn/ ## Footnote as a **VERB**: The older musicians **disdain** the new, rock-influenced music. as a **Noun** : **Korvo**: Funbucket apperars to have a healthy **disdain** for humans.

Question 139

(slang, vulgar, intransitive) To force oneself to become more manly; to toughen up or man up.

Answer 139

**sack up** ## Footnote **Ms. Frankie** : You need to sack up, Crook. (Solar Opposites)

Question 140

# V to secretly tell someone in authority, especially a teacher, that someone else has done something bad, often in order to cause trouble:

Answer 140

**tattle** | /ˈtæt̬.əl/ ## Footnote Did you **tattle** **on** us to the teacher?

Question 141

# V to sail, fly, or travel completely around the Earth, an island etc

Answer 141

**circumnavigate** | /ˌsɝː.kəmˈnæv.ə.ɡeɪt/ ## Footnote They **circumnavigated** Cape Horn Island in canoes.

Question 142

# V spend time doing unimportant or trivial things.

Answer 142

**fuck around** ## Footnote Stop **fucking around** and come home.

Question 143

# n a stupid or silly person:

Answer 143

**schmuck** | /ʃmʌk/ ## Footnote Her husband is such a **schmuck**! (from Yiddish (Yiddish: שמאָק, shmok), where it has similar pejorative meanings, but where its literal meaning is a vulgar term for a penis.)

Question 144

# n showing feelings of hating women or a belief that men are better than women:

Answer 144

**misogynistic** | /mɪˌsɑː.dʒɪˈnɪs.tɪk/

Question 145

to make a man feel less male by taking away his power and confidence:

Answer 145

**emasculate** | /ɪˈmæs.kjə.leɪt/ ## Footnote Some men feel **emasculated** if they work for a woman.

Question 145

# noun (formal) ​a feeling of hate or dislike towards women, or a feeling that women are not as good as men

Answer 145

**misogyny** | /mɪˈsɑːdʒɪni/ ## Footnote studies in sociology, psychology, and gender studies might explore **misogyny** and its effects. ***Etymology***: Misogyny: The word itself is a combination of two Greek roots: ***Misos*** (μῖσος): Meaning "hatred" or "**dislike**." This root appears in other English words like "misanthrope" (hatred of humankind) and "misophone" (hatred of noise). ***Gynē*** (γυνή): Meaning "***woman***." We see this root in other words like "gynecologist" (specialist in women's health) and "androgynous" (having characteristics of both sexes).

Question 146

# V to accept or allow behaviour that is wrong:

Answer 146

**condone** | /kənˈdoʊn/ ## Footnote If the government is seen to condone violence, the bloodshed will never stop.

Question 147

# n the seeds of an Asian fruit, used to give a special taste to Indian and Middle Eastern food

Answer 147

**Cardamom** | /ˈkɑːr.də.məm/ ## Footnote **cardamom** seeds Add two teaspoonfuls of ground **cardamom**.

Question 148

# adj (of food) very high quality:

Answer 148

**gourmet** | /ɡʊrˈmeɪ/ ## Footnote **gourmet** coffee a **gourmet** meal

Question 149

# V to touch or attack someone in a sexual way against their wishes:

Answer 149

**molest** | /məˈlest/ ## Footnote The girl had been **molested** frequently by her stepfather from the age of eight. The man had previously been arrested several times for **molesting** young boys.

Question 150

# V to severely **punish** someone who has committed a crime, or to force someone to suffer:

Answer 150

**condemn** | /kənˈdem/ ## Footnote Those who remember the past are not **condemned** to repeat it. **2nd meaning**: **critisize** sb strongly usually for moral reasons

Question 151

# adj done or acting secretly and quietly to avoid being noticed:

Answer 151

**furtive** | /ˈfɝː.t̬ɪv/ ## Footnote One discreet and furtive rodant plays a vital role in ecosysytem: the red squrriel.

Question 152

# adj very shiny:

Answer 152

**lustrous** | /ˈlʌs.trəs/ ## Footnote long lustrous hair

Question 153

# adj 1. causing dizziness or giddiness 2. feeling dizzy or giddy 3. very high or deep; so high or deep as to cause dizziness

Answer 153

**vertiginous** | /vɝːˈtɪdʒ.ə.nəs/ ## Footnote * Architecture: **Vertiginous** heights can be a design element in architecture, used to create a sense of awe or drama. For example, the Burj Khalifa in Dubai has vertiginous observation decks offering panoramic views of the city. ***Note***: The scientific use of "**vertiginous**" is primarily related to the sensation of dizziness.

Question 154

# N. paleoanthropology An extinct hominid that is believed to have spread from Africa to Europe and Asia about 2 million years ago and appears to have survived in Asia to at least 150,000 years ago.

Answer 154

**Homo erectus** (sometimes referred to as Homo Ergaster) ## Footnote the protohumans lived on the temperate East Africa grasslands for five million years before **Homo erectus** emerged, the first hominid to venture further afield.

Question 155

# V to die or suffer badly from an illness; to accept defeat:

Answer 155

**succumb** | /səˈkʌm/ ## Footnote H. erectus spread though Africa and embarked on the first exploration of the Earth before **succumbing** to extinction.

Question 156

# N. paleoanthropology Homo ergaster (or African Homo erectus) may have been the first human species to leave Africa. Fossil remains show this species had expanded its range into southern Eurasia by ... million years ago.

Answer 156

**1.75** million years ago source: [Australian Museum](https://australian.museum/learn/science/human-evolution/the-first-migrations-out-of-africa/) ## Footnote Their descendents, Asian Homo erectus, then spread eastward and were established in South East Asia by at least 1.6 million years ago.

Question 157

# N. geography Around 1.8 million years ago, Homo Erectus migrated out of Africa via the ... ... and Horn of Africa to Eurasia

Answer 157

**Levantine corridor**

Question 158

# n the practice of supplying land with water so that crops and plants will grow:

Answer 158

**irrigation** | /ˌɪr.əˈɡeɪ.ʃən/ ## Footnote Researchers investigate how **irrigation** practices can affect soil composition and fertility. This involves studying factors like salinization (salt buildup) and waterlogging, ensuring long-term sustainability of irrigated land

Question 159

# idiom you should not make plans that depend on something good happening before you know that it has actually happened:

Answer 159

**don’t count your chickens before they hatch** ## Footnote She wanted to buy a dress in case someone asked her to the dance, but I told her not to count her chickens before they hatched.

Question 160

the relaxed, intimate conversation that can occur between sexual partners after sexual activity, usually accompanied by cuddling, caresses, kissing, and other physical intimacy.

Answer 160

**pillow talk** ## Footnote It is associated with honesty, sexual afterglow, and bonding,[1] and is distinguished from dirty talk which sometimes forms part of foreplay and of sexual act.

Question 161

(US slang, humorous) To have sexual intercourse (with someone)

Answer 161

**doink** ## Footnote You kind of want to **doink** her, don't you?

Question 162

# adj (of a word) sounding similar to the noise the word refers to:

Answer 162

**Onomatopoeic** | /ˌɑːnəˌmætəˈpiːɪk/ نام‌آوا ## Footnote "Pop", "boom", and "squelch" are **onomatopoeic** words. The word "click" is **onomatopoeic** in itself.

Question 163

# n the sound made by a rooster

Answer 163

**cock-a-doodle-doo** ## Footnote **cock-a-doodle-doo**is a onomatopoeic word.

Question 164

# n an offensive word meaning to have sex with someone

Answer 164

**bang** | /bæŋ/

Question 165

# n A sexually attractive and usually big and strong man:

Answer 165

**hunky** | /ˈhʌŋ.ki/ ## Footnote I think he's quite **hunky**.

Question 166

# V to make a short, very high cry or sound:

Answer 166

**squeak** | /skwiːk/ ## Footnote The mice in the cupboard squeaked. The door squeaked as it swung back and forth on its rusty hinges.

Question 167

# adj very cheap; low in price

Answer 167

**budget** | /ˈbʌdʒ·ɪt/ ## Footnote a **budget** holiday/hotel/price

Question 168

# V to put someone in a prison or a hospital for people who are mentally ill:

Answer 168

**lock someone up** ## Footnote Murderers should be **locked up** for life.

Question 169

# n. CHEMISTRY, BIOLOGY Other Name: **Vitamin C**

Answer 169

**ascorbic acid** | /əˌskɔːr.bɪk ˈæs.ɪd/ ## Footnote * Function: Essential nutrient, antioxidant * Importance: Helps with immune function, collagen production, wound healing * Sources: Citrus fruits, berries, leafy green vegetables

Question 170

# adj unfriendly and not liking something:

Answer 170

**hostile** /ˈhɑːstaɪl/ | /ˈhɑː.stəl/ ## Footnote “Since the publication of my first book, The End of Faith, thousands of people have written to tell me that I am wrong not to believe in God. The most **hostile** of these communications have come from Christians. "Letter to a Christian Nation, Sam Harris, page 2"

Question 171

# V to believe that a particular quality or feature belongs to or is typical of someone or something:

Answer 171

**ascribe** | /əˈskraɪb/

Question 172

# n ancient Indian scripture, believed to be around 2,000 to 2,500 years old, consists of a conversation between Prince Arjuna and the god Krishna, who serves as his charioteer

Answer 172

**Bhagavad Gita** | Additional Info: The Bhagavad Gita is written in Classical Sanskrit. ## Footnote The **Bhagavad Gita**, often referred to as the “Song of God,” is a 700-verse Hindu scripture. It is part of the Indian epic Mahabharata and was narrated by Lord Krishna to Arjuna. Interestingly, the narration of the Bhagavad Gita was first heard not only by Arjuna but also by Hanuman, Sanjaya, and Barbarika

Question 173

# V to make a high, complaining sound, or to complain continually:

Answer 173

**whine** | /waɪn/ ## Footnote If you don’t stop **whining**, we won’t go at all!

Question 174

# n the quality of showing no intelligent thought:

Answer 174

**vacuousness** | /ˈvæk.ju.əs.nəs/ ## Footnote In one letter to Karl Jaspers, Arendt say:But my dear and honored friend, I would never forgive myself if I didn’t go and see with my own eyes this real life disaster unfolding with all of its uncanny **vacuousness**.

Question 175

# adj mysterious or unfamiliar, esp. in such a way as to frighten or make uneasy; preternaturally strange; eerie; weird.

Answer 175

**uncanny** | /ʌnˈkæn.i/ ## Footnote * All the clocks had stopped and the silence was **uncanny** ./ * In one letter to Karl Jaspers, Arendt say:But my dear and honored friend, I would never forgive myself if I didn’t go and see with my own eyes this real life disaster unfolding with all of its **uncanny** vacuousness. * **uncanny** sounds

Question 176

# n one of the tooth-like parts around the edge of a wheel in a machine that fits between those of a similar wheel, causing both wheels to move

Answer 176

**cog** | /kɑːɡ/ ## Footnote In one letter to Karl Jaspers, Arendt say "Many years ago, I described the totalitarian system. It was always the system rather than the individuals that I was referring to. And if you look at the system as a whole, every individual person, indeed become a **cog**, small or big in the machine of terror."

Question 177

# adj very angry or out of control:

Answer 177

**berserk** | /bɚˈzɝːk/ ## Footnote My mother will go **berserk** (= be extremely angry) when she finds out I've ruined her favourite dress.

Question 178

# n the state of being expressed in a way that is not clear, especially with ideas or words that are not connected in a sensible or clear way:

Answer 178

**incoherence** | /ˌɪn.koʊˈhɪr.əns/ ## Footnote The **incoherence** of the criticism makes it harder to respond.

Question 179

# n . Ancient Greek term Anything transmitted by word of mouth, such as a fable, legend, narrative, story, or tale (especially a poetic tale).

Answer 179

**mythos**

Question 180

# adj under the ground:

Answer 180

**subterranean** | /ˌsʌb.təˈreɪ.ni.ən/ ## Footnote **subterranean** passages / message / a **subterranean** river/ If you look down beneath the surface there'll be some **subterranean** messages that are ready to come out if you dig a little deeper and look at them a little more closely.

Question 181

# n a person, especially a child, who complains or expresses disappointment or unhappiness repeatedly

Answer 181

**whiner** | /ˈwaɪ.nɚ/

Question 182

# adj having knowledge or perception of something; aware of.

Answer 182

**cognizant** | /ˈkɑːɡ.nɪ.zənt/ ## Footnote We should be **cognizant** of the fact that every complaint is not a justified complaint.

Question 183

# adj physically or socially awkward or not fashionable:

Answer 183

**dorky** | /ˈdɔːr.ki/ ## Footnote She looks **dorky** but cute in her uniform. the **dorky** kid from down the street

Question 184

# adj unable to think or speak clearly because of fever or mental confusion:

Answer 184

**delirious** | /dɪˈlɪr.i.əs/ ## Footnote She had a high temperature and was **delirious**.

Question 185

# V to make continuous, small movements, especially if they do not have a particular purpose and you make them without meaning to, for example because you are nervous or bored:

Answer 185

**fidget** | /ˈfɪdʒ.ɪt/ ## Footnote Children can't sit still for long without **fidgeting**.

Question 186

# adj used for describing a feeling that is so strong that it cannot be satisfied:

Answer 186

**unquenchable** | /ʌnˈkwen.tʃə.bəl/ ## Footnote Genghis Khan had this **unquenchable** desire to take over the world

Question 187

# adv in a way that becomes quicker and quicker as something that increases becomes larger:

Answer 187

**exponentially** | /ˌek.spoʊˈnen.ʃəl.i/ ## Footnote **increase exponentially** : Malthus wrote about the risks involved in the world's population increasing **exponentially**. / **grow exponentially** : We are growing **exponentially** in resources, people, and financing.

Question 188

# N . GEOLOGY from or referring to the period of time beginning at the end of the Pleistocene (= around 11,000 years ago) and continuing to the present:

Answer 188

**Holocene** | /ˈhɑː.lə.siːn/ ## Footnote the **Holocene** epoch / an early **Holocene** archeological site late 19th century: coined in French from holo- ‘whole’ + Greek kainos ‘new’.

Question 189

# V phrasal verb to intentionally destroy a building or other structure because it is not being used or it is not wanted any more:

Answer 189

**tear down** | /ter daʊn/ ## Footnote President Ronald Reagan: Mr.Gorbachev! "**Tear Down** This Wall" **tear / tore / torn**

Question 190

# V to have doubts about the honesty or abilities of someone:

Answer 190

**mistrust** | /ˌmɪsˈtrʌst/ ## Footnote Reagan Speech on Berlin 1987 "East and West do not **mistrust** each other because we are armed; we are armed because we **mistrust** each other."

Question 191

# adj unusual in an attractive and interesting way:

Answer 191

**quirky** | /ˈkwɝː.ki/ ## Footnote Do you have a **quirky** habit that makes your friends chuckle?

Question 192

# V to laugh quietly:

Answer 192

**chuckle** | /ˈtʃʌk.əl/ ## Footnote Do you have a quirky habit that makes your friends **chuckle**?

Question 193

# adj difficult to believe, or unlikely:

Answer 193

**implausible** | /ɪmˈplɑː.zə.bəl/ ## Footnote Lesley Stahl: The plot was to kidnap you and take you by speedboat to Venezuela? Masih Alinejad: Hey, it sounds like a scary movie to you, no? Lesley Stahl: No. It sounds **implausible** to me. [CBS NEWS](https://www.cbsnews.com/news/iranian-dissidents-abductions-assassination-attemts-60-minutes-transcript/)

Question 194

# n a person who publicly disagrees with and criticizes their government:

Answer 194

**dissident** | /ˈdɪs.ə.dənt/ ## Footnote It was the same for Jamshid Sharmahd, another Iranian **dissident** who lived in Los Angeles for two decades and created a website where people in Iran could report human rights abuses.

Question 195

# adj extremely frightened:

Answer 195

**petrified** | /ˈpet.rə.faɪd/ ## Footnote His daughter, Gazelle Sharmahd, soon saw her dad pop up on Iranian TV in a courtroom - looking **petrified**. [CBSNEWS](https://www.cbsnews.com/news/iranian-dissidents-abductions-assassination-attemts-60-minutes-transcript/) (2nd meaning: having changed to a substance like stone: a petrified tree/shell:

Question 196

# V to stop something from happening or someone from doing something:

Answer 196

**thwart** | /θwɔːrt/ ## Footnote The original plot to kidnap Masih Alinejad was **thwarted**, but according to the FBI, a year later, in 2022, Iran paid this Azerbaijani, living outside New York City, $30,000 to buy a semi-automatic rifle and kill her. [CBSNEWS](https://www.cbsnews.com/news/iranian-dissidents-abductions-assassination-attemts-60-minutes-transcript/)

Question 197

# n the prevention of something, especially war or crime, by having something such as weapons or punishment to use as a threat. | بازدارندگی

Answer 197

**deterrence** | /dɪˈter.ənts/ ## Footnote nuclear **deterrence** /

Question 198

# V PHRASAL VERB to get tears in your eyes, so that you almost start to cry, because you are experiencing strong emotion:

Answer 198

**tear up** | /tɪr/ ## Footnote She **teared up** as the award was presented to her. **tear / tore / torn**

Question 199

# V to force someone to go somewhere with you, often using threats or violence:

Answer 199

**abduct** | /æbˈdʌkt/ ## Footnote The company director was **abducted** from his car by terrorists.

Question 200

# adj feeling shocked, usually because of something you were not expecting:

Answer 200

**flabbergasted** | /ˈflæb.ɚ.ɡæs.tɪd/ ## Footnote She is **flabbergasted** by the whole affair.

Question 201

# adj the highest point or top of a shape or object:

Answer 201

**apex** | /ˈeɪ.peks/ ## Footnote Crocodiles and Wolves are **apex** predators using their teeth with terrifying effect. plural apexes or apices

Question 202

# adj making you think that someone is going to do something bad:

Answer 202

**menacing** | /ˈmen.ə.sɪŋ/ ## Footnote a **menacing** look/gesture

Question 203

# n a sharp nail on the foot of a bird that it uses when hunting animals

Answer 203

**talon** | /ˈtæl.ən/ ## Footnote The **cassowary** is a large flightless bird that lives in Australia and New Guinea. It has a long daggerlike nail on the innermost toe of each foot, which it can use to slash at predators or rivals. The cassowary has been known to kill humans with its **talons**, and is considered the most dangerous living bird

Question 204

# adj awkward because of being large, heavy, or not effective:

Answer 204

**cumbersome** | /ˈkʌm.bɚ.səm/ ## Footnote A large mascular bulk of the male lion's powerful body, makes them too slow and **cumbersome**, but perfect for protecting the pride.

Question 205

# n a slight smell, carried on a current of air:

Answer 205

**whiff** | wɪf ## Footnote When male baboons get a **whiff** of the female scent, physicak combat ensues to decide who is alpha.

Question 206

# adj (of water) slightly salty, dirty, and unpleasant.

Answer 206

**brackish** | /ˈbræk.ɪʃ/ ## Footnote As a river approaches the sea, its water becomes **brackish**. (Synonym: briny: Briny water contains a lot of salt.)

Question 207

# n a curved shape sticking out from the surface of something:

Answer 207

**bulge** | /bʌldʒ/ ## Footnote I wondered what the **bulge** in her coat pocket was.

Question 208

# n a small metal bar that is used to fasten a door or a gate. You raise it to open the door and drop it to fasten it.

Answer 208

**latch** | /lætʃ/ ## Footnote verb: the crocodile latches onto their prey with a powerful bite of 3700 pound pressure per square inch

Question 209

the white substance between the skin and the flesh of citrus fruits such as oranges and lemon, or the soft, white inside part of the stem of some plants

Answer 209

**pith** | /pɪθ/ ## Footnote The **pith** of a lemon, often discarded when consuming this citrus fruit, actually has several health benefits: 1. **Rich in Nutrients**, 2. **High in Antioxidants**, 3. **Good for Bone Health**, 4. **Cancer Prevention**, 5. **Heart Health**, 6. **Digestive Health**, 7. **Lowers Cholesterol**

Question 210

# adj not friendly or willing to take part in things:

Answer 210

**aloof** | /əˈluːf/ ## Footnote She seemed rather **aloof** when in fact she was just shy.

Question 211

# adj continuing for ever in the same way; often repeated:

Answer 211

**perpetual** | /pɚˈpetʃ.u.əl/ ## Footnote They lived in **perpetual** fear of being discovered.

Question 212

# n a feeling of respect or admiration for someone or something:

Answer 212

**reverence** | /ˈrev.ɚ.əns/ ## Footnote Greeting each person you meet with that level of reverance and respect is a precondition for seeing them. David Brooks | author [How to Know a Person](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YwENbKn3tqI)

Question 213

# V to take a long time to leave or disappear:

Answer 213

**linger** | /ˈlɪŋ.ɡɚ/ ## Footnote The smell from the fire still **lingered** days later. It's impossible to forget such horrific events - they **linger** (on) in the memory forever.

Question 214

# n someone who enjoys or is good at talking with people

Answer 214

**conversationalist** | /ˌkɑːn.vɚˈseɪ.ʃən.əl.ɪst/ ## Footnote You have to be really good **conversationalist** to gey to know other people.

Question 215

# V to guess or think about what might happen using information that is already known:

Answer 215

**extrapolate** (sth) from sth | /ɪkˈstræp.ə.leɪt/ ## Footnote You can't really **extrapolate** a trend from such a small sample.

Question 216

# n a feeling of sadness and being sorry for something you have done:

Answer 216

**remorse** | /rɪˈmɔːrs/ ## Footnote He felt no **remorse** for the murders he had committed.

Question 217

# V to shake slightly in a way that you cannot control, for example because you are frightened, angry, or excited, or because of illness:

Answer 217

**tremble** | /ˈtrem.bəl/ ## Footnote Her bottom lip **trembled**, and tears welled up in her eyes. His voice started to **tremble**, and I thought he was going to cry.

Question 218

# n the crime of secretly taking money that is in your care or that belongs to an organization or business you work for:

Answer 218

**embezzlement** | /ɪmˈbez.əl.mənt/ ## Footnote He discovered he was the victim of **embezzlement**. He's accused of tax evasion, **embezzlement**, and fraud.

Question 219

# V to remove one or all of the organs from the inside of a body

Answer 219

**eviscerate** | /ɪˈvɪs.ə.reɪt/ ## Footnote The chef **eviscerated** the fish before cooking it. The film critic **eviscerated** the director’s latest movie in his review, calling it a “waste of time.”

Question 220

# adj very polite, pleasant, and usually attractive, often in a way that is slightly false:

Answer 220

**suave** | He's very suave and sophisticated. /swɑːv/ ## Footnote Use this Trick to Remember People's Names: if you meet somebody and forgot their name, seconds later, use this technique: Just remeber to be **SUAVE** **S**ay it : immidiately when you hear it, you say the name back : "Amy, Wonderful to connect" **U**se it : Use the name in the conversation maybe 3 or 4 times **A**sk it :(this is a great strategy for unusual names **V**isualize it **E**nd it

Question 221

# MEDICAL Noun a doctor with special training in how to care for pregnant women and help in the birth of babies

Answer 221

**obstetrician** | /ˌɑːb.stəˈtrɪʃ.ən/ متخصص زنان و زایمان ## Footnote (US informal OB)

Question 222

# V to kill someone without a legal trial, usually by hanging (= killing using a rope round the neck).

Answer 222

**lynch** | /lɪntʃ/ ## Footnote **Till: “Either freedom for everyone or freedom fails.”** Fourteen year old African American, Emmett Till was **lynched** in a small town in Mississippi back in 1955 because he told a white store clerk she looked like a movie star. His mother wasn’t going to sit back and watch her only child become a forgotten soul of racism. She fought back. And she fought back hard.

Question 223

# n a person who studies **primates** (= intelligent mammals including apes, monkeys, and humans):

Answer 223

**primatologist**

Question 224

# adj going from one place to another killing or using violence, stealing, and destroying:

Answer 224

**marauding** | /məˈrɑː.dɪŋ/ ## Footnote In 1177 B.C., **marauding** groups known only as the "Sea People" invaded Egypt.

Question 225

# n someone or something that is difficult or impossible to find:

Answer 225

**unicorn** | /ˈjuː.nɪ.kɔːrn/

Question 226

# n a person, animal, or object that is believed to bring good luck, or one that represents an organization:

Answer 226

**mascot** | /ˈmæs.kɑːt/ ## Footnote People take tigers as totems, put them on their flags and embrace them as **mascots** for their favourite sport

Question 227

# n a person, animal or thing that shows that something is going to happen soon, especially something bad:

Answer 227

**harbinger** | /ˈhɑːr.bɪn.dʒɚ/ ## Footnote Throught Africa and many native Americans, Owls are **harbingers** of death.

Question 228

# n a warning to consider something before doing anything more:

Answer 228

**caveat** | /ˈkæv.i.æt/ ## Footnote His investment advice comes with a **caveat**: that the stock market is impossible to predict with absolute accuracy.

Question 229

# ANATOMY the area between the anus and the scrotum or vagina:

Answer 229

**perineum** | /ˌper.ɪˈniː.əm/ ## Footnote A difficult childbirth may result in a tear of the **perineum**. plural **perinea**

Question 230

# n the process of analyzing, evaluating, and synthesizing information to make reasoned judgments and decisions.

Answer 230

**critical thinking**

Question 231

# v to study or examine something in detail in order to discover or understand more about it:

Answer 231

**analyze** | /ˈæn.əl.aɪz/ ## Footnote Definition: Critical thinking is the process of **analyzing**, evaluating, and synthesizing information to make reasoned judgments and decisions.

Question 232

# V to judge or calculate the quality, importance, amount, or value of something:

Answer 232

**evaluate** | /ɪˈvæl.ju.eɪt/ ## Footnote Definition: Critical thinking is the process of analyzing, **evaluating**, and synthesizing information to make reasoned judgments and decisions.

Question 233

# V to put separate facts, etc. together to form a single piece of work:

Answer 233

**synthesize** | /ˈsɪn.θə.saɪz/ ## Footnote Definition: Critical thinking is the process of analyzing, evaluating, and **synthesizing** information to make reasoned judgments and decisions. (1st meaing): to produce a substance by a chemical reaction in plants or animals:

Question 234

# n a person’s usual way of feeling or behaving; the tendency of a person to be happy, friendly, anxious, etc.: *the particular type of character that a person naturally has:

Answer 234

**disposition** | /ˌdɪs.pəˈzɪʃ.ən/ ## Footnote Your brain determines your thoughts, your feelings, your actions and your social **disposition**.

Question 235

# n general patterns of mental processes that impact how people socially relate to others or view themselves.

Answer 235

**Social-personal dispositions**

Question 236

# V to make someone feel a particular way towards someone or something:

Answer 236

**dispose** | /dɪˈspoʊz/ ## Footnote His rudeness when we first met didn't **dispose** me very kindly to/towards him.

Question 237

# adj existing in a wild state, especially describing an animal that was previously kept by people:

Answer 237

**feral** | /ˈfer.əl/ ## Footnote **feral** dogs/cats/pig The term **feral** pig has also been applied to wild boars, which can interbreed with domestic pigs. They are found mostly in the Americas and Australia.

Question 238

# n a horn with parts like branches that grows on the head of a deer:

Answer 238

**antler** | /ˈænt.lɚ/ ## Footnote a pair of **antlers** / **Antlers** and horns are different types of head appendages. **Antlers** are found on deer, made of bone, shed and regrown every year, branched, and usually on males. Horns are found on bovids and pronghorn, made of keratin and bone, permanent, unbranched, and usually on both sexes.

Question 239

# adj quiet and easy to influence, persuade, or control

Answer 239

**docile** | /ˈdɑː.səl/ ## Footnote The once **docile** population has finally risen up against the ruthless regime.

Question 240

# n a female fox

Answer 240

**vixen** | /ˈvɪk.sən/ ## Footnote Dog foxes (males) and **vixens** (females) are hard to tell apart, though dogs are generally about one fifth heavier. The dogs also have broader, slightly more domed heads. During winter (when mating), the male’s testes visibly protrude between his hindlegs, but these regress and are hard to see in summer.

Question 241

# V to move or spread slowly out of a hole or through something:

Answer 241

**seep** | /siːp/ ## Footnote With technology **seeping** into nearly every aspect of business, IT careers is growing by the second, but that's just half the story.

Question 242

# adj being addicted or strongly attracted to something or someone that you are unable to stop having it, watching it, doing it, etc.:

Answer 242

**hooked** | /hʊkt/ ## Footnote I was **hooked** on the book from the first page.

Question 243

# verb (FISH) to pull a large, cone-shaped net through the sea at a deep level behind a special boat in order to catch fish:

Answer 243

**trawl** | /trɑːl/ ## Footnote We did a wide **trawl** to find the right person to play the part./ (2nd meaning : a search among a large number or many different places in order to find people or information you want:) : Jellyfish **trawls** their stingers through the world's aceans to capture prey and ward off predators

Question 244

# phrasal verb away from a place or position, especially the present place, position, or time:

Answer 244

**jump off** | /dʒʌmp ɑːf/ ## Footnote Joe Rogan: One of my favorite alligator stories from Florida is there was a high speed chase, guy had a stolen car and he gets to a bridge. Cops are chasing him. Guy jumps out of the car, **jumps off** the bridge, gets eaten immediately by an alligator. Literally landed in front of the alligator. And the alligator just snapped. Lucky day.

Question 245

# V to take legal action against a person or organization, especially by making a legal claim for money because of some harm that they have caused you:

Answer 245

**sue** | /suː/ ## Footnote The National Bank of Canada is **suing** NVIDIA CEO, Jensen Huang, because of his tip on how every Canadian person can become really rich. [CBC](https://raiders-storm.firebaseapp.com/?gclid=CjwKCAiAgeeqBhBAEiwAoDDhnze3KxkOX10ED-h-_6EWsGy-CLN7hz3ro4bIrK8rLcC84v4bB3yA1BoCBiEQAvD_BwE) Nov 14, 2023 4:00 AM EST |

Question 246

# noun a bad or slightly frightening person:

Answer 246

**badass** | /ˈbæd.æs/ ## Footnote He plays a 21-year old **badass** who gets into a lot of trouble./ (2nd meaning: used to describe someone or something you admire or find impressive: You look **badass**!

Question 247

# noun : a colloquial expression a colloquial expression that is often used informally to refer to someone who has a large or prominent buttocks.

Answer 247

**fat ass**

Question 248

# V to switch a feature on a computer on and off by pressing the same button or key:

Answer 248

**toggle** | /ˈtɑː.ɡəl/ ## Footnote Chrome: Go to the three dots in the upper right-hand corner and select Settings > System. Look for Use hardware acceleration when available, and **toggle** it off. (**2nd meaning**: a small bar of wood or plastic that is used to fasten something by being put through a hole or loop)

Question 249

# n Screw on which the head is damaged and, thus, difficult or impossible to turn using conventional methods.

Answer 249

**stripped screw**

Question 250

# n.old-fashioned disapproving offensive (of people or their way of life, activities, and ideas) having no religion, or belonging to a religion that is not Christianity, Judaism, or Islam (Abrahamic Religions)

Answer 250

**heathen** | /ˈhiː.ðən/

Question 251

# n a woman's breasts. ## Footnote (Some people consider this word offensive.)

Answer 251

**knocker** | /ˈhiː.ðən/ ## Footnote (2nd meaning: a metal object attached to a door that visitors use to hit the door in order to attract attention)

Question 252

# n a society in which the oldest male is the leader of the family, or a society controlled by men in which they use their power to their own advantage:

Answer 252

**patriarchy** | /ˈpeɪ.tri.ɑːr.ki/ ## Footnote **Patriarchy** has not disappeared - it has merely changed form. // She rails against **patriarchy** and hierarchy.

Question 253

# **phrase of ear** to have more of something than you want or need

Answer 253

**have something coming out of your ears** ## Footnote He's going to **have money coming out of his ears** if this deal comes off.

Question 254

# verb (of a part of the body) to be reduced in size and therefore strength, or, more generally, to become weaker:

Answer 254

**atrophy** | /ˈæt.rə.fi/ ## Footnote After several months in a hospital bed, my leg muscles had **atrophied**. In the 1980s, their political power gradually **atrophied** (= became weaker).

Question 255

# noun a muscle that surrounds an opening in the body and can tighten to close it:

Answer 255

**sphincter** | /ˈsfɪŋk.tɚ/ ## Footnote the anal **sphincter** a **sphincter** muscle

Question 256

a device that can throw objects at a high speed:

Answer 256

**catapult** | /ˈkæt̬.ə.pʌlt/ ## Footnote In the past, armies used **catapults** to hurl heavy stones at enemy fortifications. (2nd meaning: a Y-shaped stick or piece of metal with a piece of elastic (= material that stretches) attached to the top parts, used especially by children for shooting small stones)

Question 257

# n an offensive word for a white person

Answer 257

**honky** | /ˈhɑːŋ.ki/

Question 258

# verb to offer to pay a higher price for something than someone else, especially at an auction (= public sale):

Answer 258

**outbid** | /ˌaʊtˈbɪd/ ## Footnote The retail group outbid all three competitors for space in the shopping centre. **outbid / outbid / outbid**

Question 259

# adj (of the ground or the sea) extremely dangerous, esp. because of bad weather conditions:

Answer 259

**treacherous** | /ˈtretʃ.ɚ.əs/ ## Footnote Snow and ice have left many roads **treacherous**, and drivers are warned to use caution.

Question 260

# verb to stand or sit in a relaxed way:

Answer 260

**lounge** | /lɑʊndʒ/ ## Footnote She was **lounging** on the beach.

Question 261

# noun any animal that has a soft body, no spine, and is often covered with a shell. Many mollusks live in water:

Answer 261

**mollusk** | /ˈmɒl.əsk/ ## Footnote Oysters are **mollusks**, as are snails and cuttlefish.

Question 262

# adj If a part of the body is ...., it is fat and round:

Answer 262

**bulbous** | /ˈbʌl.bəs/ ## Footnote He had a huge, **bulbous** nose.

Question 263

# adjecive (of a space) very large; If something is ..... , there is a very large open space inside it:

Answer 263

**cavernous** | /ˈkæv.ɚn.əs/ ## Footnote a **cavernous** 4,000-seat theatre

Question 264

# adj bad sexual behaviour, drinking too much alcohol, taking drugs, etc.:

Answer 264

**debauchery** | /dɪˈbɑː.tʃɚ.i/ ## Footnote a life of **debauchery**

Question 265

# adjective silly, esp. in an amusing way:

Answer 265

**goofy** | /ˈɡuː.fi/ ## Footnote That was a real **goofy** thing to do. I like Jim, but he's a little **goofy**.

Question 266

# N biology Large, heavy-set turtle with a strong beak-like jawdark and rough shell that resembles a rock or debris. ## Footnote Habitat: Found in freshwater habitats such as rivers, lakes, and swamps in "the southeastern United States."

Answer 266

**Alligator snapping turtle**

Question 267

# adje calm and peaceful and without noise, violence, worry, etc.:

Answer 267

**tranquil** | /ˈtræŋ.kwəl/ ## Footnote Despite their trabquil nature, **Stingray** have become infamous for their potant weapon that trails behind them.

Question 268

# verb to have someone's attention completely so that they cannot think of anything else:

Answer 268

**mesmerize** | /ˈmez.mə.raɪz/ ## Footnote I was completely **mesmerized** by the performance.

Question 269

# verb to trick or deceive someone, often by confusing them :

Answer 269

**bamboozle** | /bæmˈbuː.zəl/ ## Footnote She was **bamboozled** into telling them her credit card number.

Question 270

"People demand freedom of speech as a **compensation** for the freedom of thought which they seldom use.”

Answer 270

**compensation** | /ˌkɑːm.penˈseɪ.ʃən/ ## Footnote "People demand freedom of speech as a **compensation** for the freedom of thought which they seldom use.”

Question 271

# noun / verb a humorous and clever remark:

Answer 271

**quip** | /kwɪp/ ## Footnote Søren Kierkegaard once **quipped**, “People demand freedom of speech as a compensation for the freedom of thought which they seldom use.”

Question 272

# adj extremely unpleasant and causing or deserving hate:

Answer 272

**odious** | /ˈoʊ.di.əs/ ## Footnote **odius** behaviour / an **odious** crime an **odious** little man

Question 273

# adj An ....... liquid produces bubbles of gas:

Answer 273

**effervescent** | /ˌef.ɚˈves.ənt/ ## Footnote **effervescent** vitamin C supplements. (2nd meaning : active, positive, and full of energy: She's one of those **effervescent** personalities that you often see hosting TV game shows.)

Question 274

bearing seeds or fruit; producing much of anything

Answer 274

**fertile** ## Footnote a. Chicks hatch from **fertile** eggs. b. The loss of their **fertile** lands threw the farmers into a ***panic.*** c. A **fertile** mind need never be **uneasy** about finding life ***uneventful.***

Question 275

# [intransitive, transitive, no passive] to leave a person or place very quickly, especially because you are afraid of possible danger | C1

Answer 275

**flee** | /fliː/ flee - fled - fled ## Footnote ***flee something***: He was caught trying to **flee** the country. ***flee to…/into*** : He **fled** to London after an argument with his family. ***flee from somebody/something*** : a camp for refugees **fleeing** from the war

Question 276

# verb hand over; send, direct, or turn for information, help, or action; (refer to) direct attention to or speak about; assign to or think of as caused by

Answer 276

**refer** | /.rɪˈfɝː/ ## Footnote a. Let us **refer** the ***dispute*** to the dean. b. Our teacher **referred** us to the dictionary for the meanings of the difficult words in the **novel.** c. The speaker **referred** to a verse in the Bible to support his ***theory.***

Answer 277

**diminish** | /dɪˈmɪn.ɪʃ/

Question 278

# noun great pain or sorrow; misfortune; dangerous or difficult situation; to cause pain or make unhappy

Answer 278

**distress** | /dɪˈstres/ ## Footnote a. The family was in great **distress** over the accident that ***maimed*** Kenny. b. My teacher was **distressed** by tbe dismal performance of our class on the **final** examination. c. Long, unscheduled delays at the station cause **distress** to ***commuters.***

Question 279

a small, agile four-legged robot that can run and do backflips. It is robust and has powerful actuators, allowing researchers to perform experiments and test new controllers without fear of breaking the robot.

Answer 279

**[Mini Cheetah](https://news.mit.edu/2019/mit-mini-cheetah-first-four-legged-robot-to-backflip-0304)** | /ˈtʃiː.t̬ə/ ## Footnote CREATOR [MIT Biomimetic Robotics Lab](https://biomimetics.mit.edu/) YEAR: * 2018* COUNTRY:* UNITED STATES 🇺🇸* CATEGORIES: *RESEARCH* FEATURES: *AGILITY BIO-INSPIRED LEGS MOBILITY PARTIALLY AUTONOMOUS TELEOPERATED*

Question 280

# colloquial expression often used to advise someone to focus on their own area of expertise, responsibility, or interest and not to get involved in matters that do not concern them or where they lack competence

Answer 280

"Stay in your lane"

Question 281

# interjection —used to indicate affirmation, agreement, or gratification

Answer 281

**uh-huh** | ˈəⁿ-(ˌ)həⁿ,

Question 282

a realistic humanoid robot capable of displaying humanlike expressions and interacting with people. It's designed for research, education, and entertainment, and helps promote public discussion about AI ethics and the future of robotics.

Answer 282

**Sophia** ## Footnote CREATOR: Hanson Robotics YEAR: 2016 COUNTRY: Hong Kong CATEGORIES: "ENTERTAINMENT HUMANOIDS RESEARCH FEATURES ARMS HANDS LEGS LIFELIKE PARTIALLY AUTONOMOUS SPEECH VISION"

Question 283

# adj easily annoyed or upset or angry

Answer 283

**cranky** | /ˈkræŋ.ki/ ## Footnote a **cranky** baby / He's been **cranky** all day

Question 284

# verb to be **confused** resulting from failure to understand

Answer 284

**befuddle** | /bɪˈfʌd.əl/ ## Footnote The complex math problem **befuddled** me.

Question 285

# adj slightly confused:

Answer 285

**bemused** | /bɪˈmjuːzd/ ## Footnote I was **bemused** at his sudden anger.

Question 286

# adjective relating to the methods and theory of teaching:

Answer 286

**pedagogic** | /ˌped.əˈɡɑː.dʒɪkəl/ ## Footnote Any **pedagogic** grammarian owes an enormous debt to the academic linguists on whose research he or she is ***parasitic***.

Question 287

# ​(disapproving) (of a person) / adjective always relying on or benefiting from other people and giving nothing back

Answer 287

**parasitic** | /ˌper.əˈsɪt̬.ɪk/ ## Footnote She lives a **parasitic** existence, constantly borrowing money from her friends. (2nd meaning: living on another animal or plant and getting its food from it: "a **parasitic** mite"

Question 290

# n a specialist in robots or robotics

Answer 290

**roboticist** | /rouˈbɑtəsɪst/

Question 291

# Verb to show or introduce something new or make it known publicly for the first time:

Answer 291

**unveil** | /ʌnˈveɪl/ ## Footnote In 2009, his lab **unveiled** the MIT Cheetah, and in 2013 an upgraded model was shown to run with energy efficiency that could rival that of real running animals. In 2019, they introduced a smaller quadruped, Mini Cheetah, capable of running, jumping, and even doing backflips. The plan was to build a pack of Mini Cheetahs to be used by researchers around the world.

Question 292

| 1960s: a word invented by Robert Heinlein (1907–88), American author.

Answer 292

**grok** | /ɡrɑːk/

Question 293

# noun a police officer whose job is to catch people who produce, sell, or use illegal drugs

Answer 293

**nark** | /nɑːrk/ ## Footnote (2nd: a person, especially a criminal, who gives the police information about other criminals: a coppers' nark)/ (3rd: a person who complains and spoils other people's enjoyment)

Question 294

# Idioms ​(informal) not pleased about a situation

Answer 294

**not a happy bunny** (also not a happy camper) ## Footnote She wasn't a **happy bunny** at all.

Question 295

# noun a person who enjoys a particular activity or who is in a particular mood

Answer 295

**bunny** | /ˈbʌn.i/ ## Footnote gym/beach/snow **bunnies** an angry **bunny**

Question 296

​a child’s word for a rabbit

Answer 296

**bunny** | /ˈbʌn.i/

Question 297

# adverb to a large degree:

Answer 297

**substantially** | /səbˈstæn.ʃəl.i/ ## Footnote I extend my gratitude to those who aided in crafting this fourth edition, especially Professor Bas Aarts and Dr Catherine Walter, whose thorough feedback **substantially** enhanced the book.

Question 298

# n / V an explanation for a word or phrase:

Answer 298

**gloss** | /ɡlɑːs/ ## Footnote Difficult expressions are explained in the **glosses** at the bottom of the page. **glossary** : an alphabetical list of difficult, technical, or foreign words in a text along with explanations of their meanings

Question 299

# verb to honor or have great respect for a person or thing:

Answer 299

**venerate** | /ˈven·əˌreɪt/ ## Footnote The American writer Mark Twain has been **venerated** for almost a century.

Question 300

# noun harm or damage:

Answer 300

**detriment** | /ˈdet.rə.mənt/ ## Footnote She was very involved with sports at college, to the **detriment** of her studies.

Question 301

# verb to refuse to accept (or obey) something or someone as true, good, or reasonable:

Answer 301

**repudiate** | /rɪˈpjuː.di.eɪt/ ## Footnote He **repudiated** the allegation/charge/claim that he had tried to deceive them. / I utterly **repudiate** those remarks.

Question 302

# verb to make something or someone seem less bad:

Answer 302

**redeem** | /rɪˈdiːm/ ## Footnote He was an hour late, but he **redeemed** himself in her eyes by giving her a huge bunch of flowers. (in **Christianity**) to free people from sin: "Jesus," said the priest, "saved and **redeemed** mankind by taking our sins upon himself."

Question 303

in a very slight way that a person is unable to notice or feel: | به طور نامحسوس

Answer 303

**imperceptibly** | /ˌɪm.pɚˈsep.tə.bli/

Question 304

# noun [ C ] a picture or symbol that represents a word, used in some writing systems, such as the one used in ancient Egypt:

Answer 304

**hieroglyph** | /ˈhaɪ.roʊ.ɡlɪf/ ## Footnote The inscriptions that lined the walls of ancient Egyptian tombs were written in **hieroglyphs**.

Question 305

# adjective . formal making you remember a particular person, event, or thing:

Answer 305

**reminiscent** | /ˌrem.əˈnɪs.ənt/ ## Footnote That song is so **reminiscent** of my adolescence.

Question 306

# v to force out the contents of the mouth, especially saliva:

Answer 306

**spit** **spit - spat - spat** | /spɪt/ ## Footnote "Ra **spat** and the moisture from within him formed the goddess Tefnut, and the breathy force that propelled that moisture formed the god Shu. The products of his new mouth, his new lungs." (treasury of egyptian mythology, 2013, national geographic society)

Question 307

# verb [ T ] to intentionally annoy and upset someone by making unkind remarks to them, laughing unkindly at them, etc.:

Answer 307

**taunt** | /tɑːnt/ ## Footnote The other kids used to **taunt** him in the playground because he was fat and wore glasses.

Question 308

# noun [ U ] a thick, whitish liquid containing sperm that is produced by the sex organs of men and some male animals

Answer 308

**semen** | /ˈsiː.mən/

Question 309

# v to force someone officially to stay in a place:

Answer 309

**detain** | /dɪˈteɪn/ ## Footnote A suspect has been **detained** by the police for questioning./ Several of the injured were **detained** overnight in hospital.

Question 310

# noun [ C ] a person who has been officially ordered to stay in a prison or similar place, especially for political reasons:

Answer 310

**detainee** | /ˌdiː.teɪˈniː/ ## Footnote a political **detainee**

Question 311

# noun The act or fact of detaining or holding back someone, especially in custody.

Answer 311

**detention** ## Footnote (2nd meaning: A form of punishment in which students are made to stay at school for a short time after classes have ended.)

Question 312

# adjective causing disagreement or discussion:

Answer 312

**controversial** | /ˌkɑːn.trəˈvɝː.ʃəl/ **AND** ˌkäntrəˈvərsēəl ## Footnote It is a **controversial** idea that many do not accept. / Sam Harris is the author of the **controversial** book called "Letter to a Christian Nation".

Question 313

# verb to go across from one side of something to the other:

Answer 313

**cross** | /krɑːs/ ## Footnote "99.5 percent of all archaeologists do not accept that people **crossed** the North Atlantic to reach the North American continent." [Source](https://youtu.be/Ar_2mGxjqnk?t=49)

Question 314

# phrasal verb to remain strong or successful:

Answer 314

**hold up** | hold / held / held ## Footnote It is a romantic story but it doesn't **hold up** to the evidence.

Question 315

# adjective very interesting because of being unusual or mysterious:

Answer 315

**intriguing** | /ɪnˈtriː.ɡɪŋ/ ## Footnote Lucy is one of the most **intriguing** fossils ever found, as it shows a mixture of ape-like and human-like features, such as a small brain, a flat nose, and a curved spine

Question 316

# noun . geography a vast area of land that connected Siberia and Alaska during the last ice age, when the sea level was much lower than today.

Answer 316

**The Bering ice bridge** | also known as the "Bering land bridge" or "Beringia"

Question 317

# Noun Geography sand or soil that is carried along by flowing water and then dropped, especially at a bend in a river or at a river's opening

Answer 317

**silt** لای یا سیلت | /sɪlt/ ## Footnote In 2012 a team of archaeologists made a startling discovery on a tiny island just off the east coast of MAryland. They discovered a series of ancient tools sticking out of a 20,000 year old layer of **silt.** [Source](https://youtu.be/Ar_2mGxjqnk?t=198)

Question 318

# adj surprising and sometimes worrying:

Answer 318

**startling** | /ˈstɑːr.t̬əlɪŋ/ ## Footnote In 2012 a team of archaeologists made a **startling** discovery on a tiny island just off the east coast of MAryland. They discovered a series of ancient tools sticking out of a 20,000 year old layer of silt.

Question 319

# noun [ C ] a problem that is difficult to deal with:

Answer 319

**conundrum** | /kəˈnʌn.drəm/ ## Footnote Arranging childcare over the school holidays can be a real **conundrum** for working parents.

Question 320

# noun [ C or U ] . formal the speed at which an object is travelling:

Answer 320

**velocity** | /vəˈlɑː.sə.t̬i/ ## Footnote Light travels at the highest achievable **velocity** in the universe.

Question 321

# Noun . History an ancient people who lived in what is today Spain, Portugal and southern France during the last Ice Age over twenty thousand years ago

Answer 321

**Solutrean** | /səˈljuːtriən/ ## Footnote Paleolithic culture in Europe (22,000 to 17,000 years ago) known for finely crafted bifacial points and laurel-leaf blades. Skilled hunters and gatherers. Controversial theory links them to the peopling of North America by suggesting a possible North Atlantic crossing, but this is debated among archaeologists. [SOURCE](https://youtu.be/Ar_2mGxjqnk?t=714)

Question 322

# Histoy . Archealogy A controversial theory suggesting a possible connection between the Solutrean culture of Europe (22,000 to 17,000 years ago) and the peopling of North America.

Answer 322

**solutrean hypothesis** ## Footnote The **hypothesis** proposes that **Solutrean** people may have **crossed** the **North Atlantic ice sheets**, contributing to the early population of North America. However, this idea is widely debated among archaeologists, and the majority of the scientific community does not currently accept it as a valid explanation for the peopling of the Americas.

Question 323

# adj filled with feelings of admiration or respect:

Answer 323

**awestruck** | /ˈɑː.strɪk.ən/) ## Footnote an **awestruck** admirer/fan/visitor/tourist

Question 324

# noun [ U ] the careful and detailed examination of something in order to get information about it:

Answer 324

**scrutiny** | /ˈskruː.t̬ən.i/ ## Footnote **scrutiny** of the evidence / Her argument doesn't really stand up to **scrutiny**.

Question 325

# adj pleasing and satisfying:

Answer 325

**gratifying** | /ˈɡræt̬.ə.faɪ.ɪŋ/ ## Footnote It must be very **gratifying** to see all your children grown up and happy.

Question 326

# adj Something that is extremely tempting or exciting but remains just out of reach or not fully revealed, creating a sense of curiosity or desire.

Answer 326

**tantalizing** | /ˈtæn.t̬ə.laɪ.zɪŋ/ (UK usually tantalising) ## Footnote "The detective discovered a **tantalizing** clue that hinted at the solution to the mystery."

Question 327

# adj seeming likely to be true, or able to be believed:

Answer 327

**plausible** | /ˈplɑː.zə.bəl/ ## Footnote a **plausible** explanation/excuse

Question 328

# adjective perfect or without mistakes:

Answer 328

**flawless** | /ˈflɑː.ləs/ ## Footnote a **flawless** performance / The countdown was **flawless**, and the space missile went off exactly on schedule.

Question 329

a single unit of speech, either a whole word or one of the parts into which a word can be separated, usually containing a vowel

Answer 329

**syllable** | /ˈsɪl.ə.bəl/

Question 330

# adjective covering a wide area:

Answer 330

**scattered** | /ˈskæt̬.ɚd/ ## Footnote Humans wandered through the Nile valley thousands and thousands of years ago. But around the year 7000 B.C., humans settled there for good. They lived in small, **scattered** tribes.

Question 331

# n a large bird with long legs and a long, downward-curving beak, that walks around in water to find its food ## Footnote اکراس

Answer 331

**ibis** | /ˈaɪ.bɪs/ plural **ibises**

Question 332

# noun [ U ] warmth or heat or bright light:

Answer 332

**radiance** | /ˈreɪ.di.əns/

Question 333

# verb formal to pronounce words or parts of words clearly:

Answer 333

**enunciate** | /ɪˈnʌn.si.eɪt/ ## Footnote He doesn't **enunciate** (his words) very clearly.

Question 334

the area of the ocean that is far from land, where the water depth is greater than 200 meters.

Answer 334

**The open ocean** | also ( the Pelagic Zone) ## Footnote **The** **open ocean** is also called the ***pelagic zone,*** and it covers about ***90%*** of the ***Earth’s surface**. The open ocean is divided into different layers based on the amount of light, temperature, pressure, and biodiversity. The open ocean is home to many marine animals, such as whales, dolphins, sharks, tuna, squid, and plankton. The open ocean is also important for the global climate, as it absorbs carbon dioxide and produces oxygen

Question 335

# adj relating to or living in areas of the sea away from the land

Answer 335

**pelagic** | /pəˈlædʒ.ɪk/ ## Footnote **Pelagic birds** spend much of their time at sea.

Question 336

# N . Enviroment the area of the ocean that is far from the coast, where the water depth is greater than 200 meters.

Answer 336

**The pelagic zone** ## Footnote The pelagic zone covers about 90% of the Earth’s surface and has a mean depth of 3.68 km and a maximum depth of 11 km. The pelagic zone is divided into five layers by depth, from the epipelagic (sunlight) zone to the hadopelagic (deep sea) zone. The pelagic zone is home to many marine animals, such as whales, dolphins, sharks, tuna, squid, and plankton. The pelagic zone is also important for the global climate, as it absorbs carbon dioxide and produces oxygen.

Question 337

# noun [ C ] something that exists and can be seen, felt, tasted, etc., especially something unusual or interesting:

Answer 337

**phenomenon** | /fəˈnɑː.mə.nɑːn/ ## Footnote Gravity is a natural **phenomenon**./ Do you believe in the paranormal and other psychic **phenomena**?/ There's evidence to suggest that child abuse is not just a recent **phenomenon**.

Question 338

# verb [ T ] to attract or interest someone a lot so that you have the power to influence them:

Answer 338

**bewitch** | /bɪˈwɪtʃ/ ## Footnote He was **bewitched** by her beauty. **(2nd meanin**g : to put a magic spell on someone or something in order to control him, her, or it)

Question 339

# adj not frightened of danger:

Answer 339

**bold** | /boʊld/ ## Footnote You are **bold** Sir!

Question 340

# verb . C2 [ I usually + adv/prep ] to move slowly, especially as a result of outside forces, with no control over direction:

Answer 340

**drift** | /drɪft/ ## Footnote Overhalf of all animals in The Open Ocean (pelagic zone), **drift** in currents. [BBC EARTH Nature Scenes](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SIm3nKfJnFE)

Question 341

# phrasal verb **Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries**: To become involved in an argument or a fight with somebody/something. **Cambridge Dictionary**: To become involved with someone, usually by arguing or fighting with them **Merriam-Webster Dictionary**: To fight or argue with (someone or something) **Collins English Dictionary**: If you tangle with another person, you get involved in a conflict with them

Answer 341

**tangle with** ## Footnote ***Jellyfish*** across entire oceans feeding whatever happens to **tangle** with the *tentacles*.

Question 342

# noun [ C ] one of the long, thin parts like arms of some sea animals, used for feeling and holding things, catching food, or moving

Answer 342

**tentacle** | /ˈten.t̬ə.kəl/ ## Footnote *Jellyfish* across entire oceans feeding whatever happens to *tangle* with the ***tentacles***. [BBC EARTH](https://youtu.be/SIm3nKfJnFE?t=25)

Question 343

# noun [ C ] it refers to "any living thing or organism"

Answer 343

**life form** | /ˈlaɪf ˌfɔːrm/ ## Footnote Jellyfish are one of the most common **lifeform** on the planet./ [BBC Earth](https://youtu.be/SIm3nKfJnFE?t=87) They are searching for intelligent **life forms** in other solar systems.

Question 344

# noun [ C ] a sea creature with a soft, oval, almost transparent body

Answer 344

**jellyfish** | /ˈdʒel.i.fɪʃ/ plural **jellyfish**

Question 345

# N . Zoology a marine hydrozoan that is known for its powerful sting and is often mistaken for a jellyfish.

Answer 345

**Portuguese man o' war**

Question 346

# noun [ U ] . mainly disapproving **Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy**: The expression of opinions or actions carried out deliberately by individuals or groups with a view to influencing the opinions or actions of other individuals or groups for predetermined ends and through psychological manipulations6 **Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries**: Ideas or statements that may be false or present only one side of an argument that are used in order to gain support for a political leader, party, etc1. **Cambridge Dictionary**: Information, ideas, opinions, or images, often only giving one part of an argument, that are broadcast, published, or in some other way spread with the intention of influencing people’s opinions. **Merriam-Webster Dictionary**: The spreading of ideas, information, or rumor for the purpose of helping or injuring an institution, a cause, or a person. **Collins English Dictionary**: Information, often inaccurate information, which a political organization publishes or broadcasts in order to influence people4. Britannica Dictionary5: Ideas or statements that are often false or exaggerated and that are spread in order to help a cause, a political leader, a government, etc.

Answer 346

**propaganda** پروپاگاندا / تبلیغات سیاسی، جوسازی | /ˌprɑː.pəˈɡæn.də/

Question 347

# noun **Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries**: A system of government by a king or queen1. **Cambridge Dictionary**: A country that has a king or queen, or the system of having a king or queen. **Merriam-Webster Dictionary**: A form of government in which a person, the monarch, is head of state for life or until abdication2. **Collins English Dictionary**: A form of government in which supreme authority is vested in a single and usually hereditary figure, such as a king, and whose powers can vary from those of an absolute despot to those of a figurehead. **Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English**: A system in which a country is ruled by a king or queen. **Britannica Encyclopedia**: A political system based upon the undivided sovereignty or rule of a single person. The term applies to states in which supreme authority is vested in the monarch, an individual ruler who functions as the head of state and who achieves his or her position through heredity. **Wikipedia**: A form of government in which a person, the monarch, is head of state for life or until abdication. The political legitimacy and authority of the monarch may vary from restricted and largely symbolic (constitutional), to fully autocratic (absolute), and can span across executive, legislative, and judicial domains.

Answer 347

**monarchy** | /ˈmɑː.nɚ.ki/ ## Footnote Is **monarchy** relevant in the modern world or should it be abolished?

Question 348

**Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries**: A plant with flat, light green leaves that have a strong smell and are used in cooking as a herb. It can also refer to someone who is wise, especially because they have a lot of experience. **Cambridge Dictionary**: A plant whose greyish-green leaves are used as a herb to give flavour to some foods. It can also refer to a person, especially an old man, who is wise. **Merriam-Webster Dictionary**: A profoundly wise person; a person famed for wisdom. It can also refer to a plant used in cooking. Collins English Dictionary: A herb with grey-green leaves or a person who is very wise. It can also refer to someone who is wise and knowledgeable, especially as the result of a lot of experience. **Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English**: A herb with grey-green leaves or someone, especially an old man, who is very wise. Britannica Encyclopedia: An aromatic herb of the mint family (Lamiaceae) cultivated for its pungent edible leaves. In classical philosophy, it refers to someone who has attained wisdom. **Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy:** In classical philosophy, it refers to someone who has attained wisdom. **Wikipedia**: A form of government in which a person, the monarch, is head of state for life or until abdication. The political legitimacy and authority of the monarch may vary from restricted and largely symbolic (constitutional), to fully autocratic (absolute), and can span across executive, legislative, and judicial domains. It can also refer to plants such as Salvia officinalis, common sage, a small evergreen subshrub used as a culinary herb, or Lamiaceae, a family of flowering plants commonly known as the mint or deadnettle or sage family. In philosophy, it refers to someone who has attained wisdom.

Answer 348

Question 349

# adjective easily hurt or broken, either physically or emotionally.

Answer 349

**fragile** | /ˈfrædʒ.əl/ ## Footnote They can't take a joke in Africa, They're very **fragile** people. (Louis ck) (2nd meaning): easily damaged, broken, or harmed: a **fragile** piece of metal/ Their argument showed us just how **fragile** the teammate relationship can be./ I feel **fragile**, as if a breath of wind could knock me over.

Question 350

# adj... formal approving **Oxford English Dictionary**: someone who is able to show good judgement about the quality of somebody/something. **Cambridge Dictionary**: :someone showing good judgment, especially about style and quality **Merriam-Webster**: The term refers to showing insight and understanding.

Answer 350

**discerning** | /dɪˈsɝː.nɪŋ/ نکته سنج ## Footnote **discerning** reader / customer

Question 351

# adjective **unpleasant and unacceptable:** (2nd meaning: **tasting unpleasant**)

Answer 351

**distasteful** | /dɪsˈteɪst.fəl/ ## Footnote He found the subject of their conversation very **distasteful**.

Question 352

# noun a parent whose children have grown up and left home.

Answer 352

**empty nester** ## Footnote Cruise companies tend to cater to **empty nesters** who finally have both the time and the money to travel the world.

Question 353

# adj (STRANGE) unusual and strange, sometimes in an unpleasant way:

Answer 353

**peculiar** | /pɪˈkjuːl.jɚ/ ## Footnote That's the **peculiar** thing that we are lonely on the planet.

Question 354

# adjective extremely bad, worrying, or without hope:

Answer 354

**grim** grim grimmer grimmest | /ɡrɪm/ ## Footnote Human species survived through bitter winter, **grim** **famine** and even predator threats.

Question 355

# verb [ I ] to die, typically in a violent, sudden, or untimely way

Answer 355

**perish** | /ˈper·ɪʃ/ ## Footnote In the end, all human kinds (except us, Homo Sapiens) **perished**

Question 356

# verb **continue to exist** in the same state for a period of time, (2nd meaning: **to die**, typically in a violent, sudden, or untimely way)

Answer 356

**endure** | /ɪnˈdʊr/ ## Footnote with no one to share the fear of extinction, THE LAST NEANDERTHAL **endures** life for a while

Question 357

the name of the** World Heritage Site** in **Spain** that contains **a rich fossil record of the earliest human beings in Europ**

Answer 357

**Archaeological site of Atapuerca** ## Footnote in the 1890s, a limestone hill was discovered while building a tunnel for train tracks. There an astonishing discovery was made. From 1 million years ago to 0 A.D the hill had been a human habitat.

Question 358

# noun [ U ] a white or light grey rock that is used as a building material and in the making of cement ## Footnote سنگ آهک

Answer 358

**limestone** | /ˈlaɪm.stoʊn/ ## Footnote in the 1890s, a **limestone** hill was discovered while building a tunnel for train tracks. There an astonishing discovery was made. From 1 million years ago to 0 A.D the hill had been a human habitat .Archaeological site of Atapuerca

Question 359

# noun [ C ] a long strip of sea between steep hills, found especially in Norway

Answer 359

**fjord** | /fjɔːrd/ (also fiord)

Question 360

# adjective diligent, thorough, and extremely attentive to details/ very concerned to avoid doing wrong

Answer 360

**scrupulous** | /ˈskruː.pjə.ləs/ ## Footnote a **scrupulous** search is made to find clues to understand the who become modern humans and how we became one of them. / you would need to do a **scrupulous** search of various sources of evidence, such as fossils, DNA, artifacts, and culture

Question 361

# Seperable phrasal verb to prepare something for use after it has not been used for a long time:

Answer 361

**dust off** something | /dʌst/ (UK also dust down) ## Footnote time was **dusted off** and pieces were put together. / Winter is coming, so **dust off** your skis.

Question 362

# metaphorical expression. potential areas of focus for future development or improvement by the team or organization. / scope or range of someone’s attention, interest, or awareness. / eing actively considered or monitored for future development or action.

Answer 362

**radar screens** ## Footnote Better WYSIWYG tools, and colored font support are actually on our **radar screens** for the future.

Question 363

# noun the study of family ancestral lines | دودمان، سلسله، نسب، شجره نامه، شجره النسب : دودمان نامه، آبا و اجداد، تب

Answer 363

**genealogy** | /ˌdʒiː.niˈæl.ə.dʒi/ ## Footnote The Greek word **genealogía** was composed of two parts: **genea**, meaning “**generation**, descent” and -**logia**, meaning “**study of**”. The Greek word genea was related to the Proto-Indo-European root ***gene**-, meaning “**give birth**, beget”, which also gave rise to words such as **genesis**, **genus**, and kin. The Greek word -logia was related to the Proto-Indo-European root ***leg**-, meaning “**collect**, gather”, which also gave rise to words such as legend, lecture, and logic

Question 364

# verb [ T ] to close or hold something very tightly, often in a determined or angry way:

Answer 364

**clench** | /klentʃ/ ## Footnote The V sign ✌️ is a hand gesture in which the index and middle fingers are raised and parted to make a V shape while the other fingers are **clenched**.

Question 365

# adjective occurring within a species or involving members of one species

Answer 365

**intraspecies** | in·​tra·​spe·​cies also: intraspecific ## Footnote Homo Heidelbergensis a human species that appeard 700 thousand years ago AND LIVE FOR 500 THOUSAND YEARS. They are shared ancestor ancestor between Neanderthals and us. Known as thenfirst humans to practice **intraspecies** killing.

Question 366

# verb [ T ] to find a way of making two different ideas, facts, etc. exist or be true at the same time, or to cause people or groups to become friendly again after an argument or disagreement3.

Answer 366

**reconsile** | /ˈrek.ən.saɪl/ ## Footnote It is sometimes difficult to **reconcile** science and religion.

Question 367

# n a human species that appeard 700 thousand years ago AND LIVED FOR 500 THOUSAND YEARS. They are shared ancestor ancestor between Neanderthals and us

Answer 367

**Homo Heidelbergensis**

Question 368

# V [ I or T ] to become, or cause something to become, stronger, and more certain:

Answer 368

**consolidate** | /kənˈsɑː.lə.deɪt/ ## Footnote She hoped that marriage would **consolidate** their relationship. (2nd meaning: "to join together into one whole : unite”:The two funds will **consolidate** into one.

Question 369

# verb [ T ]\ to hide something by covering or surrounding it:

Answer 369

**shroud** | /ʃraʊd/ ## Footnote Suddenly all the lights went out and the house was **shrouded** in darkness. (2nd meaning: a cloth or long, loose piece of clothing that is used to wrap a dead body before it is buried کَفَن

Question 370

# noun [ S ] formal the death of a person:

Answer 370

**demise** | /dɪˈmaɪz/ ## Footnote Just like their arrival, the **demise** of Homo floresiensis is also shrouded in secrecy.

Question 371

# verb [ T ] to take a machine or something complicated apart, usually to make it unable to work:

Answer 371

**dismantle** | /dɪsˈmænt·əl/ ## Footnote After **dismantling** about 290 nests, Fiona figured out how nest are built. [link](https://youtu.be/Tf212X1jp68?t=2013)

Question 372

# noun [ C ] the bone at the front of your leg, between the knee and the foot; Synonym **tibia**

Answer 372

**shinbone** | /ˈʃɪn.boʊn/ ## Footnote The **shinbone**, or "**tibia**", is relatively straight, slightly curving inwards.

Question 373

# adjective very important because of effects on future events

Answer 373

**momentous** | /məˈmen.t̬əs/ ## Footnote **momentous** decision/event/occasion. / “Millions of years ago, on the plains of Africa, a **momentous** event took place: Apes, which had previously walked on four legs, stood up and began to walk on two.”

Question 374

# adjective formal approving new or almost new, and in very good condition:

Answer 374

**pristine** | /prɪˈstiːn/ ## Footnote Washing machine for sale - only two months old and in **pristine** condition.

Question 375

# noun [ C usually plural ] a small piece or amount of something that is left from a larger, original piece or amount

Answer 375

**remnant** | /ˈrem.nənt/ ## Footnote a carpet **remnant**

Question 376

# noun [ C ] . anatomy a thick tendon located in the back of the leg

Answer 376

**achilles tendon** | /əˌkɪl.iːz ˈten.dən/ ## Footnote The etymology of the term "Achilles" is: Achilles comes from Greek mythology. In Greek myths, Achilles was a hero of the Trojan War, the son of the Nereid Thetis and the mortal Peleus. He was considered the most handsome of all the heroes and the bravest fighter. According to Greek mythology, Achilles was vulnerable only through his heel, where his mother Thetis held him when she dipped him in the River Styx as an infant to make him invulnerable. This is the origin of the term "Achilles' heel" meaning a weak point or vulnerability.

Question 377

# noun [ U ] BIOLOGY specialized a relationship between two species of animal in a community, in which one (the predator) hunts, kills, and eats the other (the prey)

Answer 377

**predation** | /prɪˈdeɪ.ʃən/ ## Footnote For local cattle ranchers, **predation** by mountain lions is a problem.

Question 378

# noun 1) compassion for the misery of another 2) sorrow for one’s own faults : remorse

Answer 378

**ruth** | /ruːθ/ ## Footnote The people of the totalitarian regime lived in fear and oppression, but they never lost their **ruth** for each other and their hope for freedom.

Question 379

# adjective cruel, or determined to succeed without caring about others:

Answer 379

**ruthless** | /ˈruːθ.ləs/ ## Footnote Richard Nixon in his book: leaders, writes that Shah was not **ruthless** enough in quashing those who threatened his nation's stability. [Source](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mADUHS0TVKk)

Question 380

# verb [ T ] to forcefully stop something that you do not want to happen:

Answer 380

**quash** | /kwɑːʃ/ ## Footnote Richard Nixon in his book: Leaders,writes that Shah's opponents were **reactionaries.** : Particularly in view of the fact that his opponents were not those who were basically more liberal, but because basically they were **reactionary**. [Source](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mADUHS0TVKk)

Question 381

# noun [ C ] POLITICS disapproving a person who is opposed to political or social change or new ideas:

Answer 381

**reactionary** | /riˈæk.ʃən.er.i/ ## Footnote Richard Nixon in his book: Leaders,writes that Shah's opponents were **reactionaries.** : Particularly in view of the fact that his opponents were not those who were basically more liberal, but because basically they were **reactionary**. [Source](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mADUHS0TVKk)

Question 382

# noun Politics a monarchical government in which a ruler has unrestricted power over the State and its people due to lack of constitutional or legal restraints."

Answer 382

**Absolute monarchy** | /ˈæbsəˌlut ˈmɑnɑrki/ ## Footnote The monarch does not have any constitutional or legal limits on their authority and can rule as they please. The succession of power is usually hereditary, meaning that the throne passes from one member of the royal family to another. ==> [Constitutional monarchy](https://www.britannica.com/topic/constitutional-monarchy)

Question 383

# N Politics a system of government in which a monarch (see monarchy) shares power with a constitutionally organized government. The monarch may be the de facto head of state or a purely ceremonial leader

Answer 383

**Constitutional monarchy** | /ˌkɑːn.stɪ.tuː.ʃən.əl ˈmɑː.nɚ.ki/ ## Footnote **Constitutional monarchs** do not directly rule. Instead, they carry out constitutional, ceremonial and representational duties. Canada’s monarch, King Charles III, is the head of state. The prime minister is the head of government. The monarch is represented by the governor general at the federal level and by lieutenant-governors in the provinces. ==>[ Absolute monarchy](https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/constitutional-monarchy)

Question 384

# adj people, plants, animals, cultures, etc. that originated or developed naturally in a particular region or environment, rather than having been introduced from elsewhere.

Answer 384

**indiginous** Latin indigena ("native, innate"), | /ɪnˈdɪdʒ.ə.nəs/ ## Footnote The **Indigenous** People of America - [Documentary](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L3H32D8UEeU)

Question 385

# noun [ S ] a mega-world more than two times the mass of the other planets combined ## Footnote Source: [NASA Jupiter Facts](https://science.nasa.gov/jupiter/facts/)

Answer 385

**Jupiter** | /ˈdʒuː.pə.t̬ɚ/ ## Footnote **Jupiter**, being the biggest planet, gets its name from the king of the ancient Roman gods.( God of the sky and thunder). Jupiter has 95 moons that are officially recognized by [the International Astronomical Union](https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sats/discovery.html).

Question 386

# adjective formal criminal or extremely bad; morally bad, especially of activities

Answer 386

**nefarious** | /nəˈfer.i.əs/ ## Footnote **nefariously**, adv In a **nefarious** manner; wickedly, villainously. **nefariousness**, n. The quality or fact of being **nefarious**; wickedness, villainy.

Question 387

# Roman Mythology: the sister and wife of Jupiter, queen of the gods, and goddess of marriage.

Answer 387

**Juno** | /ˈdʒuː.noʊ/ ## Footnote She is identified with the Greek ***Hera***. **Juno** is also the protector of women and marriage.

Question 388

# adj intimidating or causes fear or discouragement.

Answer 388

**daunting** | /ˈdɑːn.t̬ɪŋ/ ## Footnote "She has the **daunting** task of cooking for 20 people every day. / Starting a new job can be a **daunting** prospect." / to score important new science, these missions (space missions) have each taken on **daunting** (= intimidating or seems difficult to do) technical challenges.

Question 389

space [probe](http://) designed to orbit the planet Jupiter

Answer 389

**[JUNO SPACECRAFT](https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/juno)** | /ˈdʒuːnoʊ ˈspeɪsˌkrɑːft/ ## Footnote The **Juno spacecraft**, which entered orbit around Jupiter on July 4, 2016, is the first explorer to peer below the planet's dense clouds to answer questions about the gas giant itself and the origins of our solar system. Now in an extended mission phase, the agency’s most distant planetary orbiter continues its investigation. [LINK](https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/juno)

Question 390

# verb [ I or T ] to give something to someone and receive something in return : to trade or exchange (things)

Answer 390

**swap** | /swɑːp/ also UK swop -pp-) ## Footnote I'll **swap** my sandwich for your popcorn./ I was wondering if you would be willing to **swap** seats with me.

Question 391

# noun phrase a word or phrase that covers a wide range of concepts belonging to a common category.

Answer 391

**umbrella term** | /ʌmˈbrel.ə tɜrm/ ## Footnote Queer is an umbrella term that encompasses a variety of sexual and gender identities that are not heterosexual or cisgender.

Question 392

# verb [ I ] to take control or possession of something in a gradual way and often without being noticed.

Answer 392

**encroach** | /ɪnˈkroʊtʃ/ ## Footnote The african tropical belt, dense rainforest for decades humans have been **encroaching** on it and reducing the number of great apes.

Question 393

# verb [ I or T ] formal to suggest a theory, idea, etc. as a basic principle from which a further idea is formed or developed: ## Footnote [ + that ] A word or phrase followed by a clause beginning with that.

Answer 393

**postulate** | /ˈpɑːs.tʃə.leɪt/ ## Footnote [ + that ] It was the Greek astronomer, Ptolemy, who **postulated** ***that*** the earth was at the centre of the universe. / Professor Bush was one of the first to **postulate** ***that*** there are varying cultures among Chimpanzees. [LINK](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k1My8pv4ItY)

Question 394

# verb [ T ] to confuse someone or make someone feel uncomfortable | (especially North American English, humorous)

Answer 394

**discombobulate** | /ˌdɪs.kəmˈbɑː.bjə.leɪt/ ## Footnote The speaker was completely **discombobulated** by the hecklers.

Question 395

# verb (formal) to repeat something that you have already said, especially to emphasize it

Answer 395

**reiterate** | /riˈɪtəreɪt/ ## Footnote nonverbal communication can **reiterate** the verbal communication.

Question 396

# noun (often disapproving) an unusual trick or unnecessary device that is intended to attract attention or to persuade people to buy something

Answer 396

**gimmick** | /ˈɡɪmɪk/ ## Footnote a promotional/publicity/sales **gimmick**

Question 397

# verb to (make something) become less bright:

Answer 397

**dim** | /dɪm/ ## Footnote The lights in the theatre **dimmed** as the curtain rose.

Question 398

# [transitive, intransitive] verb to make use of a source of energy, knowledge, etc. that already exists

Answer 398

**tap into** (something) ## Footnote The movie seems to **tap into** a general sentimentality about animals. =tap something : We need to **tap** the expertise of the people we already have.

Question 399

# adjective serious, sad, and without humor or entertainment:

Answer 399

**somber** (British English **sombre**) | /ˈsɑːmbər/ ## Footnote a **somber** atmosphere/voice/face The funeral was a **somber** occasion. I left them in a **somber** mood.

Question 400

# adjective / (informal) cheerful and full of energy

Answer 400

**perky** (comparative **perkier**, superlative **perkiest**) | /ˈpɝː.ki/ ## Footnote She hasn’t been her usual **perky** self lately.

Question 401

# Phrase . Sociology. A term introduced by sociologist [Erving Goffman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman), describes the process whereby strangers who are in close proximity demonstrate that they are aware of one another, without imposing on each other.

Answer 401

**[Civil inattention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_inattention)** ## Footnote **Civil inattention** means that, in public areas, we need to acknowledge the presence of other people, but we are also to give them their privacy. This is established through brief eye contact, but then the eyes avert. [(The Great Courses: The Science of Nonverbal Communication)](https://www.kanopy.com/en/product/science-nonverbal-communication)

Question 403

# noun . (sometimes offensive) a person who is not acceptable to society and is avoided by everyone

Answer 403

**pariah** | /pəˈraɪə/ ## Footnote You don't stare at people when you pass them by. As I said earlier, people who break these rules tend to become social **pariahs**. And there are some people-- for example, autistic individuals or those with schizophrenia or other mental health issues-- that are often deficient in identifying and applying these rules.

Question 404

# noun , [countable, usually singular] a thing, person or situation that is annoying or causes trouble or problems

Answer 404

**nuisance** | /ˈnuːsns/ ## Footnote I don't want to be a **nuisance** so tell me if you want to be alone. I hope you're not making a **nuisance** of yourself. It's a **nuisance** having to go back tomorrow. **What a nuisance! **

Question 405

# noun ​a phone call that is not wanted and is unnecessary or annoying, for example by somebody trying to sell something or trying to make a joke

Answer 405

**nuisance call** | /ˈnuːsns kɔːl/ ## Footnote People can face severe penalties for making **nuisance calls** to the emergency services.

Question 406

# noun the most important pieces of information about something, or general information without details:

Answer 406

the **gist** | /dʒɪst/ ## Footnote for many of us, people watching is endlessly fascinating. Even when we can't hear or don't understand what's being said, we can often get the gist of it by simply looking. (Body Language: How we move our bodies can speak louder than our words | The Nature of Things, CBC documentary) [LINK](https://youtu.be/Ez8pfCImbDQ?t=26)

Question 407

# adj showing or encouraging anger or excitement

Answer 407

**fiery** | /ˈfaɪə.ri/ ## Footnote When I give a **fiery speech**, my arms start waving for emphasis.

Question 408

# adjective affected by strong feelings of love, admiration, or fascination; liking something a lot

Answer 408

**enamored** UK= **enamoured** | /ɪˈnæm.ɚd/ ## Footnote I'm not exactly **enamoured** with the idea of spending a whole day with them.

Question 409

# adjective . (informal, disapproving) false or not real, and intended to deceive someone

Answer 409

**phony** | /ˈfəʊni/ SYN **fake**

Question 410

# adjective . (approving) paying careful attention to every detail

Answer 410

**meticulous** | /məˈtɪkjələs/ SYNONYM **fastidious**, **thorough** ## Footnote **meticulous** planning/records/research

Question 411

# adverb in a way that shows great care and attention to detail:

Answer 411

**meticulously** | /məˈtɪk.jə.ləs.li/ ## Footnote in the past 40 years, all of the movements our face muscles cam make have been **meticulously** stydied, analyzed and codified. [LINK](https://youtu.be/Ez8pfCImbDQ?t=782)

Question 412

a comprehensive, anatomically based system for describing all visually discernible facial movement. It breaks down facial expressions into individual components of muscle movement, called Action Units (AUs).

Answer 412

[Facial Action Coding System (FACS)](https://www.paulekman.com/facial-action-coding-system/) ## Footnote [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial_Action_Coding_System#cite_note-22)

Question 413

# ANATOMY the small space between your collarbones.

Answer 413

**suprasternal notch** ## Footnote The neck dimple, or more scientifically, the suprasternal notch, is the small space between your collarbones.

Question 414

# verb [intransitive] To stand or wait somewhere especially with no obvious reason

Answer 414

**loiter** | /ˈlɔɪtər/ SYNONYM **hang around** ## Footnote Teenagers were **loitering** in the street outside.

Question 415

# adjective ......... information is not based on facts or careful study:

Answer 415

**Anecdotal** | /ˌæn.ɪkˈdoʊ.t̬əl/ ## Footnote **anecdotal** evidence

Question 416

# phrase The purpose of the phrase “..... .......” is to show that certain words in a sentence or paragraph aren’t the speaker’s or writer’s own words; you’re just relaying what they said. The phrase is often used to put some emphasis on something or to clarify that the words are being borrowed from another source.

Answer 416

**quote unquote** | /ˌkwəʊt ˈʌnkwəʊt/

Question 417

# noun [c] a way of walking or running

Answer 417

**gait** | /ɡeɪt/ ## Footnote "The first symptom is usually **gait** incoordination."

Question 418

# verb to stand, sit or move in a lazy way, often with your shoulders and head bent forward

Answer 418

**slouch** | /slaʊtʃ/ ## Footnote Sit up straight. Don't **slouch**.

Question 419

# adjective ​(disapproving) holding your body in a lazy way, often with your shoulders and head bent forward

Answer 419

**slouchy** | **/ˈslaʊtʃi/** (comparative slouchier, superlative slouchiest) ## Footnote his **slouchy** posture Straighten up, you’re too **slouchy**

Question 420

# adjective In psychology, it refers to human behavior that is innate and not learned; / It’s often used to describe behaviors or responses that are genetically or innately determined

Answer 420

**hardwired** aslo **hard-wired** | /ˌhɑːrdˈwaɪərd/ ## Footnote humans have a** hard-wired** ability for acquiring language

Question 421

# noun . [uncountable] a mixture of rain and snow

Answer 421

**sleet** also: **wintry mixes(US), wintry showers(UK)** | /sliːt/ ## Footnote The rain was turning to **sleet**. The wind was blowing hard and bringing with it **sleet**.

Question 422

# adverb n the order given

Answer 422

**respectively** | /rɪˈspektɪvli/ ## Footnote Mary and Anne were **respectively** 12 and 16 years old

Question 423

# verb . ​[intransitive, transitive] to look at something with your eyes partly shut in order to keep out bright light or to see better

Answer 423

**squint** | /skwɪnt/ ## Footnote to **squint** into the sun She was **squinting** through the keyhole. He **squinted** at the letter in his hand. The driver had to **squint** against the sun to see where he was going.

Question 424

# verb . not used in the progressive tenses ​to dislike and have no respect for somebody/something

Answer 424

**despise** | /dɪˈspaɪz/ ## Footnote I **despise** people who believe something witout evidence and then go out and take action which damages other people... Richard Dawkings [link](https://youtu.be/505UazMNgLg?t=47)

Question 425

# noun . (informal) ​something very successful, especially a very successful book or film

Answer 425

**blockbuster** | /ˈblɑːkbʌstər/ ## Footnote His 2006 blockbuster "The God Delusion" made in the global face of atheism. [LINK](https://youtu.be/505UazMNgLg?t=56)

Question 426

# adjective (to somebody) causing you to feel completely confused and unable to understand

Answer 426

**baffling** | /ˈbæflɪŋ/ ## Footnote a **baffling** mystery

Question 427

# biology a molecule that can make copies of itself.

Answer 427

**self-replicating molecule** | /sɛlf ˈrɛplɪˌkeɪtɪŋ ˈmɑːlɪkjuːl/ ## Footnote DNA is a high-tech **self-replicating molecule.** Interesting Fact: Scientists are still studying how the first **self-replicating molecules** came into existence. [LINK](https://youtu.be/505UazMNgLg?t=246)

Question 428

# noun A thing or an idea that you hate because it is the opposite of what you believe.

Answer 428

**Anathema** | /əˈnæθəmə/ ## Footnote "Racial prejudice is (an) anathema to me."

Question 429

# verb (formal) to suggest or accept that something is true so that it can be used as the basis for a theory, etc. | SYNONYM posit

Answer 429

**postulate** | /ˈpɑːstʃəleɪt/ ## Footnote They **postulated** a 500-year lifespan for a plastic container.

Question 430

# adjective showing very strong feelings, especially anger ## Footnote SYNONYM **forceful**

Answer 430

**vehement** | /ˈviːəmənt/ ## Footnote a **vehement** denial/attack/protest, etc. He had been **vehement** in his opposition to the idea.

Question 431

# adjective ​unreasonable; that you cannot take seriously | SYNONYM **absurd**, **ridiculous**

Answer 431

**ludicrous** | /ˈluːdɪkrəs/ ## Footnote * a **ludicrous** suggestion * It was **ludicrous** to think that the plan could succeed. * He is paid a **ludicrous** amount of money.

Question 432

# noun BEGINNING, START

Answer 432

**outset** | /ˈaʊtset/ ## Footnote I think it doesn't help to introduce complexity at the **outset**. Richard Dawkings [LINK](https://youtu.be/505UazMNgLg?t=424) Science can explain things starting with simplicity and working up too complexity.

Question 433

# adjective terrible or extremely bad and unpleasant

Answer 433

**horrendous** | /həˈrendəs/ SYNONYM **horrific, horrifying** ## Footnote She hated driving in the city because the traffic was always **horrendous**. The accident caused a **horrendous** traffic jam that lasted for hours.

Question 434

# adjective feeling or showing that you have no respect for somebody/something | SYNONYM **scornful**

Answer 434

**contemptuous** | /kənˈtemptʃuəs/ ## Footnote She gave him a **contemptuous** look.

Question 435

# noun [uncountable] ​unkind comments that make fun of somebody/something or make them look silly ## Footnote SYNONYM mockery

Answer 435

**ridicule** [LINK for video](https://youtu.be/505UazMNgLg?t=905) | /ˈrɪdɪkjuːl/ ## Footnote Project that called for phasing out of non-inclusive language deserves contemptuous **ridicule**, says eminent biologist, Richard Dawkins.

Question 436

# verb [transitive, intransitive] if you ..... food in a liquid or leave it to ......, you put it in the liquid and leave it for some time so that it becomes soft and takes in the taste of the liquid

Answer 436

**steep** | /stiːp/ ## Footnote **steep** (in something): Black teas need to **steep** for three minutes. **steep** something (in something): **Steep** the fruit in brandy overnight. *Idioms* **be steeped in something** ​(formal) to have a lot of a particular quality: a city **steeped in** history *phrasal verb* **steep yourself in** something ​(formal) to spend a lot of time thinking or learning about something: They spent a month ***steeping themselves in*** Chinese culture.

Question 437

# noun “a group of small islands or an area of sea in which there are many small islands”.

Answer 437

**archipelago** | /ˌɑːrkɪˈpeləɡəʊ/ (plural **archipelagos**, **archipelagoes**) ## Footnote “the Hawaiian **archipelago**”, “the Indonesian **archipelago**”, “the Galapagos **archipelago**”.

Question 438

# verb . [intransitive] (of a dog, wolf, etc.) to make a long, loud call

Answer 438

**howl** | /haʊl/ ## Footnote the sound of wolves **howling** in the night

Question 439

# noun . [singular] (British English, informal) unnecessary excitement or activity

Answer 439

**kerfuffle** SYNONYM **commotion, fuss** | /kərˈfʌfl/ ## Footnote What’s all the **kerfuffle** about?

Question 440

# noun a small round hill

Answer 440

**knoll** SYNONYM **mound** | /nəʊl/ ## Footnote a grassy **knoll**

Question 441

# noun [U] the ability to invent things or solve problems in clever new ways

Answer 441

**ingenuity** | /ˌɪndʒəˈnuːəti/ SYNONYM **inventiveness** ## Footnote The problem tested the **ingenuity** of even the most imaginative students.

Question 442

# verb [I] [T] to remove dead cells from the surface of skin in order to make it smoother

Answer 442

**exfoliate** | /eksˈfəʊlieɪt/ ## Footnote Regular deep-cleansing and **exfoliation** should be part of your beauty routine.

Question 443

# noun "a steep cliff or slope, especially by the sea or a river"

Answer 443

**bluff** | /blʌf/ ## Footnote I find carcasses in some starnge places; on **bluffs**, and even deep in the forest. (A solitary wolf living against the odds off Vancouver Island | The Nature of Things) **[Link](https://youtu.be/ICiuHibGgr8?t=1501)**

Question 444

# phrasal verb with blow verb 1. to surprise or please someone very much 2. ​to kill somebody by shooting them 3. to defeat somebody easily; to be much better than others of the same type

Answer 444

**blow** someone **away** | **blow blew blown** ## Footnote 1. The ending will **blow** you **away**. 2. 3.Mitchell **blew away** the other runners.

Question 445

# verb 1. If something that you want ... you, you do not succeed in achieving it 2. to not be caught by someone 3. If a piece of information eludes you, you cannot remember it:

Answer 445

**elude** | /ɪˈluːd/ ## Footnote 1. The gold medal continues to **elude** her. 2. The two men managed to **elude** the police for six weeks. 3. I know who you mean but her name **eludes** me.

Question 446

# verb 1. to cut off somebody’s head 2. to reduce the power of a group or organization by removing its leaders

Answer 446

**decapitate** SYNONYM **behead** | /dɪˈkæpɪteɪt/ ## Footnote 1. Wolves **decapitate** their prey. 2. According to some media reports, Israel is currently trying to **decapitate** Hamas by killing its top leaders, especially those who were involved in the October 7 attack

Question 447

# adjective receiving or involving very little attention

Answer 447

**low-profile** | /ˌləʊ ˈprəʊfaɪl/ ## Footnote a **low-profile** campaign

Question 448

# adjective 1. large and heavy; difficult to carry 2. slow and complicated 3. (of words or phrases) long or complicated | SYNONYM **bulky**

Answer 448

**cumbersome** /ˈkʌmbəsəm/ SYNONYM **bulky** | /ˈkʌmbərsəm/ ## Footnote 1. **cumbersome** machinery 2. **cumbersome** legal procedures 3. The organization changed its **cumbersome** title to something easier to remember.

Question 449

# adjective [only before noun] showing a lot of love for somebody, often ignoring their faults | C2

Answer 449

**doting** | /ˈdəʊtɪŋ/ ## Footnote a **doting** mother/father

Question 450

# noun a situation in which neither side has won a competition or argument, or an occasion when someone prevents officials from acting, often by threatening violence (It can also be used as an adjective to describe something used for holding something at a distance from a surface) ## Footnote SYNONYM **deadlock** ; **stalemate**

Answer 450

**standoff** (also **stand-off**) | SYNONYM **deadlock** ; **stalemate** ## Footnote She locked herself in the house, but after a brief **standoff**, police convinced her to come out.

Question 451

# adjective , (informal, approving) (of people) strong, determined and not afraid of arguing with people

Answer 451

**feisty** (comparative **feistier**, superlative **feistiest**) ## Footnote The Adélie penguin is known as **the feistiest** penguin species in the world

Question 452

# adjective , (informal) ​having a lot of courage; being very determined | C2 ## Footnote SYNONYM **brave**

Answer 452

**plucky** (comparative **pluckier**, superlative **pluckiest**) | /ˈplʌki/ SYNONYM **brave** ## Footnote The **plucky** youngster had four operations during her long battle against the illness.

Question 453

# verb. [transitive, intransitive] (formal) to explain something by talking about it in detail | Synonym: **expatiate** formal, disapproving

Answer 453

**expound** | /ɪkˈspaʊnd/ Synonym: **expatiate** formal, disapproving ## Footnote the mystery of existence is indeed a deeply profound mystery and a biologist is perhaps best qualified anybody to **expound** this mystery because they study life at its most fundamental levels, from DNA to ecosystems.

Question 454

# verb [ T or I ] to remove the moisture from something so it becomes completely dry; to lose all moisture and become completely dry:

Answer 454

**desiccate** | /ˈdes.ɪ.keɪt/ ## Footnote Intensive farming has **desiccated** the land.

Question 455

# noun a climbing plant that produces grapes

Answer 455

**vine** also **grapevine** | /vaɪn/ ## Footnote **vine** leaves grapes on the **vine**

Question 456

# idiom a practical method of doing or measuring something, usually based on past experience rather than on exact measurement

Answer 456

**rule of thumb** ## Footnote **moderation is always a good rule of thumb** As a **rule of thumb**, you should cook a chicken for 20 minutes for each pound of weight.

Question 457

# adjective disapproving An unpleasant room or building because it has no fresh air:

Answer 457

**stuffy** | /ˈstʌf.i/ ## Footnote I'm hot, It's so **stuffy**, It's hard to breathe. I'm not well. Time stands still. You've done everything possible to break me, to crush my will, my fight to silence me. You won't succeed! (Unbreakable. A Nobel Peace Prize winner in prison - Narges Mohammadi's fight for freedom in Iran | DW Documentary) [LINK](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=74-e3IhZmxM)

Question 458

# adjective believing that people should obey authority and rules, even when these are unfair, and even if it means that they lose their personal freedom

Answer 458

**authoritarian** | /əˌθɔːrəˈteriən/ ## Footnote the **authoritarian** religious government has relentlessly suppressed the woman life freedom movement but even if people are no longer protesting in the streets, the spirit of the movement lives on. [LINK](https://youtu.be/74-e3IhZmxM?t=85)

Question 459

# adverb in a way that continues strongly, without stopping, giving up or getting less strong

Answer 459

**relentlessly** | /rɪˈlentləsli/ ## Footnote the authoritarian religious government has **relentlessly** suppressed the woman life freedom movement but even if people are no longer protesting in the streets, the spirit of the movement lives on. [LINK](https://youtu.be/74-e3IhZmxM?t=85)

Question 460

# phrasal verb to continue to exist

Answer 460

**live on** | /lɪv ɑːn/ ## Footnote the authoritarian religious government has relentlessly suppressed the woman life freedom movement but even if people are no longer protesting in the streets, the spirit of the movement **lives on**. [LINK](https://youtu.be/74-e3IhZmxM?t=85)

Question 461

# noun [ U ] a punishment in which someone is kept in a room alone, usually in a prison

Answer 461

**solitary confinement** | /ˌsɑː.lə.ter.i kənˈfaɪn.mənt/

Question 462

# noun . a person who commits a crime or does something that is wrong or evil | C2

Answer 462

**perpetrator** | /ˈpɜːrpətreɪtər/ ## Footnote the **perpetrators** of the crime We will do everything in our power to bring the **perpetrators** to justice.

Question 463

# Verb . (formal) ​to force somebody to do something by using threats

Answer 463

**coerce** | /kəʊˈɜːrs/ ## Footnote the regime **coerces** false confessions in order to puclicly present detainees as guilty (DW documantary. Narges Mohammadi, Unbreakable) Oxford Collocations Dictionary Coerce is used with these nouns as the object: ***confession*** ***testimony***

Question 464

# noun. science hypothesized to have been a common ancestral **cell** from which the three domains of life, the Bacteria, the Archaea, and the Eukarya originated

Answer 464

***luca** last universal common ancestor ## Footnote Luca "last universal common ancestor", from which all life, everything is descended. The ***first universal common ancestor*** (**FUCA**) is a hypothetical non-cellular ancestor to LUCA and other now-extinct sister lineages

Question 465

# adjective . formal causing great damage or suffering to people’s lives, property, etc. | SYNONYM **disastrous**

Answer 465

**calamitous** | /kəˈlæmɪtəs/ SYNONYM **disastrous** ## Footnote a **calamitous** war. The bridge collapsed in the storm, with **calamitous** results.

Question 466

# noun All the members of a family group of people or animals over a period of time, especially when considering their shared family characteristics4. | دودمان، (در مورد حیوان) اصل و نسب، درجه ی اصالت، دودمان درخت

Answer 466

**bloodline** | /ˈblʌd.laɪn/ ## Footnote “Through the study of mitochondrial DNA, which is passed down through the maternal **bloodline**, scientists have traced the lineage of all existing Homo sapiens back to a single common ancestor, often referred to as [‘Mitochondrial Eve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_Eve)’, who lived in Africa approximately 200,000 years ago.”

Question 467

# verb to change your behaviour in order to deal more successfully with a new situation

Answer 467

**adapt** | /əˈdæpt/ ## Footnote from the beginning of life to the infinite variety we know today, has been driven by certain fundamental principles. The rules of life. The first rule is the best **adapted** will always win through....thad produced the huge diversity that exists today. (Life on Our Planet docuseries, S01E01)

Question 468

# phrasal verb to admit that you were wrong or that you have been defeated | (North American English also back off)

Answer 468

**back down** | (North American English also back off) ## Footnote Eventually, Roberto **backed down** and apologized.

Question 469

# noun . zoology ​a large animal of the cat family with two very long curved upper teeth, that lived thousands of years ago and is now extinct

Answer 469

**sabretooth** (US English **sabertooth**) (also **sabre-toothed tiger**) (US English **saber-toothed tiger**) | /ˈseɪbərtuːθ/ ## Footnote **Smilodon**

Question 470

# verb ​to make it difficult for somebody to do something or for something to happen | SYNONYM **hamper**

Answer 470

**hinder** SYNONYM **hamper** | /ˈhɪndər/ ## Footnote Earth never remains stable for long. Sometimes that helps life. Sometimes it **hinders** it.

Question 471

# verb [intransitive] ​to increase rapidly in number or amount

Answer 471

**proliferate** | /prəˈlɪfəreɪt/ ## Footnote when Earth was stable for 100 million years. A period which allowed one group to become the mightiest of dynasties. This was the age of dinosaurs. The long calm helped dinosaurs to **proliferate** in huge numbers.

Question 472

# noun zoology whose name means ‘three-horned face’, is a genus of dinosaur that lived during the late Maastrichtian age of the Late Cretaceous period, about 68 to 66 million years ago in what is now western North America1. It was one of the last-known non-avian dinosaurs and lived until the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 66 million year ago.

Answer 472

**Triceratop**

Question 473

# adverb in a way that shows strong feelings; with a lot of activity or determination; very strongly in a way that could cause damage

Answer 473

**fiercely** | /ˈfɪrsli/ ## Footnote For billions of years, much of our world was **fiercely** inhospitable… …ravaged by the elements and the forces of nature. a **fiercely** competitive market. She's **fiercely** competitive/independent.

Question 474

# verb . [usually passive] to damage something badly | SYNONYM **devastate**

Answer 474

**ravage** (something) SYNONYM **devastate** | /ˈrævɪdʒ/ ## Footnote For billions of years, much of our world was ***fiercely*** inhospitable… …**ravaged** by the elements and the forces of nature.

Question 475

# idiom to become strong; to be established:

Answer 475

**take (a) hold** | /teɪk hoʊld/ ## Footnote this is the story of what was happening beneath the waves. Here, shielded from the storms, life had **taken hold**. The economic recovery is just beginning to **take hold** now. It is best to treat the disease early before it **takes a hold**.

Question 476

# noun [ U ] a gas without colour or smell, that burns easily and is used as fuel. Natural gas consists mainly of ....... . | (symbol CH4)

Answer 476

**methane** (symbol **CH4**) | /ˈmiː.θeɪn/ ## Footnote Far back in the depths of time (about 2.4 billion years ago), Earth looked nothing like the world we know today. Nearly 90% of its surface was water, yet this was no blue planet. Instead, vast clouds of **methane** had turned the atmosphere yellow. **Methane** is the main constituent of natural gas. ["chemical formula **CH4**, which means it has one carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms.

Question 477

# noun . adjective approving 1. the beginning of a feeling, an idea or a development 2. causing strong feelings; exciting

Answer 477

**stirring** (of something) | /ˈstɜːrɪŋ/ ## Footnote With the world made up of nothing but toxic air and rivers of molten rock… life as we know it was impossible. But out in the prehistoric seas, something is **stirring**. Beneath the surface hangs a great swathe of plankton. She felt a **stirring** of anger. the first **stirrings** of spring in the air ------------------------------------adjective a **stirring** performance **stirring** memories

Question 478

# noun a large piece or area of something

Answer 478

**swathe** (also **swath**) | /sweɪð/ ## Footnote With the world made up of nothing but toxic air and rivers of molten rock… life as we know it was impossible. But out in the prehistoric seas, something is stirring. Beneath the surface hangs a great **swathe** of plankton.

Question 479

# BIOLOGY, EARTH SCIENCE noun . [uncountable + singular or plural verb] ​the very small forms of plant and animal life that live in water

Answer 479

**plankton** | /ˈplæŋktən/ ## Footnote With the world made up of nothing but toxic air and rivers of molten rock… life as we know it was impossible. But out in the prehistoric seas, something is stirring. Beneath the surface hangs a great swathe of **plankton**. from Greek planktos ‘wandering’,

Question 480

# noun [U] . (biology) the process by which green plants turn **carbon dioxide** and **water** into **food** using **energy** obtained from **light** from the **sun** ## Footnote COMPARE [chemosynthesis ](https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/english/chemosynthesis)

Answer 480

**photosynthesis** | /ˌfəʊtəʊˈsɪnθəsɪs/ ## Footnote about 2.4 billion years ago, Microscopic cells like Planktons have just evolved something new, **photosynthesis**. This means they can ***harness*** the sun's energy to grow, a breakthrough so important that plankton will one day give rise to every single plant on Earth. VERB **photosynthesize**

Question 481

# verb to control and use the force or strength of something to produce power or to achieve something

Answer 481

**harness** (something) | /ˈhɑːrnɪs/ ## Footnote about 2.4 billion years ago, Microscopic cells like Planktons have just evolved something new, ***photosynthesis***. This means they can **harness** the sun's energy to grow, a breakthrough so important that plankton will one day give rise to every single plant on Earth.

Question 482

# adjective moving, reacting or working more slowly than normal | C2

Answer 482

**sluggish** | /ˈslʌɡɪʃ/ ## Footnote **sluggish** traffic a **sluggish** economy He felt very heavy and **sluggish** after the meal. Sales were **sluggish**

Question 483

# adjective [only before noun] having a very great effect; of very great size a seismic shift in the political process 2nd meaning: relating to or caused by an earthquake:

Answer 483

**seismic** | /ˈsaɪzmɪk/ ## Footnote The arrival of predation was a **seismic shift** in the ancient seas. The hunted had to adapt or risk extinction. a **seismic shift** in the political process

Question 484

# noun ​a sea creature with a body like jelly and long thin parts called tentacles that can give a sharp sting (= a painful wound on the skin)

Answer 484

**Jellyfish** | /ˈdʒelifɪʃ/ (plural **jellyfish**) ## Footnote **Jellyfish**: 530 million years ago, they were the very first animals to escape the seafloor and swim. (source: Life on Our Planet. S01E02) but probably their claim is not accurate.

Question 485

# noun a long, heavy spear (= a long, sharp weapon) attached to a rope, used for killing large fish or whales

Answer 485

**harpoon** | /hɑːrˈpuːn/ ## Footnote They hunt whales with **harpoons**.

Question 486

# nonun biology a type of animal with no spine, a hard outer skin, legs with bones joined together, and a body divided into different parts, for example a spider, crab, or ant | C2

Answer 486

**arthopod** | /ˈɑːrθrəpɑːd/ ## Footnote Trilobites are one of the first in a brand-new dynasty, the **arthropods**. They've evolved an external skeleton that protects their soft insides.

Question 487

# noun biology a simple, flat sea creature that lived in the earliest period of life on earth, with a hard outer layer and a body in three parts

Answer 487

**Trilobite** ## Footnote **Trilobites** are one of the first in a brand-new dynasty, the arthropods. They've evolved an external skeleton that protects their soft insides.

Question 488

# adjective 1. that cannot be entered, passed through or seen through 2. impossible to understand (=incomprehensible)

Answer 488

**impenetrable** | /ɪmˈpenɪtrəbl/ ## Footnote 1. the trilobite's armor comes into its own. Rolling into a ball, it becomes completely **impenetrable**. 2. an **impenetrable** mystery

Question 489

# adjective . ​[usually before noun] (formal) 1. very serious 2. (UK) very bad

Answer 489

**dire** | /ˈdaɪər/ (comparative direr, superlative direst) ## Footnote 1. They were living in **dire** poverty. **dire** warnings/threats Such action may have **dire** consequences. We're in **dire** need of your help. 2. The weather was absolutely **dire**.

Question 490

# verb to change frequently in size, amount, quality, etc., especially from one extreme to another | SYNONYM **vary**

Answer 490

**fluctuate** | /ˈflʌktʃueɪt/ ## Footnote **fluctuating** prices./ It owes its success to the deep ocean's unchanging nature. Below 600 meters, the temperature rarely **fluctuates**, making it a sanctuary of stability.

Question 491

# noun . [uncountable] ​physical strength

Answer 491

**brawn** | /brɔːn/ ## Footnote In this job you need brains as well as **brawn**.

Question 492

# verb [ I ] to fall very quickly and suddenly: | C2

Answer 492

**plummet** | /ˈplʌm.ɪt/ ## Footnote House prices have **plummeted** in recent months. Several large rocks were sent **plummeting** down the mountain. She **plummeted** to the ground.

Question 493

# adjective ​able to use the left hand or the right hand equally well

Answer 493

**ambidextrous** | /ˌæmbiˈdekstrəs/ ## Footnote I am naturally left-handed, but was not allowed to write with my left hand, with the result that I became **ambidextrous**. ***Word Origin*** mid 17th cent.: from late Latin *ambidexter* (from Latin ***ambi-*** ‘on both sides’ + ***dexter*** ‘right-handed’) + -ous.

Question 494

# noun ​a person who helps another to commit a crime or to do something wrong

Answer 494

**accomplice** | /əˈkɑːmplɪs/ ## Footnote The police suspect that he had an **accomplice**.

Question 495

# idiom to stop holding something or someone:

Answer 495

let go (of something/someone) ## Footnote Brandon let go of her hand and ran across the street.

Question 496

# phrasal verb . (informal) ​ to take somebody to the police or somebody in authority because they have committed a crime

Answer 496

**turn** somebody **in** ## Footnote She threatened to **turn** him **in** to the police. He decided to **turn** himself **in**.

Question 497

# verb . intransitive ​to compete strongly with somebody in order to obtain or achieve something | C2 ## Footnote SYNONYM compete

Answer 497

**vie** | /vaɪ/ ## Footnote The boys would **vie** with each other to impress her.

Question 498

# noun . [uncountable, countable] very small grey or yellow plant [they are not plants or animals] that spreads over the surface of rocks, walls and trees and does not have any flowers

Answer 498

**lichen** | /ˈlaɪkən/, /ˈlɪtʃən/ ## Footnote Neither plant or animal, **lichen** are a strange combination of fungi and algae

Question 499

# noun [uncountable, countable] a very small green or yellow plant without flowers that spreads over wet surfaces, rocks, trees, etc. moss-covered walls | C2

Answer 499

**moss** | /mɔːs/ ## Footnote Micro plants like **moss**, were first to appear.

Question 500

# adjective ... (disapproving) 1. ​too concerned about having things exactly as you want them; hard to please 2. having too much detail or decoration

Answer 500

**fussy** | /ˈfʌsi/ (comparative fussier, superlative fussiest) ## Footnote 1. **fussy** parents She's such a **fussy** eater. ‘Where do you want to go for lunch?’ ‘I'm not **fussy** (= I don't mind).’ 2. The costume designs are too **fussy**.

Question 501

# noun ​(sometimes humorous) a man who treats people in an unkind, cruel way

Answer 501

**brute** | /bruːt/ ## Footnote Our ancient cousins, Neanderthals, have a bad rap as dim-witted **brutes**. His father was a drunken **brute**.

Question 502

# adjective ​violent; typical of a violent person, especially a criminal

Answer 502

**thuggish** | /ˈθʌɡɪʃ/ ## Footnote **thuggish** brutality

Question 503

# adjective 1.​of very high quality or great beauty 2. (formal, often disapproving) (of a person’s behaviour or attitudes) extreme, especially in a way that shows they are not aware of what they are doing or are not concerned about what happens because of it 3. (verb) CHEMISTRY: to change a solid directly into a gas without the solid first becoming a liquid

Answer 503

**sublime** | /səˈblaɪm/ ## Footnote 1. **sublime** beauty a **sublime** combination of flavours The location of the hotel is **sublime**. 2. He possesses **sublime** self-confidence.

Question 504

# adjective ​(of a person) short, with a strong, solid body | C2 SYNONYM thickset

Answer 504

**stocky** | /ˈstɑːki/ (comparative **stockier**, superlative **stockiest**) ## Footnote a **stocky** figure/build

Question 505

# noun curse /kɜːs/ ​[countable] a rude or offensive word or phrase that some people use when they are very angry SYNONYM oath, swear word He muttered a curse at the other driver.

Answer 505

**curse** | /kɜːrs/

Question 506

# noun the indentation lines on either side of the mouth that extend from the edge of the nose to the mouth’s outer corners.

Answer 506

**nasolabial folds** | /ˌneɪzoʊˈleɪbiəl foʊldz/ ## Footnote **Nasolabial folds** become more prominent when people smile. These folds also tend to deepen with age due to loss of collagen and fat.

Question 507

# adjective 1. not welcoming or generous to people who visit you 2. An area where is not suitable for humans to live in:

Answer 507

**inhospitable** | /ˌɪn.hɑːˈspɪt̬.ə.bəl/ ## Footnote 1. I'll have to cook them a meal or they'll think I'm **inhospitable**. 2. For most of our planet's history, land has been **inhospitable** to life

Question 508

# noun ​a person who takes goods into or out of a country illegally | C1 ## Footnote Synonym: runner: a gun-runner

Answer 508

**smuggler** Synonym: runner: a gun-runner | /ˈsmʌɡlər/ ## Footnote a drug/arms/human **smuggler** An increasing number of migrants are turning to **smugglers** for help.

Question 509

# noun a powerful and highly addictive central nervous system (CNS) stimulant. It is commonly known as "meth" and is illicitly used for its euphoric effects. | (also informal **meth**, **crystal meth** ## Footnote TOPICS Social issues **C2**

Answer 509

**methamphetamine** (also informal **meth**, **crystal meth** | /ˌmeθæmˈfetəmiːn/ ## Footnote **Methamphetamine** is a synthetic stimulant made from chemical ingredients and is highly addictive and very dangerous to health. **Methamphetamine** increases the levels of naturally occurring ***dopamine*** and ***norepinephrine*** in the brain.

Question 510

# verb to create a false picture of a situation:

Answer 510

**mythologize** (UK usually **mythologise**) | /mɪˈθɑː.lə.dʒaɪz/ ## Footnote The book’s ten chapters each focus on a different strategy used by fascist politicians to gain and hold onto power. The first strategy is to **mythologize** the past, establishing false narratives about a country’s cultural heritage. Opposite: **demythologize**

Question 511

# verb [ T ] to cover or hide something:

Answer 511

**cloak** | /kloʊk/ ## Footnote Second strategy of Fascism: "Devoted to Propaganda": Fascists **cloak** their harmful policies in universally accepted ideals, like “freedom” or “public safety”. Stanley cites U.S. President Donald Trump’s promises to “drain the swamp,” even as he and his political allies engage in the very corruption they publicly decry. (Source: How Fascism Works: The Politics of Us and Them)

Question 512

# noun the state of not being as good as somebody/something else | C2 OPPOSITE **superiority**

Answer 512

**inferiority** | /ɪnˌfɪr.iˈɔːr.ə.t̬i/ ## Footnote Fifth Fascist strategy: Hierarchy: Fascists believe in a natural social hierarchy that justifies their superiority and the **inferiority** of others. They use this belief to legitimize discrimination and social inequality. (Source: How Fascism Works: The Politics of Us and Them)

Question 513

# noun the state of being of a higher rank or social position than others | C2 OPPOSITE **inferiority**

Answer 513

**superiority** | /səˌpɪr.iˈɔːr.ə.t̬i/ ## Footnote Fifth Fascist strategy: Hierarchy: Fascists believe in a natural social hierarchy that justifies their **superiority** and the *inferiority* of others. They use this belief to legitimize discrimination and social inequality. (Source: How Fascism Works: The Politics of Us and Them)

Question 514

# noun a strategy where fascists portray their group as victims to justify their aggression and to rally support. ## Footnote مظلوم نمایی قربانی بودن

Answer 514

**Victimhood** | /ˈvɪktɪmhʊd/ ## Footnote **Victimhood**: Fascists portray their group as victims to justify their aggression and to rally support. They often use scapegoats to blame for their problems. (Source: How Fascism Works: The Politics of Us and Them)

Question 515

# noun a person who is blamed for something that someone else has done:

Answer 515

**scapegoat** | /ˈskeɪp.ɡoʊt/ ## Footnote In the context of fascism, ***victimhood*** is a ***strategy*** where fascists portray their group as victims to justify their aggression and to rally support. They often use **scapegoats** to blame for their problems. This perceived victimhood is used to legitimize their actions and policies. It’s a powerful tool for manipulating public sentiment and justifying actions that might otherwise be seen as unjust. (Source: How Fascism Works: The Politics of Us and Them)

Question 516

# verb [ T often passive ] to treat someone or something unfairly by disapproving of him, her, or it

Answer 516

**stigmatize** | /ˈstɪɡ.mə.taɪz/ ## Footnote 8th strategy of fascism: Sexual Anxiety: Fascists often exploit sexual anxiety to control the population. They enforce traditional gender roles and **stigmatize** non-normative sexual behavior.

Question 517

a place that is full of people behaving in a sexually immoral way

Answer 517

**Sodom and Gomorrah** | /ˌsɑːdəm ən ɡəˈmɔːrə/ ## Footnote 9th strategy of fascism: **Sodom and Gomorrah**: Fascists vilify the city as a hotbed of immorality and contrast it with the purity and wholesomeness of the countryside.

Question 518

# verb formal to say or write unpleasant things about someone or something, in order to cause other people to have a bad opinion of them:

Answer 518

**vilify** | /ˈvɪlɪfaɪ/ ## Footnote 9th strategy of fascism: Sodom and Gomorrah: Fascists **vilify** the city as a hotbed of immorality and contrast it with the purity and wholesomeness of the countryside.

Question 519

# noun [ U ] a thick liquid produced inside the nose and other parts of the body: | Body C2

Answer 519

**mucus** | /ˈmjuː.kəs/ ## Footnote snail mucin, the **mucus** that snails secrete, appears to have moisturizing and protective qualities that are beneficial for the skin.

Question 520

# noun A natural substance secreted by snails, known for its moisturizing and protective properties.

Answer 520

**Snail Mucin** | /sneɪl ˈmyü-sᵊn/ ## Footnote **Snail Mucin** contains antioxidants that can help reduce signs of aging and may aid in skin regeneration. It’s also being studied for potential acne prevention benefits. However, sourcing methods vary and some may cause stress to snails.

Question 521

1. a soft round sweet made of chocolate 2. a type of fungus that grows underground and can be eaten. Truffles are expensive because they are very rare: | C2 food

Answer 521

**truffle** | /ˈtrʌf.əl/ ## Footnote 1. He bought a box of **rum truffles** for his girlfriend. 2. He also eats expensive food at recess, such as caviar, **truffles**, and a special version of turon for congressmen.

Question 522

# noun A moment when you suddenly feel that you understand, or suddenly become conscious of, something that is very important to you. A powerful religious experience."

Answer 522

**epiphany** | /ɪˈpɪf.ə.ni/ ## Footnote "During his meditation, he had an **epiphany** and finally understood the meaning of life."

Question 523

# anatomy an anatomical location in the human body, which has an important role in urinary and anal continence, sexual function, and support of the pelvic organs.

Answer 523

**pelvic floor muscle** | /ˈpɛlvɪk flɔːr ˈmʌsəl/ ## Footnote Your **pelvic floor** is a group of **muscles** that stretches like a hammock from your pubic bone to your tailbone. It supports internal organs such as your uterus, colon, and bladder. If your pelvic floor is weak, you may experience frequent trips to the bathroom, lower back aches, urine leaks, and a decline in intimate sensation.

Question 524

# nonun The shape of a mass of land or other object, especially its curved surface or the curved shape formed by its outer edge.

Answer 524

**contour** | /ˈkɑːn.tʊr/ ## Footnote **eye contour**: The term “***eye*** **contour**” refers to the area around the eye, which is defined by the orbital bone. This includes your eyelids and extends up to your eyebrows

Question 525

# adjective connected with something else, but in addition to it and less important | ثانوی، جنبی، ملازم، ضمیمه، همراه، همایند، امر

Answer 525

**collateral** | /kəˈlætərəl/ ## Footnote **collateral** benefits

Question 526

# noun deaths of or injury to civilians (= people not in the armed forces) or damage to buildings that are not connected to the military during a war.

Answer 526

**collateral damage** | /kəˌlætərəl ˈdæmɪdʒ/ ## Footnote People say ‘**collateral damage**’ to avoid saying ‘innocent people being killed’.

Question 527

# verb to (cause something to) explode, break, or tear:

Answer 527

**rupture** | /ˈrʌp.tʃɚ/ ## Footnote When discarding an old battery, do not throw it into fire where heat could cause it to rupture or explode. **Rupture: tear or split. Explode: release energy violently.**

Question 528

# verb to wait somewhere secretly, especially because you are going to do something bad or illegal | SYNONYM **skulk**

Answer 528

**lurk** | /lɜːrk/ ## Footnote Deep beneath the pacific ocean waves **lurks** a terrifying monster: the planet's largest and most dangerous seismic zone: the ring of fire

Question 529

# Geological . noun a major area in the basin of the Pacific Ocean where a large number of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur.

Answer 529

**the ring of fire** ## Footnote Deep beneath the pacific ocean waves lurks a terrifying monster: the planet's largest and most dangerous seismic zone: **the ring of fire**. 90 percents of all earthquacks strik here

Question 530

# noun . (often disapproving) a person who shows skill at influencing people or situations in order to get what they want

Answer 530

**manipulator** | /məˈnɪpjuleɪtər/ ## Footnote “In the field of psychology, researchers have found that **manipulators** often exhibit traits associated with ***narcissism***, such as a lack of empathy, a grandiose sense of self-importance, and a persistent pattern of ***manipulative*** behavior for personal gain.”

Question 531

# verb [intransitive] to fall very quickly and suddenly: | TOPICS Money **C2** ## Footnote SYNONYM **plunge**

Answer 531

**plummet** | /ˈplʌmɪt/ ## Footnote * House prices have **plummeted** in recent months. * Several large rocks were sent **plummeting** down the mountain. * She **plummeted** to the ground.

Question 532

# noun [ C usually singular ] something that is likely to cause harm:

Answer 532

**menace** | /ˈmen.əs/ ## Footnote * Drunk drivers are a **menace** to everyone. * Dogs running loose are a public **menace**. * the **menace** of industrial pollution