2024

Question 1

abbreviation111

a measure of how well a sunscreen will protect skin from UVB (Ultraviolet B) rays, the kind of radiation that causes sunburn, damages skin, and can contribute to skin cancer

Answer 1

SPF (Sun Protection Factor)

SPF, or Sun Protection Factor, is a measure of how much UV radiation it takes to produce sunburn on skin with sunscreen compared to how much UV exposure it takes for unprotected skin to get sunburned.

For example, if it takes 300 seconds for skin to burn with SPF 60 sunscreen, and 10 seconds to burn without it, the SPF is 60 because 300 divided by 10 equals 30. However, this doesn’t mean you can stay in the sun 60 times longer than without sunscreen.

Question 2

abbreviation

a type of ultraviolet radiation that is responsible for delayed tanning, sunburns, and most skin cancers

Answer 2

UVB (Ultraviolet B)

Source: Opera, Aria AI

UVB (Ultraviolet B) is a type of ultraviolet radiation with wavelengths between 280 and 320 nm. Here are some key facts about UVB rays: UVB rays make up only 5% of the UV rays from the sun, but they are very high energy.

Question 3

noun

a violent attack:

Crime and punishment C1

Answer 3

assault

/əˈsɑːlt/

• He was charged with sexual assault.
• an assault on a police officer

Question 4

noun [ C ] CHEMISTRY specialized

a type of chemical commonly used as preservatives in cosmetics, pharmaceutical products, and food, and is known to prevent the growth of harmful bacteria, fungi, and yeast

Answer 4

paraben

/ˈpær.ə.bən/

• Parabens are used as preservatives in cosmetics and food.
• Some beauty products are labelled “paraben-free”.
• The biggest concern with parabens is that some studies show that they disrupt hormones in your body. Once in your body, parabens can act like the hormone estrogen in both males and females. This could have an effect on things like fertility, reproductive development, and birth outcomes.(Source)

Question 5

noun [ C or U ]

a substance that is an important part of skin and connective tissue (= material that supports and connects organs and joints in the body), and that is used in some products and treatments intended to make the skin healthy and attractive:

Answer 5

hyaluronic acid

/ˌhaɪ.ə.ləˌrɑː.nɪk ˈæs.ɪd/

• Saliva is rich in naturally occurring hyaluronic acid, a molecule that binds to the surface of a cell, making it easier for the cell to move around.
• The procedure involves injections of 20 compounds - drugs, vitamins and hyaluronic acids - to get rid of cellulite.
• UV light depletes skin of hyaluronic acid (which gives skin its plumpness).
• A hyaluronic acid gel is injected beneath the skin to reduce the appearance of wrinkles and creases.

Question 6

idiom literary

when you were very young

Answer 6

at your mother’s knee

I learnt these songs at my mother’s knee.

Question 7

adjective (literary)

that cannot be trusted; unable to be trusted, or showing no loyalty:

SYNONYM treacherous

Answer 7

perfidious

/pərˈfɪdiəs/

But lurking among these delightfully sweet fruits is a perfidious predator

Question 8

adjective

1.extremely painful or bad
2.extremely boring or embarrassing:
3.(of pain) extremely strong:

Answer 8

excruciating

/ɪkˈskruːʃieɪtɪŋ/

• 1.excruciating pain an excruciating pain in the lower back
• Once caught, the victom has not the slightest chance of escape; the mantis will eat it alive. This excruciating procedure can take hours.
• 2.excruciating boredom
• 3.an excruciating headache

NOTE: If something is extremely painful, you can say that it is excruciating or agonizing

Question 9

noun

insect with long back legs, that can jump very high and that makes a sound with its legs

TOPICS Insects, worms, etc. C2

Answer 9

grasshopper

/ˈɡræshɑːpər/

Idioms
knee-high to a grasshopper
​(informal, humorous) very small; very young

Question 10

noun [ C ]

a large insect found in hot areas that flies in large groups and destroys plants and crops:

TOPICS Insects, worms, etc. C2

Answer 10

locust

/ˈloʊ.kəst/

grasshopper vs locust

• a swarm of locusts
• The locusts have destroyed a lot of the crops.

Question 11

noun

a brown or black insect that makes short, loud noises by rubbing its wings together

TOPICS Insects, worms, etc. C2

Answer 11

cricket

/ˈkrɪk.ɪt/

grasshopper vs cricket

• the chirping of crickets
• The only sound was a cricket chirping.

Question 12

verb [intransitive]

1. to become less determined, strong, etc.
2. to finally agree to something after refusing

TOPICS Discussion and agreement C2

Answer 12

relent

/rɪˈlent/

• 1.After two days the rain relented.
• 1.The police will not relent in their fight against crime.
• 2.The government has relented on this issue.

Question 13

noun (anatomy)

(in a person or animal, the lower) jawbone

TOPICS Body C2

Answer 13

mandible

/ˈmændɪbl/

grasshopper has razor like mandibles and can kill powerful mantis

Question 14

adjective

causing you to have fear or respect for something or someone because that thing or person is large, powerful, or difficult:

C2

Answer 14

formidable

/fɔːrˈmɪd.ə.bəl/

• a formidable obstacle/task
• a formidable adversary/enemy/opponent

NOTE: from Latin formidare ‘to fear’.

Question 15

adjective

(of people and things) small and pretty in a way that people find attractive

TOPICS Appearance C2

SYNONYM delicate

Answer 15

dainty

(comparative daintier, superlative daintiest)

/ˈdeɪnti/

• dainty feet
• a dainty porcelain cup

Question 16

[ U ] US offensive slang

a man’s outer sexual organs:

Answer 16

junk

/dʒʌŋk/

If a woman wants to see a picture of your junk, Let her ask for it.
“Don’t touch my junk” is a phrase that became popular in the United States in 2010 as a criticism of Transportation Security Administration (TSA) patdowns.

Question 17

verb [ T ]

to suddenly release a violent force that cannot be controlled:

Answer 17

unleash

/ʌnˈliːʃ/

At worst, nuclear war could be unleashed.
Rachel’s arrival on the scene had unleashed passions in him that he could scarcely control.

Question 18

verb

to cause or believe race to be an important feature of a group of people, of society, or of a problem:

Answer 18

racialize

/ˈreɪ.ʃə.laɪz/

• Racialized community or visible minority.
• Immigrants and their children are put into a racialized category.
• He warned against racializing the housing issue.
  (UK usually: racialise)

Question 19

noun

the amount of an ingredient such as salt, sugar or fat which optimizes deliciousness (in the formulation of food products).

Answer 19

bliss point

/blɪs pɔɪnt/

The food industry goes to great lengths to figure out what makes us crave a product. The exact combination of ingredients it calls the “bliss point”. Source: The Secrets of Sugar. CBC documantary

Question 20

noun [ C or U ]

any of various types of organisms that get their food from decaying material or other living things:

Answer 20

fungus

plural fungi /ˈfʌŋ.ɡaɪ/ funguses

/ˈfʌŋ.ɡəs/

• Mushrooms and mould are fungi/ˈfʌŋ.ɡəs/.
• Mushrooms and mould are funguses/ˈfʌŋ.ɡəs/.
• Fungus can be poisonous.

Question 21

a species of psychedelic mushroom that contains psilocybin and psilocin, the compounds responsible for its mind-altering effects. It is also known as the magic mushroom, shroom, gold cap, or cube. It is widely distributed in warm and humid regions of the world, and it is easy to cultivate at home

Answer 21

Psilocybe cubensis

Psilocybe cubensis

Question 22

verb [transitive, intransitive]

1. to have difficulty speaking because you cannot stop yourself from repeating the first sound of some words several times
   SYNONYM stammer
2. [intransitive] (of a vehicle or an engine) to move or start with difficulty, making short sharp noises or movements

Answer 22

stutter

/ˈstʌt̬.ɚ.ɪŋ/

• speech ‘W-w-what?’ he stuttered.
• stutter (something) I managed to stutter a reply.
• 2. The car stuttered along in first gear.

Question 23

noun

1. a small amount of something that shows what the rest of it is like SYNONYM sample
2. a single example of something, especially an animal or a plant
3. (Biology C1) a small quantity of blood, urine, etc. that is taken from somebody and tested by a doctor

Answer 23

SPECIMEN

/ˈspesɪmən/

1. Astronauts have brought back specimens of rock from the moon. / Can you give me a specimen of your handwriting?
2. Redwood trees can live for a long time; one specimen is 4 000 years old.
3. to provide/take a specimen

Question 24

idiom old-fashioned

something that you say when it is raining heavily

Answer 24

It’s “raining cats and dogs”
or
“raining dogs and cats”

“I can’t believe it’s raining cats and dogs! My picnic is ruined!”
Mythology: Norse mythology has Odin, the god of storms, associated with dogs and wolves (symbols of wind). Sailors might have linked black cats (witches’ companions) with storms, creating a connection between cats and heavy rain.

Question 25

adjective

(of people) able to do many different things or to adjust to new conditions, or (of things) able to be used for many different purposes:

C2

Answer 25

versatile

/ˈvɜr·sə·t̬əl/

• Leopard are the most versatile of all the big cats, adapt at finding cover in the most unpromising places.
• He is a very versatile actor.
• We want all our staff to be versatile.

Question 26

verb [ T ]

to change the colour of something using a special liquid:

TOPICS Appearance B2, Colours and Shapes B2

Answer 26

dye

present participle dyeing | past tense and past participle dyed

/daɪ/

• [ + obj + adj ] He dyed his hair black.
• dye something + adj. She dyed her hair blonde.

Question 27

noun [ C ]

a trained person whose job is to improve the appearance and health of a customer’s skin:

Answer 27

esthetician

UK spelling: aesthetician

/ˌes.θəˈtɪʃ.ən/

• She gets a facial every two weeks from a well-known aesthetician.
• The centre’s aestheticians offer treatments such as micro peels, which can help with age spots and sun spots.

Question 28

noun [uncountable]

​the belief that God or gods do not exist

TOPICS Religion and festivals C2

Answer 28

atheism

OPPOSITE theism

/ˈeɪθiɪzəm/

Soft atheism is the lack of belief in any god or gods, without asserting that there are none. Hard atheism is the belief that no god or gods exist, and that there is evidence or argument to support this claim Soft atheists may be agnostic, meaning that they do not think that the existence or non-existence of god or gods can be known or proven. Hard atheists may reject the concept of god or gods as irrational, harmful, or incompatible with science and human rights.

from Greek atheos, from a- ‘without’ + theos ‘god’.

Question 29

verb

1. ​[intransitive] (+ adv./prep.) (of a person) to move by jumping on one foot
2. ​[intransitive] + adv./prep. (of an animal or a bird) to move by jumping with all or both feet together
3. [intransitive] + adv./prep. (informal) to go or move somewhere quickly and suddenly
4. (North American English) to get on a plane, bus, etc.
5. to change from one activity or subject to another

TOPICS Birds C1
TOPICS Transport by bus and train C2

Answer 29

hop

/hɑːp/

1. I couldn’t put my weight on my ankle and had to hop everywhere.
2. The frog hopped towards him.
3. Hop in, I’ll drive you home.
4. I hopped a plane for New York.
5. I like to hop from channel to channel when I watch TV.

Question 30

noun [ C ]

a painful swelling in the mouth

Answer 30

canker sore

(also canker)
(British English mouth ulcer)

/ˈkæŋ.kɚ ˌsɔːr/

Unlike cold sores, canker sores don’t occur on the surface of your lips and they aren’t contagious.

Question 31

verb

to give new life, vigor, energy, activity, or success to something:

Answer 31

revitalize
(British English also revitalise)

/ˌriːˈvaɪtəlaɪz/

In the context of skincare, when a product claims to “revitalize”, it means that it aims to restore or improve the appearance, health, and vitality of the skin. In your case, the “revitalizing vitamin E” in the cream is intended to rejuvenate the skin, making it look fresher and more vibrant.

Question 32

verb

to make somebody/something look or feel younger, more lively or more modern

Answer 32

rejuvenate

/rɪˈdʒuːvəneɪt/

• His new job seemed to rejuvenate him.
• special creams to rejuvenate the skin

Question 33

adjective

famous for something considered bad:

TOPICS Personal qualities C1

Synonym notorious

Answer 33

infamous

/ˈɪn.fə.məs/

• a general who was infamous for his brutality
• the most infamous concentration camp
• (humorous) the infamous British sandwich

Question 34

phrasal verb

​to write something quickly

TOPICS Literature and writing C1

Answer 34

jot down

/dʒɑːt daʊn/

• I’ll just jot down the address for you.
• I carry a notebook so that I can jot down any ideas.
• You can listen to the “ESL Podcast” on platforms like Spotify. As you listen, jot down any new vocabulary, idioms, or expressions that you come across.

Question 35

verb , adjective

• (as a verb) to become or make something become longer, and often thinner:
• (as an adjective) having a shape that is much longer than it is wide:

Answer 35

elongate

/ɪˈlɑːŋ.geɪt/8

Snipe Eel, are known for their extremely elongated bodies.

• (as a verb)The cells elongate as they take in water. Synonym
  stretch
• (as an adjective) Eels, such as the Snipe Eel, are known for their extremely elongated bodies.

Question 36

verb

to remove the soap from something with clean water after washing it

Answer 36

rinse

/rɪns/

phrasal verb with rinse

• rinse something Always rinse your hair thoroughly.
• rinse something out Make sure you rinse all the soap out.

Question 37

noun . [uncountable]

a type of plant with thick pointed leaves, or the thick liquid found in the leaves that is used to treat damaged skin

Answer 37

Aloe Vera

/ˌæl.oʊ ˈvɪr.ə/

Question 38

noun

it forms when microorganisms decompose certain plants over centuries. what is left behind is a dark, resinous substance known as

Answer 38

Shilajit

etymology of shilajit

The word “shilajit” has its roots in Sanskrit, an ancient Indo-Aryan language. In Sanskrit, “shilajit” is derived from the combination of two words: “shila,” meaning rock, and “jit,” meaning conquered or won. Therefore, “shilajit” can be translated to mean “conqueror of mountains” or “rock-invincible.”

Question 39

verb [ T ]

to persuade someone gently to do something or go somewhere, by being kind and patient, or by appearing to be:

Answer 39

coax

/koʊks/

coax someone into doing something Perhaps you could coax your father into taking you to the station.
coax someone to do something I coaxed her to eat a little bit.
A mother was coaxing her reluctant child into the water.
a coaxing voice
Synonyms
cajole
inveigle formal
wheedle disapproving

Question 40

adj formal

acting as a result of a decision or choice; done because someone has decided or chosen to do it:

Answer 40

volitional

/vəˈlɪʃ.ən.əl/

• We can ask questions like “Can people detect between spontaneous, or real laghter, and volitional, on demand alughter ?
• mental processes over which we have volitional control.
• The action is not mechanical; it is volitional.

Question 41

adverb

​immediately

Answer 41

instantaneously

/ˌɪnstənˈteɪniəsli/

• The show sold out instantaneously.
• Electronic copies can be sent around the world almost instantaneously.

Question 42

adjective

• “unusual or different from what is around or from what is generally happening” (Cambridge dictionary)
• “strange, and not suitable in a particular situation” (Oxford Learner’s dictionary) SYNONYM inappropriate

Answer 42

incongruous

/ɪnˈkɑːŋ.ɡru.əs/

• The new computer looked incongruous in the dark book-filled library.
• seem incongruous It seems incongruous to have a woman as the editor of a men’s magazine.

Question 43

adjective

not giving or having a result or decision:

TOPICS Preferences and decisions C1

Answer 43

inconclusive

/ˌɪn.kəŋˈkluː.sɪv/

• The evidence is inconclusive.
• The medical tests were inconclusive, and will need to be repeated.
• Opposite : conclusive

Question 44

verb . ​[intransitive]

to make a long, loud, high noise because you are sad or in pain

TOPICS Feelings C2

Answer 44

wail

/weɪl/

• The little girl was wailing miserably.
• Homophones wail | whale

Question 45

verb

a sudden and large reduction in value or amount:

Money C2

Answer 45

plummet

/ˈplʌmɪt/

House prices have plummeted in recent months.

Question 46

noun [ C ]

the season of heavy rain during the summer in hot Asian countries:

Answer 46

monsoon

/mɑːnˈsuːn/

The failure of the monsoon would destroy harvests on which a billion people rely.
(adj monsoonal): the sound of the pouring monsoonal rain

Question 47

adjective

Skilled; able to do or finish something successfully; highly successful

TOPICS Personal qualities C1

Answer 47

accomplished

/əˈkɑm·plɪʃt/

• Homo Erectus was perhaps one of our most accomplished predecessors: They walked upright, used tools and had brains roughly the size of our own.
• She was an elegant and accomplished woman.

Question 48

verb [ I or T ]

1. to bring back swallowed food into the mouth:
2. If you ……. facts or information, you just repeat what you have heard without thinking about it: (disapproving)

TOPICS BiologyC2

Synonym: vomit

Answer 48

regurgitate

/rɪˈɡɝː.dʒə.teɪt/

1. Owls regurgitate partly digested food to feed their young.
2. Many students simply regurgitate what they hear in lectures.

Question 49

noun [ U ] informal

1. (as a noun) practical knowledge and ability:
2. (asa an adjective) having or showing practical knowledge and experience:

Answer 49

savvy

/ˈsæv.i/

1. She’s very intelligent, but hasn’t got much savvy.
2. Teenagers are savvier about handling their digital information than adults. (savvy - savvier - savviest)

Question 50

adjective

1. (of the ground or the sea) extremely dangerous, esp. because of bad weather conditions:
2. (of a person) guilty of deceiving someone who trusts you: SYNONYM deceitful

Answer 50

treacherous

/ˈtretʃ·ər·əs/

1. Freezing rain made driving treacherous.
2. He was treacherous, or at least sneaky.

Question 51

noun [ C usually singular ]

a place where a wild animal lives, often underground and hidden, or a place where a person hides:

Synonym: den, hideout

TOPICS Animals C2

Answer 51

lair

/ler/

a fox’s lair
the thieves’ lair

Question 52

verb , noun , adj

1. to meet someone, especially secretly, at a particular place and time
2. a place where a particular group of people often go or meet, by arrangement or habit:
3. an arrangement to meet someone, especially secretly, at a particular place and time, or the place itself:

Answer 52

rendezvous

plural rendezvous

/ˈrɑːn.deɪ.vuː/

1. The police arranged to rendezvous with their informant at a disused warehouse.
2. This restaurant is a popular rendezvous for local artists.
3. We have a rendezvous for next week, don’t we?

ETYMOLOGY: from French rendez-vous! ‘present yourselves!’,

Question 53

verb , noun

1. (verb)to protect something and prevent it from being changed or destroyed; Synonym:
   husband formal
2. (noun) a type of jam in which the fruit is whole or in large pieces:

TOPICS The environment C1

Answer 53

conserve

/kənˈsɜːrv/

1. new laws to conserve wildlife in the area
2. apricot/strawberry conserve

Question 54

verb (formal)

to fill something up again:

SYNONYM top up; refill

Answer 54

replenish

/rɪˈplenɪʃ/

• to replenish food and water supplies
• Allow me to replenish your glass.
• Does your glass need replenishing?
• Hyaluronic acid line deeply hydrates and replenishes skin moisture barrier.

Question 55

noun

​a person who is considered old enough, by law, to decide whether they should agree to have sex; a person who has agreed to have sex

Answer 55

consenting adult

/kənˌsentɪŋ əˈdʌlt/
/kənˌsentɪŋ ˈædʌlt/

What consenting adults do in private is their own business.

Question 56

adjective LAW specialized

agreeing to a particular activity by free choice, and considered able to do this, for example because of being old enough or able to think, understand, or communicate clearly:

Answer 56

consenting

/kənˈsen.tɪŋ/

• Consenting adults (= people who are considered old enough to agree to something, especially sexual activity) who engage in these sexual acts in private would not be prosecuted.
• This is a straightforward contract between consenting parties.
• If they want to dig on the land, and the owner is consenting, they can.
• consenting intercourse/sex/sexual activity

Question 57

noun , verb

Noun: ​ [uncountable] permission to do something, especially given by somebody in authority
Verb: to agree to something or give your permission for something

TOPICS Permission and obligation C1

Answer 57

consent

/kənˈsent/

(noun)
* The written consent of a parent is required.
* consent to something: Children under 16 cannot give consent to medical treatment.
* to refuse/withhold your consent
* without (somebody’s) consent: He is charged with taking a car without the owner’s consent. ——————————————————-
(verb)
* When she told them what she intended, they readily consented.
* consent to something: He reluctantly consented to the proposal.
* consent to do something: She finally consented to answer our questions.

Question 58

noun [singular]

​the age at which somebody is legally old enough to agree to have a sexual relationship

TOPICS Law and justice C2

Answer 58

age of consent

/ˌeɪdʒ əv kənˈsent/

The girl was under the age of consent.

Question 59

Noun (formal)

• ​a statement or an idea that forms the basis for a reasonable line of argument
• a statement or proposition that is assumed to be true or valid for the sake of an argument or inference.

TOPICS Opinion and argument C1

Answer 59

premise

(also British English, less frequent premiss)

/ˈpremɪs/

• For example, in the argument “All humans are mortal; Socrates is human; therefore, Socrates is mortal”, the first two statements are premises and the last one is the conclusion.
• The argument rests on a false premise.

Question 60

verb

• to laugh at somebody and make jokes about them, either in a friendly way or in order to annoy them or make them embarrassed
• when you are playfully giving someone a hard time
• [intransitive, transitive] tease (somebody) (disapproving) to make somebody sexually excited, especially when you do not intend to have sex with them

TOPICS Feelings B2

Answer 60

tease

/tiːz/

• Don’t get upset—I was only teasing.
• She teased the men with an expression that was both innocent and knowing.

Question 61

noun

a flaw in reasoning : something that weaken or destroy an argument

Answer 61

fallacy

/ˈfæləsi/
(plural fallacies)

Question 62

one of few genes that is related to this uniquely human characersitic speech and language

Answer 62

Foxp2

Mutations in Foxp2 can cause a type of speech disorder called apraxia, which makes it difficult to produce sequences of sound

Question 63

adjective, (IN AGREEMENT)

similar to or in agreement with something, so that the two things can both exist or can be combined without problems:

TOPICS Maths and measurement C2

Answer 63

congruent

/ˈkɑːŋ.ɡru.ənt/

Our goals are congruent; there is no conflict.
We need the freedom to direct funds in a way that is congruent with local priorities.

Question 64

adjective

1. clearly very much better than what is usual:
2. not yet paid, solved, or done:

B2

= (EXCELLENT)

Answer 64

Outstanding

/ˌaʊtˈstæn.dɪŋ/

outstanding vs excellent

1. Introduction: Why Outstanding Conversation Skills Will Change Your Life
2. an outstanding debt / balance

Question 65

1. the most successful human in history
2. an early form of human that was able to walk on two legs (OLD) - oxford learner’s dictionary
3. (Cambridge dictionary) !-NO RESAULT

Answer 65

Homo Erectus

/ˌhoʊmoʊ əˈrɛktəs/

an early form of human that was able to walk on two legs.
he term “Homo Erectus” comes from Latin, meaning “upright man” or “standing man”5. The name was given by Eugène Dubois, a Dutch surgeon, who found the first Homo erectus individual in Indonesia in 1891.

Question 66

• Extinct human ancestor species known for walking upright.
• Lived in Africa and Asia from about 2 million to 100,000 years ago.
• Believed to be the first hominin to use fire and make simple tools.

Nariokotome boy

Answer 66

Homo Erectus

/ˈhoʊmoʊ ɪˈrɛktəs/

Homo Erectus Fossil locations

Brain Evolution and Tool Use: This article from Nature explores the connection between brain size, tool complexity, and the potential cognitive abilities of Homo erectus.

Question 67

the condition where sexes of the same species exhibit different morphological characteristics, particularly characteristics not directly involved in reproduction

Answer 67

SEXUAL DIFORMISM

For example, many birds show at least some dimorphism in color, the female being cryptically colored to remain concealed on the nest while the more-colorful male uses display in courtship and territorial behaviors2. Pronounced size differences may occur between the sexes. For example, male baboons are more than twice as large as females2.

Sexual dimorphism can lead to exaggerated dimorphic traits that are used predominantly in competition over mates1. The increased fitness resulting from ornamentation offsets its cost to produce or maintain, suggesting complex evolutionary implications1.

The opposite of dimorphism is monomorphism, when both biological sexes are phenotypically indistinguishable from each other

Question 68

Reference book translating words between two languages.

Answer 68

bilingual dictionary

/baɪˈlɪŋɡwəl ˈdɪkʃənˌɛri/

Lexicographers are responsible for compiling and editing bilingual dictionaries, ensuring accurate translations.

Question 69

noun [ C ]

a type of dictionary in which words with similar meanings are arranged in groups

Answer 69

thesaurus

/θɪˈsɔːr.əs/
plural thesauruses or formal thesauri /-ˈsɔːr.

I couldn’t find the word in the thesaurus.

Question 70

noun

a popular reference book, originally written by Peter Mark Roget (1779-1869) and first published in 1852.

Answer 70

Roget’s Thesaurus

/rəʊˌʒeɪz θɪˈsɔːrəs/
(also also informal Roget)

Roget was a scientist and inventor who started work on the thesaurus when he retired as Secretary of the Royal Society in 1848. It contains English words or phrases arranged together in groups according to their meaning, and is still used today by people looking for the most appropriate word or phrase to use in a piece of writing. New editions of Roget are published regularly.

Question 71

treasure of words

Answer 71

thesaurus

Question 72

a sensation of mental fatigue accompanied by reduced cognitive functioning. It can manifest as:
Unusual forgetfulness
Fuzzy memory or sluggishness when trying to remember names, dates, or where you put your keys
Difficulty paying attention or focusing
Confusion or spaciness
Challenges with processing information

Answer 72

Brain fog
(also known as mental fog)

Question 73

verb

to give something out to several people, or to spread or supply something:

B2

Answer 73

distribute

/dɪˈstrɪb.juːt/

Viruses are often distributed via email.

Question 74

Answer 74

Cannanbis in Greek, Marijuana in Mexican, Gangja in Hindi or Bhanga in Sanskrit

Question 75

adjective

extremely unpleasant and causing horror

SYNONYM appalling, disgusting

Answer 75

abominable

/əˈbɑːmɪnəbl/

[Enistien] The crime of the Germans is truely the most abominable ever to be recorded in the history of so-called civilized nations.

Question 76

noun [ C ]

a set of newspapers or magazines published at the same time or a single copy of a newspaper or magazine:

B1

Answer 76

issue

/ˈɪʃ.uː/ /ˈɪs.juː/

• There’s an article on motorbikes in the latest/next issue.
• An old issue of “Homes and Gardens” lay on the table.
• “I was looking for previous issues of the ‘Psychology Now’ magazine at the main library branch.”

Question 77

idiom. (informal)

to frighten someone very much:

Answer 77

scare someone to death

Psychology Now, Issue 2, pg31

• Thunderstorms scare her to death.
• Spiders frighten him to death.
  *

Question 78

noun

1. The part of the ego which does the criticizing is the … .
2. [uncountable, countable] a guilty feeling about something you have done or failed to do

TOPICS Personal qualities C1

وجدان، ضمیر، باطن، دل

Answer 78

conscience

/ˈkɑːn.ʃəns/

1. This is a matter of individual conscience (= everyone must make their own judgement about it).
2. I have a terrible conscience about it.

Question 79

a concentration of fragrance oils ranging from 15% to 20%. It is less concentrated than perfume extract but still offers a long-lasting scent.

Answer 79

eau de parfum

Eau de parfum is a term used to describe a type of fragrance concentration. It is not specifically designed for either men or women; rather, it can be worn by anyone. The concentration of essential oils in eau de parfum is typically higher than that in eau de toilette, resulting in a longer-lasting scent experience. Whether you’re male or female, feel free to enjoy the delightful fragrances offered by eau de parfum!

Question 80

Typically contains 5-15% fragrance oils. It is lighter and less concentrated than Eau de Parfum, making it suitable for everyday use.

Answer 80

Eau de Toilette (EDT)

Question 81

Usually has a concentration of 2-5% fragrance oils. It is the lightest and least concentrated type of perfume and is often used as a refreshing body splash.

Answer 81

Eau de Cologne (EDC)

Question 82

noun [ C ] BIOLOGY specialized

a structure at the end of a chromosome that protects it

Answer 82

telomere

/ˈte.lə.mɪr/

As we age, our telomeres become shorter and shorter and finally it can’t protect chromosomes against damages and this leads to diseases and finally death.
ETYMOLOGY The term “telomere” comes from the Ancient Greek words τέλος (télos) meaning ‘end’, and μέρος (méros) meaning ‘part’.

Question 83

noon [C]

a very small hole in the skin of people or other animals, or a similar hole on the surface of plants or rocks:

Answer 83

pore

/pɔːr/ /pɔːr/

Question 84

adverb

1. ​in a sudden, unexpected and often unpleasant way
2. ​in a way that seems rude and unfriendly, without taking time to say more than is necessary
   SYNONYM brusquely, curtly

Answer 84

abruptly

/əˈbrʌptli/

1. The interview ended abruptly. / He left abruptly.
2. ‘Come here!’ she said abruptly.

Question 85

noun

a protein found in connective tissues, providing strength and elasticity to the skin.

Answer 85

Collagen

/ˈkɒlədʒən/

“Collagen fibers give our skin its firmness and resilience.”
Greek word “kolla,” which means “glue.”
The suffix “-gen” denotes “producing” or “giving birth to.”

Question 86

noun

It maintains skin elasticity and allows tissues to stretch and return to their original shape.

Answer 86

Elastin

/ɪˈlæstɪn/

“Elastin fibers help our skin bounce back after being stretched.”

Question 87

verb [ I or T ] formal

to suggest a theory, idea, etc. as a basic principle from which a further idea is formed or developed:

SYNONYM posit

Suggestions and advice C2

Answer 87

postulate

/ˈpɑːs.tʃə.leɪt/

it has been postulated that homo naledi were given funerary rites, carried into the chamber, and intentionally placed there. The discovery of Homo naledi expands our understanding of hominin variation and challenges conventional assumptions about brain size and evolutionary advantage.

Question 88

Discovered fossils date back to the Middle Pleistocene, around 335,000 to 236,000 years ago.

Answer 88

Species: Homo naledi

Discovery: Found in the Rising Star Cave system in South Africa.
Habitat: Believed to have occupied both woodland and grassland environments. Believed they buried their lost members.
Morphology: Mix of primitive and modern human-like features.
Significance: Raises questions about human evolution, as the fossils exhibit a unique combination of traits.

Question 89

noun (informal)

an attempt to calculate something that is based more on guessing than on information

TOPICS Doubt, guessing and certainty C2

Answer 89

guesstimate

(also guestimate)

/ˈɡestɪmət/

Question 90

adj

changing often and suddenly; unpredictable and changeable nature

Answer 90

fickle

/ˈfɪk.əl/

• Avocados are very fickle.
• The weather here is notoriously fickle.

Question 91

verb [ T ] informal

1. to drink quickly, eagerly, and usually in large amounts
2. to use large amounts of petrol very quickly

Answer 91

guzzle

/ˈɡʌz.əl/

1. He guzzled his beer and ordered another.
2. The car guzzles a gallon of gas every 15 miles.

Question 92

noun

Confidence or trust without empirical evidence.

B1

Answer 92

faith

/feɪθ/

Epistemic Faith: Belief without evidence.
Religious Faith: Trust in divine or supernatural entities.
Faith and Reason: Debated relationship; compatible or opposed.
Kierkegaard’s Leap of Faith: True faith requires risk and commitment.
Critiques of Faith: Can lead to dogmatism and hinder critical thinking.

Question 93

verb [ T ]

1. to cause something, especially something that contains different people or opinions, to divide into two completely opposing groups:
2. [PHYSICS specialized] to make light waves move in one direction only, or mainly in one direction:
3. to treat glass with a substance that reduces the amount of reflected light:

Answer 93

ploraize

(UK usually polarise)

/ˈpəʊləraɪz/

my first night vision sunglasses purchased in 2024. brand Solar shield light yellow night vision sunglasses

Solar Shield® Classic Fits Over sunglasses are made to wear over your eyeglasses or readers for convenient polarized sun-protection.

Question 94

[uncountable, countable]

a thick substance, usually containing medicine, that is put on the skin where it is sore or where there is an injury, in order to cure it

SYNONYM cream

TOPICS Healthcare C2

Answer 94

ointment

/ˈɔɪntmənt/

Polysporin Triple Antibiotic Ointment

eye ointment
antiseptic ointment
He put some ointment on the cut.

Question 95

noun

1. area of hard skin at the base of the nails on the fingers and toes
2. the outer part of a hair, consisting of dead cells
3. (BIOLOGY) the outer layer of a plant, which protects it.

TOPICS Body C2

Answer 95

cuticle

/ˈkjuːtɪkl/

from Latin cuticula, diminutive of cutis ‘skin’.

Question 96

noun [ U ] formal

severe criticism and blame

Answer 96

opprobrium

/əˈproʊ.bri.əm/

1. With decades of legal and social opprobrium fading fast, marijuana has become an extremely popular commercial product with more than 48 million users across the U.S. Scientific American
2. The bombing has attracted international opprobrium.

Question 97

noun

the butt of a marijuana cigarette.

Answer 97

roach

/roʊtʃ/

informal for cockroach

Question 98

verb [intransitive]

to make a long deep sound or series of sounds

TOPICS Weather C2

Answer 98

rumble

/ˈrʌmbl/

1. thunder rumbling in the distance
2. Please excuse my stomach rumbling - I haven’t eaten all day.

Question 99

adjective [not usually before noun]

not conscious of something, especially what is happening around you:

Answer 99

oblivious

/əˈblɪv.i.əs/

“Many consumers remain oblivious to the immense animal suffering that occurs in factory farms before the meat reaches their plates.”

Question 100

noun

​a large area of land, especially in a hot country, where crops such as coffee, sugar, rubber, etc. are grown

TOPICS Farming C1

Answer 100

plantation

/plænˈteɪʃn/

• a banana/coffee plantation
• plantation workers/owners
• Hundreds of enslaved people used to work on the plantations.

Question 101

noun

smoke, gas, or something similar that smells strongly or is dangerous to breathe in

Answer 101

fumes

/fjuːm/

Some of the unluckiest slaves in Ancient Greece worked in mines, digging in tunnels that seeped out poisonous fumes.

Question 102

verb

to show that an idea, a belief, etc. is false;
to show that something is not as good as people think it is

Answer 102

debunk

/diːˈbʌŋk/

New science debunks the myth that men evolved to hunt and women to gather. Scientific American, Nov 2023

Question 103

adjective

• (with somebody/something) having a very strong feeling of love or attraction for somebody/something so that you cannot think clearly and in a sensible way (OLD)
• having a very strong but not usually lasting feeling of love or attraction for someone or something (CambridgeD)

TOPICS Family and relationships C2,

SYNONYM besotted

Answer 103

infatuated

/ɪnˈfætʃueɪtɪd/

• She was completely infatuated with him.
• He’s behaving like an infatuated teenager.

Question 104

BOOK

How do we meet each other’s deep, emotional need to feel loved?
If we can learn that and choose to do it, then the love we share will be exciting beyond anything we ever felt when we were … .

The 5 love languages , By Gary Chapman, 1992, pg 35

Answer 104

infatuated

/ɪnˈfætʃ.u.eɪ.t̬ɪd/

• (with somebody/something) having a very strong feeling of love or attraction for somebody/something so that you cannot think clearly and in a sensible way (OLD)
• having a very strong but not usually lasting feeling of love or attraction for someone or something (CambridgeD)

Feelings C2

Question 105

adjective

​ large in amount, value or importance

B2

SYNONYM considerable

Answer 105

substantial

/səbˈstænʃl/

Presently 40 percent of first
marriages in this country end in divorce. Sixty percent of second marriages and 75 percent of third marriages end the same way. Apparently the prospect of a happier marriage the second and third time around is not substantial.

Question 106

Book

Presently 40 percent of first
marriages in this country end in divorce. Sixty percent of
second marriages and 75 percent of third marriages end
the same way. Apparently the prospect of a happier
marriage the second and third time around is not
… .

The 5 love languages , By Gary Chapman, 1992, pg 30

Answer 106

substantial

/səbˈstænʃl/

large in size, value, or importance

Question 107

adjective (often disapproving)

based on imagination and not facts or reason

Answer 107

fanciful

/ˈfænsɪfl/

• Admittedly, this may be a fanciful and unrealistic goal.
• During their mission, they encounter all kinds of bizarre and fanciful creatures.

Question 108

BOOK

The reason we can do that so freely is that we sincerely believe that our lover feels the same way towardus. We believe that she is committed to meeting our needs, that he loves us as much as we love him and would never do anything to hurt us.
That thinking is always … .

The 5 love languages , By Gary Chapman, 1992, pg 41

Answer 108

fanciful

/ˈfænsɪfl/

based on imagination and not facts or reason

Question 109

adjective (formal)

​caring about the needs and happiness of other people and being willing to do things to help them, even if it brings no advantage to yourself

Answer 109

altruistic

/ˌæltruˈɪstɪk/

altruistic behaviour

Question 110

The euphoria of the “in love” state gives us the illusion
that we have an intimate relationship. We feel that we
belong to each other. We believe we can conquer all
problems. We feel … toward each other.

The 5 love languages , By Gary Chapman, 1992, pg 41

Answer 110

altruistic

/ˌæltruˈɪstɪk/

​caring about the needs and happiness of other people and being willing to do things to help them, even if it brings no advantage to yourself

Question 111

1. ​[intransitive] to break into small parts or pieces and be destroyed
2. [intransitive] to become much less strong or united and be gradually destroyed
   SYNONYM fall apart

Answer 111

disintegrate

1. The wall just disintegrated in a shower of fragments and dust.
2. The authority of the central government was rapidly disintegrating.

Question 112

adjective [only before noun] (informal)

​(of ideas, plans, etc.) strange or crazy

Answer 112

crackpot

/ˈkrækpɑːt/

crackpot ideas/theories

Question 113

adjective

​involving two people or groups who agree to help each other or behave in the same way to each other

Answer 113

reciprocal

/rɪˈsɪprəkl/

• The two colleges have a reciprocal arrangement whereby students from one college can attend classes at the other.
• a reciprocal relationship between citizens and the state

Question 114

noun (formal)

1. ​[uncountable, countable] a definite or public statement that something is true or that you support something strongly
   SYNONYM confirmation
2. [uncountable] emotional support or approval

تاکید، تصدیق، اثبات، تصریح، اظهار قطعی

Answer 114

affirmation

/ˌæfərˈmeɪʃn/

1. Some people need frequent affirmations of love from their partners.
2. The children were constantly looking for affirmation from their parents.

Question 115

quote by Mark Twain

i can live for two months on a good … .

Answer 115

compliment

/ˈkɑːmplɪmənt/

[countable] a comment that expresses praise or approval of somebody

Question 116

Idioms

​a comment that seems to express approval but could also be understood as expressing a poor opinion of somebody/something

Answer 116

a left-handed compliment

(North American English also backhanded compliment)

In a left-handed compliment she said he looked very good for his age! .
Or: “You’re quite articulate for your age!”.

Question 117

Book

I am not suggesting verbal flattery in order to get your spouse to do something you want. The object of love is not getting something you want but doing something for the well-being of the one you love. It is a fact, however, that when we receive affirming words we are far more likely to be motivated to ………. and do something our spouse desires.

The 5 love languages , By Gary Chapman, 1992, pg 40

Answer 117

reciprocate

/rɪˈsɪprəkeɪt/

to share the same feelings as someone else, or to behave in the same way as someone else:

Question 118

quote by Solomon: (the ancient Hebrew Wisdom Literature)

“The … has the power of life and death.”

Proverbs 18:21 Amplified Bible (AMP)

Answer 118

tongue

/tʌŋ/

Question 119

verb

​ to give somebody support, courage or hope

Answer 119

encourage

/ɪnˈkɜːrɪdʒ/

“Giving verbal compliments is only one way to express words of affirmation to your spouse. Another dialect is encouraging words. The word encourage means “to inspire courage.” All of us have areas in which we feel insecure. We lack courage, and that lack of courage often hinders us from accomplishing the positive things that we would like to do. The latent potential within your spouse in his or her areas of insecurity may await your encouraging words.”
― Gary Chapman, The Five Love Languages: The Secret to Love that Lasts, pg 40

Question 120

verb [ T ]

to limit the ability of someone to do something, or to limit the development of something:

C2

Answer 120

hinder

/ˈhɪn.dɚ/

“Giving verbal compliments is only one way to express words of affirmation to your spouse. Another dialect is encouraging words. The word encourage means “to inspire courage.” All of us have areas in which we feel insecure. We lack courage, and that lack of courage often hinders us from accomplishing the positive things that we would like to do. The latent potential within your spouse in his or her areas of insecurity may await your encouraging words.” ― Gary Chapman, The Five Love Languages: The Secret to Love that Lasts, pg 40

Question 121

adjective

difficult, needing a lot of effort and energy:

Answer 121

arduous

/ˈɑːr.dʒu.əs/

• an arduous climb/task/journey
• She is an excellent writer, but it took the encouraging words from her husband to inspire her to take the first step in the arduous process of getting an article published.

Question 122

adjective

​producing a large amount of money; making a large profit

Synonyms successful

TOPICS Jobs C1

Answer 122

lucrative

/ˈluːkrətɪv/

• a lucrative business/contract/market
• Had the plan worked it would have proved highly lucrative.

Question 123

verb

to improve something or make it stronger

Answer 123

bolster

/ˈbəʊlstər/

She tried to bolster my confidence/morale (= encourage me and make me feel stronger) by telling me that I had a special talent.

Question 124

ADJECTIVE

1. [only before noun] (formal or law) relating to young people who are not yet adults
2. ​(formal) relating to young birds and animals
3. ​(disapproving) silly and more typical of a child than an adult - SYNONYM childish

TOPICS Life stages C1, Law and justice C1

Answer 124

juvenile

from Latin juvenis ‘young, a young person’.

/ˈdʒuːvənl/

1. juvenile crime/employment
2. the prey of juvenile owls
3. Religion can mean believing that God is the source and the goal of life, or that this is at best a juvenile distraction; (world religions the great faiths explored and explained. DK 2006)
   juvenile behaviour …. / … Don’t be so juvenile!

Question 125

book

It can mean believing that God is the source and the goal of life, or that this is at best a … distraction;

(world religions the great faiths explored and explained. DK 2006)

Answer 125

juvenile

/ˈdʒuːvənl/

​(disapproving) silly and more typical of a child than an adult - SYNONYM childish

Question 126

verb [ T ]

“To expel a person from a religious community (in a church or synagogue) by a formal sentence, depriving them of their spiritual privileges.”

Answer 126

excommunicate

/ˌek.skəˈmjuː.nə.keɪt/

A manuscript depicting Frederick II (l. 1194-1250 CE) being excommunicated by Pope Innocent IV.

• It can mean believing that God is the source and the goal of life, or that this is at best a juvenile distraction; loving one’s neighbor as oneself, or excommunicating him or her to a fate far worse than death; (world religions the great faiths explored and explained. DK 2006. pg 7)
• The Bahá’í Faith rarely excommunicates members but reserves it for suppressing organized dissent that threatens unity.

Question 127

noun

1. a young bird that has just learnt to fly
2. new and without experience

Answer 127

fledgling

(British English also fledgeling)

/ˈfledʒlɪŋ/

1. Tiger sharks travel a thousand kilometers to get to Laysan island, arriving just in time for the fledging season. (Our planet II, S01E02)
2. fledgling democracies

Question 128

noun informal (DRUG)

1. marijuana, or, more generally, any type of illegal drug:
2. a silly person:
3. information, especially secret or hidden information:
4. (adjective) very good:

Answer 128

dope

/doʊp/

1. They were arrested for smoking/selling/buying dope.
2. You shouldn’t have told him, you dope!
3. His blog is a must-read for anyone who wants the inside dope on the tech world.
4. This music is dope.

Question 129

adjective

extremely bad, worrying, or without hope:

TOPICS Health problems C2

Answer 129

grim

/ɡrɪm/

(comparative grimmer, superlative grimmest)

If toadlets are not quick enough, their fates is grim; They are consumed whole by giant leeches. LINK

Question 130

noun

1. a product that is bought and sold
2. formal a useful quality or thing

Answer 130

commodity

/kəˈmɑːdəti/
(plural commodities)

1. rice, flour and other basic commodities.
2. Time is a precious commodity.

Question 131

phrasal verb

1. ​to suddenly try to hit somebody/something
2. ​to criticize somebody in an angry way

Answer 131

lash out (at somebody/something)

/læʃ/

1. She suddenly lashed out at the boy.
2. In a bitter article he lashed out at his critics.

Question 132

Coined by Gary Chapman in “The 5 Love Languages,”

it represents our emotional need for love. Keeping it full is crucial for lasting relationships.

Answer 132

Love Tank

From the book:
* “Keeping your partner’s love tank full is crucial for a lasting relationship.”
* ““Much of the misbehavior of children is motivated by the cravings of an empty ‘love tank’.”

Question 133

verb

remove the Nazi influence from (an area or institution).

Answer 133

denazify

dēˈnätsəˌfī/

Putin (2022 after attacking Ukrain): “We are seeking to demilitarize and denazify Ukrain.”
“Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill agree to denazify Germany”

Question 134

[uncountable, countable]

1. a cloud of very small drops of water in the air just above the ground, that make it difficult to see
2. a thin layer of liquid on the surface of something that makes it difficult to see
3. ​[singular] a fine spray of liquid, for example from an aerosol can

TOPICS Weather C1

make a sentence

Answer 134

mist

/mɪst/

• The origins of the story are lost in the mists of time (= forgotten because it happened such a long time ago).
• Through a mist of tears, I watched his train pull out of the station.
• “After applying a nourishing serum, it’s advisable to follow up with a gentle facial mist to lock in moisture and keep your skin hydrated throughout the day.”

Question 135

noun

animal like a large rabbit with very strong back legs, that can run very fast

TOPICS Animals C1

Answer 135

hare

/her/

rabbit vs hare

Scientists are studying the unique adaptations of desert hares, such as their ability to conserve water and survive in hot, arid environments.

Question 136

two part words

Talking down to someone, implying superiority

Answer 136

condescending manner

/kənˌdɪˈsɛndɪŋ ˈmænər/

• Explains things as if listener lacks knowledge
• Uses dismissive tone or body language
• Offers unsolicited, patronizing advice

Question 137

noun [uncountable]

the period of a person’s life during which their sexual organs develop and they become capable of having children

TOPICS Life stages C2

Answer 137

puberty

/ˈpjuːbərti/

During puberty, hormonal variations trigger the development of secondary sex characteristics, with girls experiencing breast growth and menarche (first period) while boys see testicular enlargement and voice deepening.
from Latin puber ‘adult’, related to pubes ‘pubic hair, groin, genitals’.

Question 138

adjective

​making a short, high sound;

Answer 138

squeaky

/ˈskwiː.ki/
(squeakier, squeakiest)

• squeaky floorboards
• Puberty often brings a characteristically squeaky voice in boys due to laryngeal development.

Question 139

1. Noun [ C ],

1. a strong feeling of anger and dislike for a person who you feel has treated you badly, especially one that lasts for a long time:
2. to do or give something unwillingly SYNONYM begrudge
3. to think that somebody does not deserve to have something
   SYNONYM begrudge

TOPICS Preferences and decisionsC2, Feelings C2

Answer 139

grudge

/ɡrʌdʒ/

1. He has a grudge against the world.
2. grudge doing something I grudge having to pay so much tax.
   grudge something He grudges the time he spends travelling to work.
3. You surely don’t grudge her her success?

Question 140

adjective

(of people) willing to use their power to do dishonest or illegal things in return for money or to get an advantage

Answer 140

corrupt

/kəˈrʌpt/

• Romania is one of the most corrupt countries in Europe.
• Scientific: Corrupt data sets can lead to unreliable scientific conclusions.
• Academic: Many political science courses explore the concept of corruption and its impact on governance.
• Historical: The Roman Empire’s decline is often attributed to widespread political corruption.

Question 141

noun

an agreement between enemies or opponents to stop fighting for an agreed period of time; the period of time that this lasts

TOPICS Discussion and agreementC1, War and conflict C1

Answer 141

truce

/truːs/

to call/break a truce
truth and truce are homophones

Question 142

imperative sentence

When someone tells you to “… …,” they are advising you to exercise self-discipline, avoid impulsive behavior, or prevent yourself from doing something you might want to do but should not.

Answer 142

“restrain yourself”

It’s about exercising self-control and not giving in to immediate desires or urges. For example, if you’re angry, you might need to restrain yourself from yelling or reacting aggressively.

Question 143

noun [uncountable]

​the fact of being strange, mysterious and frightening

Answer 143

eeriness

/ˈɪrinəs/

The Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), looks peacful now, but underneath this, there is eeriness . Link: The hidden village just metres from North Korea | BBC News)
the eeriness of an empty city

Question 144

noun [ U ]

the act or process of forcing people by law to join the armed services:

TOPICS War and conflict C2

Answer 144

conscription

/kənˈskrɪp.ʃən/

Conscription has always been a controversial topic. Opponents argue it infringes on individual liberties and can be unfair. Proponents see it as a necessary tool for national defense and fostering social cohesion.
Conscription comes from Latin “con-scribere” meaning “to write down together” - basically enrolling someone (for military service).

Question 145

adjective

1. extremely slow and sluggish
2. extremely unfriendly
3. extremely cold

Answer 145

glacial

/ˈɡleɪʃl/

1. It would take the FDA nearly six months to get the Purity First off the market. A response Dr.Spaeth calls “glacial”
2. She gave me a glacial stare.
3. glacial temperatures/period

Question 146

adjective

Having a disagreeable odor or taste caused by oxidation of fats and oils.

Answer 146

rancid

/ˈrænsɪd/

rancid butter
rancid breath

Question 147

History

also known as Norsemen or Northmen, were seafaring raiders, traders, and explorers from Scandinavia (Denmark, Norway, and Sweden) during the 8th to 11th centuries CE.

Answer 147

The Vikings

/ˈvaɪ.kɪŋ/

The Vikings famously raided and colonized parts of Europe, reaching as far as Newfoundland in North America.

Etymology: From Old Norse *víkingr (“ raider, seafarer”). The root is uncertain, possibly related to *vik (“bay, inlet”) suggesting their connection to the sea.

Question 148

History

a legendary Viking king and hero who appears in various Norse sagas. The historical accuracy of these tales is debated, but Ragnar is depicted as a fearless warrior and ruler who led raids on England and France.

Answer 148

Ragnar Lodbrok (d. 845 CE)

Question 149

verb

To destroy completely; to put an end to something by killing all the members or examples of it.

Answer 149

exterminate

/ɪkˈstərˌmɪˌnet/

• When the cockle grows amongst the barley, there is only one way to purify the field. Therefore, tonight, I order that all Vikings living on this island… be exterminated.
• The government is trying to exterminate the invasive insect species.
• “Exterminate” has a strong connotation of complete and final destruction. It’s often used in serious contexts, such as genocide, pest control, or science fiction.

Question 150

verb [ I or T ]

To move silently and stealthily, often in search of prey. This is a common way to describe how a predator, like a lion or a cat, moves.

Answer 150

prowl

/praʊl/

• if that Jesus bunch caught you prowling around over there, you’ll be lucky to get back.
• At night, adult scorpions prowl the desert for (= trying to catch) insects.

Question 151

• A person who worships a god or gods other than the one God of Christianity or Judaism.
• An adherent of a polytheistic religion.

Answer 151

pagan

/ˈpeɪɡən/

Pagan Etymology

• Some people today practice pagan religions, such as Wicca or Druidism.
• In ancient Rome, there were many pagan gods and goddesses, such as Jupiter, Juno, and Mars.

Question 152

noun

a term used to describe a variety of religions that are not considered part of the major world religions, such as Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Hinduism, or Buddhism.

Answer 152

paganism

/ˈpeɪ.ɡən.ɪ.zəm/

Pagan religions are often characterized by a belief in multiple deities (polytheism), a reverence for nature, and a focus on ritual and magic.

Question 153

noun [ C ]

1. Worshipper of Idols
2. Excessive Admiration

Answer 153

idolater

/aɪˈdɑː.lə.t̬ɚ/

1. An idolater is someone who worships a physical object (idol) as if it were a god or deity. This is often used in the context of Abrahamic religions (Christianity, Judaism, Islam) where worshipping one God is central. In these religions, idols are seen as false gods and idolatry is forbidden.
2. This is a more figurative meaning. An idolater can also be someone who admires or reveres someone or something excessively, often to the point of worshipping them. This usage isn’t necessarily negative. For instance, a teenager who idolizes a musician might have their walls plastered with posters and spend all their free time listening to their music.

Question 154

noun

1. a deep narrow valley with steep sides SYNONYM canyon
2. ……… (yourself) (on something) to eat a lot of something, until you are too full to eat any more

TOPICS Geography C1
TOPICS Feelings C2

Answer 154

gorge

/ɡɔːrdʒ/

1. the Rhine Gorge
2. If you gorge yourself on snacks like that, you won’t eat your dinner.

Question 155

verb

To turn something upside down, or make it stand on its end.

Answer 155

upend

/ʌpˈend/

Imagine your favorite toy truck. Normally, it sits on its wheels. If you upended it, the wheels would be pointing straight up in the air!

Here are some other ways to think about “upend”:

Tipping something over: You might upend a bucket of sand if you’re not careful while carrying it.
Emptying something completely: You could upend a bag of chips to get the very last crumb out.

Question 156

noun

1. small pieces of rubbish that have been left lying on the ground in public places:
2. a group of animals that are born at the same time and have the same mother:

B2

Answer 156

litter

/ˈlɪt̬.ɚ/

1. About two percent of fast-food packaging ends up as litter.
2. Female Pikas can have up to three litters per year.

Question 157

Small mammal related to the rabbit and similar to a guinea pig
Found in rocky areas of western North America
Known for their high-pitched calls
Diurnal (active during the day)
Herbivore (eats plants)

Answer 157

American Pika

Question 158

adjective

​(biology) (of animals) active during the day

OPPOSITE nocturnal

Answer 158

diurnal

/daɪˈɜːrnl/

• Unlike most other bats, this species is diurnal.

Question 159

verb (formal)

to want something very much, especially something that belongs to somebody else

Answer 159

covet

/ˈkʌvət/

He had long coveted the chance to work with a famous musician.
They are this year’s winners of the coveted trophy (= that everyone would like to win).

Question 160

multi-word expression.

Do what you want.

Answer 160

Suit Yourself

• I don’t have a preference. (Neutral tone): “Coffee or tea: Suit yourself.”)
• Fine, but don’t complain later. (Passive-aggressive tone): “You won’t wear a jacket? Suit yourself. Don’t complain if you get cold.”)
• Good luck with that. (Sarcastic tone): I suggest studying for the exam. Suit yourself if you want to fail.”)

Question 161

Generally: A person who does not follow a religion considered to be true by the speaker, especially one who follows a polytheistic religion.
More nuanced meanings:
Someone considered uncultured or uncivilized.
Derogatory term for someone who behaves immorally.

Answer 161

Heathen

/hīðən/

etymology

Examples:

Historical: “The Vikings were considered heathens by the Christians.”
Neutral: “Some scholars believe the ancient Greeks were a heathen culture.” (This usage is less common today)
Offensive: “That man’s behavior is so heathen!” (This usage is discouraged as it can be disrespectful)

Question 162

Norse mythology

• In Norse mythology, is a majestic hall located in Asgard, the realm of the gods.
• It serves as a glorious afterlife for warriors who die bravely in battle.
• Einherjar, these chosen warriors, feast, train, and prepare for Ragnarök, the final battle between gods and giants.

Answer 162

Valhalla

/vəˈhalə/

Mythology: “The brave Viking warrior hoped to reach Valhalla after his death.”
Figurative: “The athletes trained with such intensity, it felt like they were preparing for Valhalla.” (This usage metaphorically compares a place of intense training or competition to Valhalla)

Etymology: Old Norse Valhöll (“hall of the slain”).
Valr (meaning “slain warrior”) and höll (meaning “hall”).

Question 163

adjective [ before noun ]

1. more advanced in time; later; nearer to the end of a period of time than the beginning
2. used to refer to the second of two things or people mentioned

Opposite former

Answer 163

latter

/ˈlæt̬.ɚ/

1. Bands of these fearsome warriors from modern-day Scandinavia crossed the seas in their unique longboats - sail thrashing in the wind- to conduct terrifying raids in much of Europe and lands to the East from 800 AD to the latter part of the 11th century.
   the latter part of the 11th century: refers to a period closer to the end of the 11th century, likely somewhere between the years 1070 and 1100.
2. He chose the latter option. / The latter point is the most important.

Question 164

noun

1. ​[usually singular] a person who rescues somebody/something from a dangerous or difficult situation
2. ​the …. : [singular] used in the Christian religion as another name for Jesus Christ

Answer 164

saviour

/ˈseɪvjər/
(US English savior)

1. The new manager has been hailed as the saviour of the club.
2. Religious Context: In many religions, a savior is a figure who is believed to rescue humanity from suffering or sin. The most well-known example is Jesus Christ in Christianity, who is believed to be the Son of God who died for humanity’s sins.

Question 165

noun

1. The postponement of a punishment, esp. of death.
2. A temporary respite from something unpleasant or difficult.

Answer 165

reprieve

/riˈpriːv/

“The King did graunt him a Reprieve for a certaine time.” (Edward Coke, Institutes of the Laws of England, 1642)
from the Middle French word “repriver,” which means “to take back” or “to revoke.”

Question 166

Norse Mythology

Norse goddess of love, beauty, fertility, war, and magic.
Ruler of the afterlife field Fólkvangr, where half of those who die in battle reside

Answer 166

Freya

(also spelled Freyja, Freia)

frei.ja

Freja (1905) by John Bauer (1882–1918)

The most beautiful of the Asynjur goddesses, Freya was considered second in rank only to Frigg, Odin’s wife, with whom she was sometimes confused. Freya was also the goddess of a form of magic, called seiyr, which she taught to Odin and the other Aesir.

Question 167

VERB

1. to search a place or thing carefully and completely in order to find somebody/something SYNONYM comb
2. to clean something by rubbing its surface hard with rough material

Answer 167

scoure

/ˈskaʊ.ɚ/

1. A young wolf, Cedar, has been Scouring the coast for days. looking for food, leftovers, anything.
2. I had to scour out the pans.

Question 168

noun

​a small ball of wire or stiff plastic used for cleaning pans

Answer 168

scourer
(also scouring pad)

/ˈskaʊərər/

Scourer Sponge

Question 169

adjective (formal)

​making people feel very frightened

Answer 169

fearsome

/ˈfɪrsəm/

• a fearsome dinosaur
• He has a fearsome reputation as a fighter.
• a fearsome expression/sight

Question 170

noun [plural]

​large amounts of money and valuable or beautiful possessions

Answer 170

riches

/ˈrɪtʃɪz/

• a career that brought him fame and riches
• material riches
• She was a famous model whose looks were her riches.
• all the riches of the world’s oceans

Question 171

noun [uncountable] (old use)

​a promise to be loyal to somebody and show them your support, especially a king or queen

Answer 171

fealty

/ˈfiːəlti/

The Vikings were not a “race” linked by ties of common ancestry or patriotism- and in fact, their fealty was to the cheiftain of their particular tribe.

Question 172

• Norse explorer
• Credited with leading the first European voyages to North America (around 1000 AD)
• Son of Erik the Red, who founded the first Norse settlement in Greenland
• Religion: Christianity (converted by King Olaf Tryggvason of Norway)
• Nicknames: Leif the Lucky, Leif the Discoverer

Answer 172

Leif Erikson

Leif Eriksson Discovers America by Hans Dahl (1849–1937)

While there is some debate about who the absolute “first” European explorer might have been, Leif Erikson is widely credited with leading the first sustained European voyages to North America, pre-dating Columbus by nearly 500 years. This represents a significant achievement in exploration and navigation.

Question 173

adjective

1. ​(of a liquid) not clear; dark or dirty with mud or another substance
   SYNONYM cloudy
2. ​(of air, light, etc.) dark and unpleasant because of smoke, fog, etc.
3. ​(disapproving or humorous) (of people’s actions or character) not clearly known and suspected of not being honest

Answer 173

murky

/ˈmɜːrki/
(comparative murkier, superlative murkiest)

1. She gazed into the murky depths of the water.
   (figurative) The meaning of this sentence remains murky
2. a murky night
   The light was murky and it was difficult to see ahead.
3. He had a somewhat murky past.
   He was involved in the murky world of arms dealing.

Question 174

noun [uncountable, singular]

​violence; aggressive behaviour.

Answer 174

ferocity

/fəˈrɑːsəti/

• The police were shocked by the ferocity of the attack.
• She fought back with a ferocity that matched his own
• The speed and ferocity of the Vikings’ movements over oceans and continents - in just a little more than two and half centuries - changed the world forever.

Question 175

(especially North American English, offensive, slang)

B.S stands for..

Answer 175

bullshit

/ˈbʊlʃɪt/

• I am Marni and I am going to give you the no bs insider information about the women.
• That guy’s full of BS.

Question 176

JIMMY CARTER in Tehran DEC 31, 1977

“Iran, because of the great leadership of the Shah, is an island of ……… in one of the more troubled areas of the world.”
JIMMY CARTER
39th President of the United States: 1977 ‐ 1981
Toasts of the President and the Shah at a State Dinner in Tehran, Iran
December 31, 1977

Answer 176

stability

/stəˈbɪləti/

View of, in profile from left, Empress Farah Pahlavi of Iran, First Lady Rosalynn Carter, the Shah of Iran Emperor Reza Pahlavi, and President Jimmy Carter as they stand for their respective country's national anthems during a welcoming ceremony at the White House, Nov. 15, 1977. source: (Newsweek magazine: Why Jimmy Carter Owes the Iranian People an Apology

“Iran, because of the great leadership of the Shah, is an island of stability in one of the more troubled areas of the world.”
JIMMY CARTER
39th President of the United States: 1977 ‐ 1981
Toasts of the President and the Shah at a State Dinner in Tehran, Iran
December 31, 1977

Question 177

noun

The sovereign or supreme male monarch of an empire.

TOPICS History B2, People in society B2

Answer 177

Emperor

SEE ALSO empress

/ˈempərər/

Newsweek article on 2023: “Why Jimmy Carter Owes the Iranian People an Apology” addressed the last shah of Iran: Emperor!.
“Regarding the title, the Shah of Iran was indeed a king, not an emperor. The distinction between these titles is significant. While an emperor typically rules over multiple nations or territories, a king’s authority is usually limited to a single kingdom. In the case of the Shah, his title was that of a monarch who ruled Iran. The use of the term “emperor” would not accurately describe his position.”

Question 178

noun

the act of recalling or recollecting past experiences.

TOPICS Life stages C2

نشانه، یاداوری، یادداشت، یادبود، خاطره

Answer 178

reminiscence

/ˌremɪˈnɪsns/

Archeological "Reminiscence" of Millet's Angelus BY Salvador Dali

The role of reminiscence in family history research should never be underestimated.
Etymology: The Latin verb reminisci means “to remember” or “recall to mind.”
It combines the prefix “re-” (meaning “again”) and the root “mens” (which signifies “mind”).

Question 179

Verb

to make a place more able to resist attack, especially by building high walls

Answer 179

fortify something (against somebody/something)

/ˈfɔːrtɪfaɪ/

a fortified town
They fortified the area against attack.

Question 180

verb

to make repeated short, high sounds
SYNONYM warble

TOPICS Language C2

Answer 180

trill

/trɪl/

• A phone trilled on the desk.
• Crickets trill by rubbing their wings together.
• Grasshoppers also produce trilling sounds using their wings.
• Cicadas create a loud trill by vibrating their tymbals (specialized structures on their abdomen).

Question 181

adjective

​very clever and quick at seeing what to do in a particular situation, especially how to get an advantage
SYNONYM shrewd

TOPICS Personal qualities C2

Answer 181

astute

/əˈstuːt/

an astute businessman/politician/observer

Question 182

verb

to order somebody to leave a place, especially a country, as a punishment
SYNONYM exile

TOPICS Crime and punishment C2

Answer 182

banish somebody (from…) (to…)

/ˈbænɪʃ/

• He was banished to Australia, where he died five years later.
• The children were banished from the dining room.
• He pleaded with the Queen not to banish him.

Question 183

noun

​[singular, uncountable] an end to a disagreement or conflict with somebody and the start of a good relationship again

TOPICS Discussion and agreement C2

Answer 183

reconciliation

/ˌrekənsɪliˈeɪʃn/

• The pair are bravely attempting a reconciliation.
• reconciliation with somebody: Their change of policy brought about a reconciliation with Britain.
• reconciliation between A and B: He is striving to bring about a reconciliation between the two conflicting sides.

Question 184

phrasal verb

To become inconspicuous or indistinguishable from the surroundings or people around one.

Answer 184

blend in

/blɛnd ˈɪn/

• Scientific: Chameleons are masters of blending in by changing their skin color to match their environment.
• Academic: Social psychology studies how people use clothing and behavior to blend in with different social groups.
• Historical: During wartime, soldiers might wear camouflage uniforms to blend in with the landscape and avoid enemy detection.

Question 185

verb

to rise; to go up; to climb up

OPPOSITE descend

Answer 185

ascend

While some in Iran may remember Churchill as a hero, he was also involved in various plots against Iran.
His actions included helping Reza Shah Pahlavi ascend the throne, occupying Iran during World War II, imposing sanctions after oil nationalization, and dispatching warships to threaten Iran.

Question 186

verb

​to surprise somebody suddenly in a way that slightly shocks or frightens them
Synonyms surprise

TOPICS Feelings C2

Answer 186

startle

/ˈstɑːrtl/

• startle somebody/something I didn’t mean to startle you.
• The explosion startled the horse.
  I was startled by her question.
  She was startled into a little cry of surprise.
  it startles somebody to do something : It startled me to find her sitting in my office.

Question 187

adjective

​(of people) strong, determined and not afraid of arguing with people

TOPICS Opinion and argument C2

Answer 187

feisty

/ˈfaɪsti/
(comparative feistier, superlative feistiest)
(informal, appro

The Adélie penguin is known as the feistiest penguin species in the world. They are common along the entire coast of the Antarctic continent, which is the only place where they are found. Despite their small size, these birds are quite feisty. They’ve been known to take on potential predators such as seals or large seabirds, and even researchers who get too close. It’s thought there may be over 10 million Adélies in Antarctica.

Question 188

noun

Field combining biology, computer science, and statistics.
Uses AI, data analysis to understand biological data (DNA, genes, proteins).

Answer 188

Bioinformatics

/ˌbaɪ.oʊ.ɪn.fərˈmæt.ɪks/

Analyzing DNA sequences to identify genes or predict protein functions: Bioinformatics tools can analyze the sequence of nucleotides in DNA to identify genes, understand their regulation, and predict potential mutations.

Question 189

noun

a tropical tree that grows in mud or at the edge of rivers and has roots that are above ground

Answer 189

mangrove

/ˈmænɡrəʊv/

• mangrove swamps
  *

Question 190

noun

1. A place, employment, status, or activity for which a person or thing is best fitted.
2. A habitat supplying the factors necessary for the existence of an organism or species
3. A specialized market.

Answer 190

niche

/nɪtʃ/

1. She finally found her niche in graphic design.
2. With too much competition from predators on land, fishing cats were forced a new niche in order to survive. They turned to tthe swamp.
3. The company targets the niche market of organic pet food.

Question 191

verb

1. [transitive] to mix two or more substances together
2. [intransitive] to form a mixture with something
3. to combine with something in an attractive or effective way; to combine something in this way
4. blend something to produce something by mixing different types together

Cooking and eating C1

Answer 191

blend

1. blend A with B: Blend the flour with the milk to make a smooth paste.
   blend A and B (together) Blend together the eggs, sugar and flour.
2. blend with something Oil does not blend with water.
   blend (together) Oil and water do not blend.
3. blend (something) (together) The old and new buildings blend together perfectly.
   blend something (and/with something) Their music blends traditional and modern styles.
4. blended whisky/tea

Question 192

verb [often passive]

1. to impress somebody a lot with your beauty, skill, etc.
2. if a strong light dazzles you, it is so bright that you cannot see for a short time
   SYNONYM blind

Answer 192

dazzle

/ˈdæzl/

1. He was dazzled by the warmth of her smile./
   She knows a lot of famous people and tried to dazzle me with their names.
2. He was momentarily dazzled by the strong sunlight.

Question 193

verb

to shine with a soft, gentle light that seems to move slightly.

Answer 193

shimmer

a hundred and fifty shimmering eyespots, carried on tail feathers that are six feet long.

• As the peacock displays his tail, the shimmering eyespots dynamically shift through a spectrum of blues, greens, and golds depending on the viewing angle.
• The sea was shimmering in the sunlight.
• The surface of the road shimmered in the midday heat.
• She was wearing a shimmering white gown.

Question 194

noun

1. a large feather
2. a cloud of something that rises and curves upwards in the air

TOPICS The environment C2

Answer 194

plume

/pluːm/

1. male Peacock’s Colors and plumes come at a cost; The immense tail makes flying difficult.
2. a plume of smoke

Question 195

adjective

1. ​(of animals) active at night
2. (formal) happening during the night

OPPOSITE diurnal

Answer 195

nocturnal

/nɑːkˈtɜːrnl/

1. The first mammals, as far as we can tell, were mostly nocturnal. Colors are not easily distinguishable at night, so whay evove the ability to detect them? It seems that the first mammals themselves, were not very colorful. And this is still largely true today. Most are shades of black and white or Brown. (Life in Colour with David Attenborough. S01E01)
2. a nocturnal visit

Question 196

phrasal verb

​to take care of yourself without help from anyone else

Answer 196

fend for yourself

• His parents agreed to pay the rent for his apartment but otherwise left him to fend for himself.
• The fox was released into the wild when it was old enough to fend for itself.
• The children were left to fend for themselves.
• We can let our guests fend for themselves.

Question 197

noun

[countable] the round area at the top of the back legs of an animal that has four legs

TOPICS Animals C2

Answer 197

rump

/rʌmp/

Male Mandrill are the biggest of all monkeys. It is not only his face which is coloured, so is his rump. Bothh are fearless declarations of his health and strenghs.

Question 198

adjective / noun

1. (of situations, feelings, etc.) very serious and important; giving you a reason to feel worried
2. (of people) serious in manner, as if something sad or important has just happened
3. a place in the ground where a dead person is buried

TOPICS Feelings C2

Answer 198

grave

/ɡreɪv/
(comparative graver, superlative gravest)

1. We were in grave danger.
2. A grave President Clinton held a press conference.
3. We visited Grandma’s grave.

Question 199

verb

​[intransitive] (+ adv./prep.) (of birds, helicopters, etc.) to stay in the air in one place

TOPICS Birds C1

Answer 199

hover

/ˈhʌvər/

• A hawk hovered in the sky, waiting to swoop down on its prey.
• I heard the noise of a helicopter hovering overhead.

Question 200

adjective

1. ​perfectly clean and tidy, with no marks or flaws
   SYNONYM spotless
2. containing no mistakes or faults
   SYNONYM perfect

Answer 200

immaculate

/ɪˈmækjələt/

Magnificent bird-of-paradise

1. She always looks immaculate.
   an immaculate uniform/room
   The property is in immaculate condition.
2. an immaculate performance

Question 201

noun

the most important part of something that the rest depends on

Answer 201

cornerstone

Today, “hypothesis” is a cornerstone of the scientific method. It refers to a tentative explanation that can be tested through experimentation or observation.

Question 202

verb

​to shake slightly; to make a slight movement
SYNONYM tremble

Answer 202

quiver

/ˈkwɪvər/

• Her lip quivered and then she started to cry.
• The memory of that day made him quiver with anger.

Question 203

verb

to put pollen into a flower or plant so that it produces seeds

TOPICS Plants and trees C1

Answer 203

pollinate

/ˈpɑːləneɪt/

flowers pollinated by bees/the wind

Question 204

noun [uncountable]

fine powder, usually yellow, that is formed in flowers and carried to other flowers of the same kind by the wind or by insects, to make those flowers produce seeds

TOPICS Plants and trees B2

Answer 204

pollen

/ˈpɑːlən/

bees gathering pollen
Origin: The word “pollen” comes from the Latin word “pollin-“ or “pollen”.
Meaning in Latin: “Pollen” in Latin meant “fine flour” or “dust”. This directly relates to the fine, powdery nature of pollen grains.
Here’s a breakdown of how the word evolved:

18th Century Introduction: The scientific term “pollen” was introduced in the 18th century by Carl Linnaeus, a prominent Swedish botanist. He likely adopted the Latin term “pollen” to describe the reproductive elements found in flowers.

Question 205

a stone landmark or cairn built by Inuit, Iñupiat, Kalaallit, Yupik, and other indigenous peoples of the Arctic region of North America. These structures are found in northern Canada, Greenland, and Alaska.

Answer 205

Inukshuk

The Inuit people traditionally built these structures to serve as landmarks and navigational aids. This particular Inukshuk is said to have been used to guide reindeer herds. However, without additional context or information, it’s difficult to provide more details about this specific Inukshuk or its location. If you have more information or specific questions, feel free to ask!

Question 206

verb formal

1. to clear from blame or guilt
2. to relieve of a duty or obligation

Answer 206

exonerate

/ɪɡˈzɑːnəreɪt/

The investigation ultimately exonerated the company of any wrongdoing.

Question 207

Term: British Prime Minister (1937-1940)
Known for: Appeasement policy towards Nazi Germany, particularly Munich Agreement (1938).

Term: Conservative Politician
Background: Held various cabinet positions (Chancellor of the Exchequer) before becoming Prime Minister.

Term: Controversial Legacy
Debate: Failure of appeasement led to WWII. Domestic achievements in social reform sometimes overlooked.

Answer 207

Neville Chamberlain
(1869-1940)

Neville Chamberlain, left, and Hitler sealing the Munich pact in September 1938.Credit...Associated Press

Chamberlain’s negotiations with Hitler are widely regarded as one of the great follies of the Second World War. Chamberlain fell under Hitler’s spell. (talking to strangers. Malcolm Gladwell. pg 31

Question 208

noun [ C ]

a piece of electronic equipment used to try to discover if someone is telling lies

Answer 208

polygraph

/ˈpɑː.li.ɡræf/

The Cold War heightened concerns about espionage and national security. Polygraphs were used extensively in government agencies (e.g., CIA) to detect potential spies.
Origin: Greek polygraphos (πολύγραφος)
poly- (polys) = “much, many”
-graphos (graphos) = “writing”

Question 209

noun

1. [countable, uncountable] a failure to do something that must be done by law
2. an action that breaks an agreement to behave in a particular way

TOPICS Crime and punishment C1

Answer 209

breach

/briːtʃ/

The supposedly meticulous Eastern Europe division, in fact, suffered one of the worst breaches of the entire Cold War. Aldrich Ames, one of the agency’s most senior officers responsible for Soviet counterintelligence, turned out to be working for the Soviet Union.

Question 210

adjective

Highly desirable; worthy of envy.; ery good in a way that makes other people wish they had it.

Answer 210

enviable

/ˈen.vi.ə.bəl/

enviable position: After the Berlin Wall fell, East German spy chief Markus Wolf wrote in his memoirs that by the late 1980s we were in the enviable position of knowing that not a single CIA agent had worked in East Germany without having been turned into a double agent or working for us from the start. On our orders they were all delivering carefully selected information and disinformation to the Americans. (Talknig to Strangers, Malcolm Gladwell, pg26)

Question 211

adjective

(approving)
​paying careful attention to every detail
SYNONYM fastidious, thorough

TOPICS Personal qualities C2

Answer 211

meticulous

/məˈtɪkjələs/

• meticulous planning/records/research
• Their room had been prepared with meticulous care.
• She planned her trip in meticulous detail.
• meticulous in (doing) something: He’s always meticulous in keeping the records up to date.
• meticulous about something: My father was meticulous about his appearance.

Question 212

adjective

silly, esp. in an amusing way:

Answer 212

goofy

/ˈɡu·fi/
goofy goofier goofiest

The movie has talking skeletons and goofy stuff like that.

Question 213

idiom

to make a difficult situation even worse.

Answer 213

“Rub salt in/into the wound”

When Fidel Castro heard that Aspillaga had informed the CIA of their humiliation, he decided to rub salt in the wound. (Talking to Strangers, Malcolm Gladwell. pg: 24

Question 214

idiom

to trick or deceive someone : to hide the truth from someone

Answer 214

Pulling the wool over someone’s eyes

He was too clever to let them pull the wool over his eyes.

Question 215

noun [ C usually sing ]

1. a very attractive person:
2. a shocking piece of news:

Answer 215

bombshell

/ˈbɑmˌʃel/

1. a blonde bombshell
2. He dropped a bombshell when he announced he would resign.

Question 216

noun

The practice of spying by secretly gathering information on an enemy or competitor.
SYNONYM spying

Answer 216

espionage

/ˈespiənɑːʒ/

Intelligence Studies: The practice of espionage is a core area of study in intelligence studies, which examines the collection, analysis, and dissemination of secret information for national security purposes.
Old Italian word “spione,” meaning “spy.”

Question 217

noun

Someone who deserts a cause, country, or their leader and joins the opposing side.

Answer 217

defector

/dɪˈfektər/

• a Soviet defector to Canada in 1946
  form Latin is “dēfectiō” meaning “falling short, failure, abandonment of allegiance.”

Question 218

adjective

​(of a person) having long, thin arms and legs and not moving in an easy way
SYNONYM gangling

TOPICS Appearance C2

Answer 218

lanky

/ˈlæŋki/
(comparative lankier, superlative lankiest)

• a tall, lanky teenager
• He was thin, lanky and pale-skinned.

Question 219

adjective

1. that shows a lack of care, thought or effort
2. (of clothes) loose and without much shape
   SYNONYM baggy

TOPICS Clothes and Fashion C2

Answer 219

sloppy

/ˈslɑːpi/
(comparative sloppier, superlative sloppiest)

1. sloppy thinking
   Your work is sloppy.
   a sloppy worker
   Regional accents are great; sloppy speech is not.
2. a sloppy T-shirt

Question 220

adjective (informal)

not wanting to give somebody information
SYNONYM evasive, secretive

Answer 220

cagey(about something)

/ˈkeɪdʒi/
(comparative cagier, superlative cagiest)

Tony is very cagey about his family.

Question 221

noun [plural]

​the four folds of skin at the entrance to a woman’s vagina

Answer 221

labia

/ˈleɪbiə/

There are two pairs of labia:

• The labia majora (major lips) are the larger, outer folds. They are covered in pubic hair and fatty tissue and function to protect the inner labia and the opening of the vagina and urethra.
• The labia minora (minor lips) are the smaller, inner folds. They are hairless and vary in size and color from person to person. The labia minora meet together at the clitoral hood, which covers the clitoris.

The labia minora and majora produce lubrication during sexual arousal and childbirth.
from the Latin word “labium” (plural: labia).”Labium” in Latin meant “lip”

Question 222

noun (from French)

​a person who has left their own country, usually for political reasons
SYNONYM exile

TOPICS Social issues C2

Answer 222

émigré

/ˈemɪɡreɪ/

the son of Russian émigrés

Question 223

adjective

1. very angry
2. with great energy, speed or anger

TOPICS Feelings B2

Answer 223

furious

/ˈfjʊriəs/

1. Their incompetence made me furious.
2. a furious debate

Question 224

verb

1. to escape from somebody/something or avoid meeting somebody
2. to find a way of not doing something, especially something that legally or morally you should do

Answer 224

evade

/ɪˈveɪd/

evade vs avoid vs escape

1. He managed to evade capture.
2. She is trying to evade all responsibility for her behaviour.

Question 225

noun [ C ]

an underground prison, especially in a castle

TOPICS History C1, Buildings C1

Answer 225

dungeon

/ˈdʌn.dʒən/

• Throw him into the dungeons!

Question 226

adjective (specialist)

substances and materials are unlikely to cause an allergic reaction in the person who uses them

Answer 226

hypoallergenic

/ˌhaɪpəʊˌælərˈdʒenɪk/

Instead of “hypoallergenic,” scientists might use more precise terms: “non-comedogenic” for cosmetics that won’t clog pores (a common allergy trigger)
two Greek roots:
“hypo” meaning “below average” or “slightly”
“allergenic” referring to something that can cause allergies

Question 227

verb

​to block something or to become blocked

Answer 227

clog

/klɑːɡ/

• The narrow streets were clogged with traffic.
• Tears clogged her throat.
• The wheels got clogged up with mud.
• clog (up) (with something) Within a few years the pipes began to clog up.
  OPPOSITE unclog

Question 228

noun (plural ambiguities)

1. [uncountable] the state of having more than one possible meaning
2. ​[countable] a word or statement that can be understood in more than one way
3. ​[uncountable, countable] the state of being difficult to understand or explain because of involving many different aspects

Answer 228

ambiguity

/ˌæmbɪˈɡjuːəti/

1. Write clear definitions in order to avoid ambiguity.
2. There were several inconsistencies and ambiguities in her speech.
3. There will always be some ambiguity about what actually happened.

Question 229

verb

to look at or examine somebody/something carefully

Answer 229

scrutinize

/ˈskruːtənaɪz/
(British English also scrutinise)

• She leaned forward to scrutinize their faces.
• The statement was carefully scrutinized before publication.

Question 230

History

a former Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) analyst, was imprisoned for 20 years after being caught spying for Cuba.

Answer 230

Ana Montes

Ana Montes, a long-time Cuba spy recently released from prison in the US, has landed in her native Puerto Rico.

Malcolm Gladwell’s “Talking to Strangers” uses Ana Belen Montes, a trusted DIA analyst who spied for Cuba, to illustrate how our bias towards believing people can hinder our ability to detect deception.

Question 231

noun (formal)

​a person that somebody is opposed to and competing with in an argument or a battle

SYNONYM opponent

Answer 231

adversary

/ˈædvərseri/
(plural adversaries)

• Most nations recruit foreign agents or spies to gain intelligence on their adversaries.

Question 232

noun [uncountable]

​a sexual act in which a man puts his penis in somebody’s, especially another man’s, anus

Answer 232

sodomy

/ˈsɑːdəmi/

• Historical: In medieval Europe, laws against sodomy often targeted same-sex relations. These laws were used to persecute gay and lesbian people.
• Academic: A more appropriate term in a scholarly paper discussing anal sex practices in ancient Greece might be “anal intercourse.”
  from late Latin peccatum Sodomiticum ‘sin of Sodom’ (after the Bible, Gen. 19:5, which implies that the men of Sodom practised homosexual rape)

Question 233

adjective

1. not needed or useful
2. (British English) (of a person) without a job because there is no more work available for you in a company

TOPICS Social issues C1, Working life C1

Answer 233

redundant

/rɪˈdʌndənt/

1. There’s a lot of redundant information that you could cut out here.
2. redundant employees

Question 234

verb

1. to make a long cut with a sharp object, especially in a violent way
   SYNONYM slit
2. (often used in newspapers)
   to reduce something by a large amount
3. the symbol (/) used to show alternatives, as in lunch and/or dinner and 4/5 people and to write fractions, as in ¾

C1

Answer 234

slash

/slæʃ/

1. Someone had slashed the tyres on my car.
2. to slash spending/prices/costs
3. He brought his girlfriend-slash-partner.

Question 235

adjective

​talking a lot, especially about unimportant things
SYNONYM talkative

Answer 235

garrulous

/ˈɡærələs/

• The normally garrulous commentator had nothing to say.
• a garrulous neighbour
• He is garrulous and inquisitive.

Question 236

noun

​a person who commits a crime or does something that is wrong or evil

TOPICS Crime and punishment C2

Answer 236

perpetrator

(also North American English, informal perp)

/ˈpɜːrpətreɪtər/

• the perpetrators of the crime
• We will do everything in our power to bring the perpetrators to justice.

Question 237

noun (especially North American English)

a piece of information given in advance of something or as advice

TOPICS Suggestions and advice C2

Answer 237

heads-up

(plural heads-up, heads-ups)

/ˈhedz ʌp/

• Send everyone a heads-up about the changes well in advance.
• Can anyone give me a heads-up about how to change the format?
• his is a heads-up about the seminar this week.
• His statement said that he was not given a heads-up about the FBI raid.

Question 238

noun

​a time when enemies agree to stop fighting, usually while a way is found to end the fighting permanently
SYNONYM truce

TOPICS War and conflict C2

Answer 238

ceasefire

/ˈsiːsfaɪər/

• a call for an immediate ceasefire
• a permanent/a temporary/an interim ceasefire
• Observers have reported serious violations of the ceasefire.

Question 239

verb

​[intransitive] to become calmer, quieter or less intense

Answer 239

subside

/səbˈsaɪd/

• She waited nervously for his anger to subside.
• When the rain had subsided we continued our walk.
• I took an aspirin and the pain gradually subsided.
• He waited until the laughter had subsided before continuing his story.
• The storm gradually subsided.

Question 240

1. to stop somebody/something that is going from one place to another from arriving
2. to receive a message sent electronically before it reaches the person who was meant to receive it.

TOPICS War and conflict C2

Answer 240

intercept

1. Reporters intercepted him as he tried to leave the hotel./
   The letter was intercepted.
2. Intelligence agencies have been unable to intercept any communications between members of the group

Question 241

1. to organize the different parts of an activity and the people involved in it so that it works well
2. to make the different parts of your body work well together
3. (rather formal) if you … clothes, furniture, etc. or if they … , they look nice together

TOPICS Discussion and agreement C1
TOPICS Clothes and Fashion C2

Answer 241

coordinate

/kəʊˈɔːrdɪneɪt/
(British English also co-ordinate)

1. They appointed a new manager to coordinate the work of the team.
2. the part of the brain that coordinates body movements
3. This shade coordinates with a wide range of other colours. /
   The company has extended its coordinated clothing range.

Question 242

verb

1. to receive money, property, etc. from somebody when they die
2. ​ [transitive] to have qualities, physical features, etc. that are similar to those of your parents, grandparents, etc.
3. if you … a particular situation from somebody, you are now responsible for dealing with it, especially because you have replaced that person in their job
   policies

TOPICS Money B2

Answer 242

inherit

/ɪnˈherɪt/

1. She inherited a fortune from her father. OPP disinherit
2. He has inherited his mother’s patience.
   Is this an inherited disease?
   How many of these traits are genetically inherited?
3. I inherited a number of problems from my predecessor.

Question 243

quote by Carl Jung

who looks outside dreams who looks inside …

Answer 243

awakes

who looks outside dreams who looks inside awakes

Question 244

noun

​the building where a consul works

COMPARE embassy

TOPICS Buildings C2

Answer 244

consulate

/ˈkɑːnsələt/

the American consulate in Marseilles
Consulate vs Embassy:
Embassy: Main diplomatic representation in the capital city, handling broader diplomatic matters.
Consulate: Smaller version in major tourist cities, focusing on consular services and trade relations.

Question 245

adjective (informal)

​confused, so that you do not know what to say or do

Answer 245

flummoxed

/ˈflʌməkst/

• He studied the document for several long, flummoxed minutes.
• She was flummoxed by the rejection.

Question 246

verb

to try to make somebody angry or upset by saying unkind things about them, laughing at their failures, etc.

TOPICS Personal qualities C2, Education C2

Answer 246

taunt

/tɔːnt/

• The other kids continually taunted him about his size.
• I learned how my mind continually taunted me with worst-case-scenario thinking

Question 247

verb

​to stop; to make somebody/something stop

Answer 247

halt

• She walked towards him and then halted.
• ‘Halt!’ the Major ordered (= used as a command to soldiers).
• The police were halting traffic on the parade route.
• The trial was halted after the first week.

Question 248

noun

1. a form of vitamin A used in skincare to reduce wrinkles and acne
2. a vitamin found in cheese, eggs, fish oils and milk that is essential for healthy growth and good vision

Answer 248

retinol

(also vitamin A)

/ˈretɪnɑːl/

• Compared to the placebo group, the participants who used the retinol cream experienced a significant improvement in wrinkle severity. Researchers attributed this improvement to increased collagen production stimulated by the retinol.

Question 249

verb formal

to remove or get rid of something, such as a name, piece of information or a memory, from a book or list, or from your mind

SYNONYM erase

Answer 249

expunge

/ɪkˈspʌndʒ/

• Regardless of the story we have about our parents, They cannot be expunged or ejected from us. They are in us and we are part of them—even if we’ve never met them. (It didn’t start with you. By Mark Wolynn, pg 15)

Question 250

verb

1. to pull or knock down a building; to destroy something
2. to show that an idea or theory is completely wrong

TOPICS Buildings C1
TOPICS Scientific research C2

Answer 250

demolish

/dɪˈmɑːlɪʃ/

1. The factory is due to be demolished next year.
2. A recent book has demolished this theory.

Question 251

verb

1. Hit Somebody/Something
2. Hit or Kick a Ball
3. Attack Suddenly
4. Happen Suddenly and Harmfully
5. Come into Mind Suddenly
6. Give a Particular Impression
7. Refuse to Work (Workers)

Answer 251

strike

strike /straɪk/
struck /strʌk/
struck /strʌk/

1. The ship struck a rock.
2. He walked up to the penalty spot and struck the ball firmly into the back of the net.
3. The lion crouched, ready to strike*
4. Two days later, tragedy struck.
5. An awful thought has just struck me.
6. Another part of his comment struck me.
7. Over 100,000 civil servants are set to strike on Tuesday **

Question 252

adjective

​that has never happened, been done or been known before

Answer 252

unprecedented

/ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd/

The situation is unprecedented in modern times.
There were unprecedented scenes of violence in the city’s main square.

Question 253

verb (grammar)

to give the different forms of a verb, as they vary according to number, person, tense, etc.

TOPICS Language C2

Answer 253

conjugate

/ˌkɑːndʒuˈɡeɪʃn/

Verb conjugation refers to the process of changing a verb’s form to express different aspects such as person, number, tense, aspect, and mood. Here are some key points about verb conjugation:

Person:
Conjugation changes depending on the subject (whether it’s a noun or pronoun).
Examples:
I cook.
You cook (singular).
He/She/It cooks.
We cook.
They cook.
Number:
Conjugation varies based on whether the verb is used with a singular or plural subject.
Examples:
Singular: I cook.
Plural: We cook.
Tense:
Verbs are conjugated to express the time of the action (past, present, or future).
Examples:
Simple present: I cook.
Simple past: I cooked.
Simple future: I will cook.
Aspect:
Aspect refers to the degree to which the action is completed.
Example:
I am cooking (continuous aspect).
Gender (in some languages but not in English):

Some languages conjugate verbs based on gender (male or female).
Remember that proper verb conjugation is essential for clear communication, and it ensures that your sentences make sense to your audience. Improper conjugation can be confusing. If you’d like to explore more examples and details, you can visit the Writing Explained page on verb conjugation

Question 254

verb

to do something harmful to somebody because they have harmed you first
SYNONYM revenge

Answer 254

retaliate

/rɪˈtælieɪt/

• The boy hit his sister, who retaliated by kicking him.
• to retaliate against an attack

Question 255

The book name

The book explores the concept of inherited family trauma and its impact on our lives.

Answer 255

It Didn’t Start with You

How Inherited Family Trauma Shapes Who We Are and How to End the Cycle

** by Mark Wolynn

The book reveals how past traumas can affect present-day behaviors and emotions, and provides insights on breaking the cycle of inherited trauma

![!BS! 256 pages, Hardcover

First published April 26, 2016](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/501/436/505/a_image_ios.?1713167447 “eyJvcmlnaW5hbFVybCI6Imh0dHBzOi8vczMuYW1hem9uYXdzLmNvbS9icmFpbnNjYXBlLXByb2Qvc3lzdGVtL2NtLzUwMS80MzYvNTA1L2FfaW1hZ2Vfb3JpZ2luYWwuPzliNzFhMGY3YTdjZDhlZmMyMDRlNTU0MWJjNjBmZGNkIn0=”)

Question 256

verb

1. to fall rapidly in value or amount
2. to move or fall somewhere in a relaxed or noisy way, or with a lack of control
3. to fall downwards, often hitting the ground several times, but usually without serious injury; to make somebody/something fall in this way

Answer 256

tumble

/ˈtʌmbl/

1. The price of oil is still tumbling
2. I undressed and tumbled into bed..
3. He slipped and tumbled down the stairs.

Question 257

verb

1. to stop a possibly dangerous or difficult situation from developing, especially by making people less angry or nervous
2. to remove the fuse from a bomb so that it cannot explode

Answer 257

defuse

/diːˈfjuːz/

1. When we follow where Our core language leads and hear its story, it has the power to defuse our deepest fears. (it didn’t start with you: how inherited family trauma shapes who we are and how to end the cycle. pg 19)
2. Police closed the road while they defused the bomb.

Question 258

commonly implies a missed opportunity due to hesitation or delay. It suggests that if someone fails to take timely action, they might miss out on a potential advantage or benefit

Answer 258

you snooze you lose

In short: “You snooze, you lose” emphasizes the significance of timely decision-making and quick action for success

Question 259

idiom

to not move or go anywhere

C2

OPP: wonder off

Answer 259

stay put

• Just stay put with the suitcases, while I go and find a cab.
• Stay put until I get back.

Question 260

verb not used in the progressive tenses

​to hate somebody/something very much

SYNONYM loathe

TOPICS Feelings C1

Answer 260

detest

/dɪˈtest/

• I loathe and detest racism in any form.
• Leopards detest lions and if he spots the cubs. he will kill them.

Question 261

VERB

to take something quickly and often rudely or roughly

SYNONYM grab

TOPICS Crime and punishment C1

Answer 261

snatch

Black-backed jackals are here to snatch a tasty seal pup.

• She managed to snatch the gun from his hand.

Question 262

verb

to express or explain your thoughts or feelings clearly in words

Answer 262

articulate

/ɑːrˈtɪkjuleɪt/

A well-documented feature of trauma, one familiar to many, is our inability to articulate what happens to us. (It Didn’t Start With You, pg 22)

Question 263

adjective

reminding you of somebody/something

Answer 263

reminiscent

/ˌremɪˈnɪsnt/

• The way he laughed was strongly reminiscent of his father.
• She writes in a style reminiscent of both Proust and Faulkner.

Question 264

verb

to repeat the actions of a past event, especially as an entertainment

Answer 264

re-enact

/ˌriː ɪˈnækt/

Once they are triggered, it is as if an invisible rewind button has been pressed, causing us to reenact aspects of the original trauma in our day-to-day lives. (It Didn’t Start With You, pg 22)

Question 265

Freudian psychoanalysis,

a phenomenon where a person unconsciously recreates aspects of a past traumatic experience in their present life.

= repetition compulsion

Answer 265

Traumatic reenactment

• Traumatic reenactment, or “repetition compulsion,” as Freud called it, is an attempt of the unconscious to replay what’s unresolved, so we can “get it right.” This unconscious drive to relive past events could be one of the mechanisms at work when families repeat unresolved traumas in future generations. (It Didn’t Start With You, pg 22)

Question 266

noun

Freud’s contemporary Carl Jung also believed that what remains
unconscious does not dissolve but, rather, ,,, in our lives as fate or
fortune. Whatever is not conscious, he said, will be experienced as fate.
(It Didn’t Start With You: by Mark Wolynn) pg 22

Transport by car or lorry C2

Answer 266

resurfaces

to come to the surface again after being underwater or under the ground

Question 267

the past is never …, it is not even past

Answer 267

dead

This famous line comes from the novel Requiem for a Nun by American author William Faulkner. It’s a powerful statement about the enduring influence of the past on the present.

Question 268

adjective [usually before noun]

​(of language, words, phrases, etc.) used in a way that is different from the usual meaning, in order to create a particular mental picture. For example, ‘He exploded with rage’ shows a figurative use of the verb ‘explode’.

Answer 268

figurative

/ˈfɪɡjərətɪv/

The figurative meaning of regurgitate refers to the act of repeating information or ideas without any original thought or understanding. It implies that someone is simply “spitting back” what they’ve heard or learned, often verbatim, without truly grasping the concepts themselves.

Question 269

adjective

1. (of a situation) not safe or certain; dangerous
2. ​likely to fall or cause somebody to fall

TOPICS Danger C2

Answer 269

precarious

/prɪˈkeriəs/

1. Even with the most devoted parenting in the world, growing up in the wild is highly precarious.
2. That ladder looks very precarious.

Question 270

verb

To any predator, circling Vultures …. a kill.

hint:
to make something known generally or in public, especially with the intention of drawing attention to it.

Answer 270

advertise

When vultures circle above a location, they are effectively announcing the presence of a kill (a dead animal) to other scavengers and predators in the area. It’s like a natural signal that says, “Hey, there’s food here!”

Question 271

phrasal verb

to get somebody to change their opinion about something and give you their support and approval

TOPICS Discussion and agreement C2

Answer 271

win over

She’s against the idea but I’m sure I can win her over.

win somebody around/over (to something)
(also win somebody round (to something) especially in British English)

Question 272

verb

to make food, drink, etc. go down your throat into your stomach

Answer 272

swallow

/ˈswɑːləʊ/

Always chew food well before swallowing it.
I had a sore throat and it hurt to swallow.
swallow something + adj. The pills should be swallowed whole.

Question 273

verb

to move slightly; to make something/somebody move slightly

Answer 273

budge

She pushed at the door but it wouldn’t budge.
The dog refused to budge.
budge something I heaved with all my might but still couldn’t budge it.

Question 274

verb

1. unable to control your emotions because you are extremely frightened or worried about something
   . SYNONYM beside yourself
2. done quickly and with a lot of activity, but in a way that is not very well organized
   SYNONYM hectic

Answer 274

frantic

/ˈfræntɪk/

1. Let’s go back. Your parents must be getting frantic by now.
2. Things are frantic in the office right now.

Question 275

verb

1. to make somebody feel cheerful or confident

Answer 275

buoy
**Boy: /bɔɪ/
Buoy: /ˈbuːi/ or /bɔɪ/

/ˈbuːi/, /bɔɪ/

1. Knowing that all her friends were there buoyed up her spirits.

Question 276

Zoology

Largest African Eagle (wingspan up to 7.5ft)
Powerful feet & talons for hunting monkeys & small antelope
Black plumage with white chest & crown
Solitary birds with vast territories
IUCN Status: Least Concern

Answer 276

Martial eagle

Etymo: the name "Martial Eagle" reflects the bird's powerful predatory behavior and dominance in its ecosystem.

Martial Eagles can be found in various sub-Saharan African habitats, including woodlands, plains, semi-deserts, and even around man-made structures like pylons in open savannas Source: eBird

Question 277

1. (of a bird) To keep eggs warm so that the embryos inside can develop and hatch. This is typically done by a parent bird sitting on the eggs.
2. to have a disease developing inside you before symptoms appear

TOPICS Birds C2

Answer 277

incubate

/ˈɪŋkjubeɪt/

1. “The effect of incubation temperature on chick development in broiler chickens.”
2. The source of infection may be a person who is incubating an infectious disease.

Question 278

verb [intransitive] (informal, disapproving)

• • adv./prep. to go around enjoying yourself in a way that annoys other people or makes them jealous

Answer 278

swan

/swɑːn/

They’ve gone swanning off to Paris for the weekend.
They’re always swanning off to Paris for shopping trips.

Question 279

noun

a member of the religion that developed in the 15th century, based on belief in a single god and on the teachings of Guru Nanak

TOPICS Religion and festivals C2

Answer 279

sikh

/siːk/

Origin: The word “Sikh” comes from the Punjabi word “sikkhā”, which means “learning” or “instruction.” This, in turn, evolved from the Sanskrit word “śiṣya”, meaning “disciple” or “student.”

Question 280

adjective

​always wanting more of something; not able to be satisfied

Answer 280

insatiable

/ɪnˈseɪʃəbl/

an insatiable appetite/curiosity/thirst

Question 281

Swim: / ? /
Swam: / ? /
Swum: / ? /

Answer 281

Swim: /swɪm/
Swam: /swɑːn/
Swum: /swʌm/

• i WILL SWIM TOMORROW.
• I SWAM YESTERDAY.
• I HAVESWUM IN THE PAST.

Question 282

adjective

​very difficult and making you very tired, needing great effort for a long time
SYNONYM punishing

TOPICS Working life C2

Answer 282

gruelling

(especially British English)
(North American English usual

/ˈɡruːəlɪŋ/

a gruelling journey/schedule
I’ve had a gruelling day.

Question 283

verb

in a few mounths, It would be winter. Temperatures will …. below freezing.

Answer 283

plummet

Plummet: to fall very quickly and suddenly

Question 284

verb

to have a short, light sleep, especially during the day and usually not in bed

Answer 284

snooze

• My brother was snoozing on the sofa.
• The dog was snoozing with half an eye open.
• We spent a few hours snoozing in the sun.

Question 286

noun

​a way of doing something or of getting something by cheating somebody
SYNONYM trick

Answer 286

ruse

/ruːz/

She tried to think of a ruse to get him out of the house.

Question 287

verb

to make a formal and serious promise to do something or a formal statement that is true

Answer 287

vow

/vaʊ/

She vowed never to speak to him again.

Question 288

noun [uncountable]

​the quality of being full of energy, excitement and happiness

Answer 288

exuberance

/ɪɡˈzuːbərəns/

Nothing will curb her natural exuberance.

Question 289

noun [uncountable] (formal, disapproving)

​the fact of not getting punished for something

Answer 289

impunity

/ɪmˈpjuːnəti/

• with impunity They continue to break the law with impunity.
• Those involved in such attacks often enjoy complete impunity.

Question 290

verb

to successfully fight somebody who is attacking you, your country, etc. and drive them away

Answer 290

repel

/rɪˈpel/

• to repel an attack/invasion/invader
• Troops repelled an attempt to infiltrate the south of the island.
• (figurative) The reptile’s prickly skin repels nearly all of its predators.

Question 291

noun

[usually plural] (rather formal)
​a sudden shaking movement of the body that cannot be controlled
SYNONYM fit

Answer 291

convulsion

/kənˈvʌlʃn/

“Strawberry poison-dart frog” is one of the deadlist creatures. In the mouth of a predator, Its poison can cause respiratory failure, convultions and death.

Question 292

adjective

​not attracting attention; not easy to notice

Answer 292

inconspicuous

OPPOSITE conspicuous

/ˌɪnkənˈspɪkjuəs/

• She tried to look as inconspicuous as possible.
• Its dull brown feathers make the bird inconspicuous.

Question 293

adjective

easy to see or notice; likely to attract attention

Answer 293

conspicuous

OPPOSITE inconspicuous

/kənˈspɪkjuəs/

Mary’s red hair always made her conspicuous at school.

Idioms
conspicuous by your absence
​not present in a situation or place, when it is obvious that you should be there
The meeting went well but Nigel was conspicuous by his absence.

Question 294

adjective

​done secretly or quickly, in the hope that other people will not notice
SYNONYM furtive.

Answer 294

surreptitious

/ˌsɜːrəpˈtɪʃəs/

• She sneaked a surreptitious glance at her watch.
• They were seen leaving the premises in a surreptitious manner

Question 295

noun

a delicate coloured part of a flower.

TOPICS Plants and trees C1

Answer 295

petal

/ˈpetl/

rose petals

The head of a flower is usually made up of several petals around a central part. / rose petals
from Greek petalon ‘leaf’,

Question 296

adjective

showing many bright colours that seem to change in different lights

Answer 296

iridescent

/ˌɪrɪˈdesnt/

from Latin iris, irid- ‘rainbow’ + -escent.

a bird with iridescent blue feathers

Question 297

adjective

1. extremely hot in a way that is uncomfortable
   SYNONYM baking

Answer 297

blistering

1. a blistering July day

Question 298

our sun blasts out the energy of ……. atomic bomb, every second.

Answer 298

four and a half trillion

Question 299

adjective

​small in quantity and poor in quality
SYNONYM paltry

Answer 299

meagre

/ˈmiːɡər/ (US English meager)

• a meagre diet of bread and water
• She supplements her meagre income by cleaning at night.

Question 300

Absolute zero

the lowest possible temperature in the universe,

Answer 300

Absolute zero

Absolute zero is defined as zero kelvin (0 K) or −273.15 degrees Celsius.

Question 301

adjectiv (formal)

​too strange or difficult to be understood

Answer 301

unfathomable

/ʌnˈfæðəməbl/

• an unfathomable mystery
• We are confronted with the unfathomable nature of human motivation.

Question 302

(anatomy)

​one of the two tubes in the body of a woman or female animal along which eggs pass from the ovaries to the uterus

Answer 302

fallopian tube

/fəˈləʊpiən tuːb/

Question 303

History

• Egyptian billionaire & spy
• Son-in-law of President Gamal Abdel Nasser
• Provided intel to Israel (Mossad) before Yom Kippur War (1973)
• Claimed as a double agent by Egypt
• Died mysteriously in London (2007)

Answer 303

Ashraf Marwan

Question 304

verb

to make somebody very interested and want to know more about something

TOPICS Feelings C1

Answer 304

intrigue

intrigue somebody The theory of Evolution intrigued me.

Question 305

adjective [usually before noun] (formal or humorous)

​seeming to be everywhere or in several places at the same time; very common

Answer 305

ubiquitous

/juːˈbɪkwɪtəs/

• Homo Sapien ia a ubiquitous species that has transformed nature into its home.
• the ubiquitous movie star, Tom Hanks

Question 306

adjective (specialist)

​relating to trees; living in trees

Answer 306

**arboreal
**

/ɑːrˈbɔːriəl/

from Latin arboreus, from arbor ‘tree’, + -al.

Question 307

noun (specialist)

​any member of the family that includes modern humans and great apes, as well as earlier creatures that no longer exist from which modern humans evolved (= developed)

Answer 307

hominid

/ˈhɑːmɪnɪd/

The hominid family tree

• The various branches of hominids diverged millions of years apart, but we don’t know exactly when, because we lack revealing fossils and the genetic data is not precise enough. The last common ancestor between Pan and Homo, for instance, lived between 7 and 5.5 million years ago.
  (source: A Pocket History of Human Evolution: How We Became Sapiens. pg: 11)
  from Latin homo, homin- ‘man’.

Question 308

noun (anatomy)

​the bone which forms the back and base of the skull

TOPICS Body C2

Answer 308

occipital bone

/ɑːkˈsɪpɪtl bəʊn/

The great changes in morphology caused by human bipedalism can be seen in all bones, but primarily in the position of the occipital hole in the base of the skull, in the short and wide pelvis, which promotes balance and allows for vertical leg positioning, and in the position of the hallux (big toe), aligned to the other toes.
(source: A Pocket History of Human Evolution: How We Became Sapiens. pg: 13)

Question 309

noun [ C ] ANATOMY specialized

the big toe

Answer 309

hallux

/ˈhæl.əks/
plural halluces

The great changes in morphology caused by human bipedalism can be seen in all bones, but primarily in the position of the occipital hole in the base of the skull, in the short and wide pelvis, which promotes balance and allows for vertical leg positioning, and in the position of the hallux (big toe), aligned to the other toes.
(source: A Pocket History of Human Evolution: How We Became Sapiens. pg: 14)

Question 310

adjective (formal)

​soft and weak; not hard

Answer 310

flaccid

/ˈflæsɪd/

flaccid breasts

Question 311

noun (US English, from Spanish, informal)

​a girl or young woman

a young man: muchacho

Answer 311

chica

/ˈtʃiːkə/

“Hey chica, how are you doing, babe?”

Question 312

(slang, vulgar, usually in the plural)

A female breast, usually a large one

Answer 312

bazonga

Question 313

verb

​to change frequently in size, amount, quality, etc., especially from one extreme to another
SYNONYM vary

TOPICS Money C1

Answer 313

fluctuate

/ˈflʌktʃueɪt/

fluctuating prices
The documentary follows the fluctuating fortunes of one marketing company.

Question 314

philosophy / History

• Baltic German Nazi ideologue (1893-1946)
• Author of “The Myth of the Twentieth Century” (1930), key Nazi racial theory text
• Held high Nazi positions: Foreign Affairs & Occupied Eastern Territories (WWII)
• Advocated Lebensraum & anti-Semitism
• Tried & executed at Nuremberg Trials (1946)

Answer 314

Alfred Ernst Rosenberg

Question 315

noun

​[usually plural] a part of something that is left after the other parts have been used, removed, destroyed, etc.
SYNONYM remains

Answer 315

remnant

/ˈremnənt/

The woods are remnants of a huge forest which once covered the whole area.
Many of the traditions are remnants of a time when most people worked on the land.

Question 316

adjective

​(formal) having large breasts and hips in a way that is sexually attractive
SYNONYM buxom

TOPICS Appearance C2

Answer 316

voluptuous

/vəˈlʌptʃuəs/

a voluptuous woman
a voluptuous body

Question 317

adjective (informal)

​of poor quality; with no value
SYNONYM rubbishy

Answer 317

trashy

/ˈtræʃi/
(comparative trashier, superlative trashiest)

trashy TV shows

Question 318

verb

1. to prove that what someone said or did was right or true, after other people thought it was wrong ……. SYNONYM justify
2. to prove that someone is not guilty or is free from blame, after other people blamed them:

Answer 318

vindicate

/ˈvɪndɪkeɪt/

1. I have every confidence that this decision will be fully vindicated.
2. New evidence emerged, vindicating him completely.

Question 319

adjective (formal)

​having a very harmful effect on somebody/something, especially in a way that is not easily noticed

Answer 319

pernicious

/pərˈnɪʃəs

the pernicious influence of TV violence on children
Ageism is equally as offensive and pernicious as sexism.

Question 320

phrasal verb

1. to make something, especially information, shorter by leaving out the parts that are not important
2. to be reduced or to reduce something by boiling

Answer 320

boil down

1. The original speech I had written got boiled down to about ten minutes.
   2.

Question 321

noun [countable]

a period of serious mental illness in which somebody is unable to deal with normal life

TOPICS Mental health C1

Answer 321

breakdown

(also nervous breakdown (old-fashioned))

It all became too much and he had some sort of breakdown.

Question 322

noun [uncountable]

​a feeling of being completely confused, lost or preplexed
SYNONYM confusion

Answer 322

bewilderment

/bɪˈwɪldərmənt/

to look/stare in bewilderment

Question 323

noun

the ability to present your best side to people.

Answer 323

flirting

Question 324

noun

​a person who is present in a place or a situation where they do not belong or are not wanted
SYNONYM intruder

Answer 324

interloper

/ˈɪntərləʊpər/

She felt like an interloper in her own family.

Question 325

verb [intransitive]

​to play and move around in a lively, happy way

TOPICS Personal qualities C2

Answer 325

frolic

/ˈfrɑːlɪk/

children frolicking on the beach

Question 326

noun

​an expert on matters involving the judgement of beauty, quality or skill in art, food or music

TOPICS Art C2

Answer 326

connoisseur

/ˌkɑːnəˈsɜːr/, /ˌkɑːnəˈsʊr/

a connoisseur of Italian painting
This is a gift that any wine connoisseur would love.
The exhibition will be a delight for the collector and connoisseur of silver ornaments.

Question 327

noun

a layer of tissue at the back of the eye that is sensitive to light and sends signals to the brain about what is seen

TOPICS Body C2

Answer 327

retina

/ˈretɪnə/
(plural retinas, retinae /ˈretɪniː/ /ˈretɪniː/)

from Latin rete ‘net’.

Question 328

verb

to get great pleasure from something; to want very much to do or have something
SYNONYM enjoy

Answer 328

relish

/ˈrelɪʃ/

relish something to relish a challenge
to relish the chance/opportunity to do something
to relish the idea/thought of something
I don’t relish the prospect of getting up early tomorrow.
relish (somebody/something) doing something Nobody relishes cleaning the oven.

Question 329

noun

​a pointed piece of ice that is formed when water freezes as it falls down from something such as a roof

TOPICS Weather C2

Answer 329

icicle

/ˈaɪsɪkl/

Question 330

verb

1. to take a machine apart or to come apart into separate pieces:
2. to get rid of a system or organization, usually over a period of time:

Answer 330

dismantle

/dɪˈsmæn.t̬əl/

1. She dismantled the washing machine to see what the problem was, but couldn’t put it back together again.
2. Over the next three years, we will be gradually dismantling the company and selling off the profitable units.

Question 331

History WWII

• Notorious Nazi doctor nicknamed “Angel of Death”
• Conducted deadly medical experiments on prisoners at Auschwitz concentration camp
• Focused on twins and genetics in his twisted research
• Played a role in selecting victims for the gas chambers

Answer 331

Josef Mengele

Photograph from Mengele's Argentine identification document (1956)

Josef Mengele, infamous for his actions during the Holocaust, conducted cruel medical experiments at Auschwitz. His role in selecting victims and conducting inhumane experiments left an indelible mark on history.

Question 332

Philosophy

• 17th Century Dutch Philosopher (1632-1677)
• Monism: Believed in one substance (God or Nature)
• Pantheism: Identified God with Nature (all of reality)
• Ethics: Emphasized reason and living a virtuous life
• Determinism: Believed everything is predetermined by God/Nature

Answer 332

Baruch Spinoza

Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677)
* Born to a Jewish family in Amsterdam (fleeing Portugal for religious freedom).
* Brilliant student, excommunicated for questioning religious doctrines.
* Lived a simple life, grinding lenses while developing his philosophy.
* Became a major figure of the Enlightenment, emphasizing reason and a unified view of God/Nature.

Question 333

Greek Mythology

• Greek Hero of the Trojan War
• Famed for his speed (often called “…, swift of foot”)
• Nearly invulnerable, except for his heel
• Son of Thetis, a sea nymph, and Peleus, a king

Answer 333

Achillies

/əˈkɪliːz/

• Greatest Warrior in the Trojan War: He was the greatest warrior in the Greek army during the Trojan War. The story of his rage and eventual death is a central plot point in Homer’s Iliad.
• Achilles’ Heel: His only weakness, his heel, has become a byword for a fatal flaw or vulnerability.

Question 334

anatomy

​the tendon that connects the muscles at the back of the lower part of the leg to the heel

TOPICS Body C2

Answer 334

Achilles tendon

/əˌkɪliːz ˈtendən/
(also Achilles

Achilles heel: a weak point or fault in somebody’s character, which can be attacked by other people

Question 335

verb

1. (formal) to show no respect for something
2. to laugh at somebody/something in an unkind way, especially by copying what they say or do
   SYNONYM make fun of

Answer 335

mock

/mɑːk/

1. The politician mocked the concerns of the working class.
2. She made fun of him by mocking his limp.

Answer 336

Question 337

refers to the process by which our sense of self and the way we perceive the world are shaped by our experiences and beliefs.

Answer 337

Ego-mind conditioning

Question 338

adverb (formal)

​in a way that represents the perfect example of something

Answer 338

quintessentially

/ˌkwɪntɪˈsenʃəli/

a sense of humour that is quintessentially British

Question 339

adjective (usually approving)

1. ​(of men) strong and full of energy, especially sexual energy
2. ​having or showing the strength and energy that is considered typical of men

Answer 339

virile

/ˈvɪrəl/

1. In this role, Durante is able to give full expression to that wonderfully virile voice.
2. She likes her men young and virile.

Question 340

verb (disapproving)

to persuade or trick somebody to go somewhere or to do something by promising them a reward
SYNONYM entice

Answer 340

lure

/lʊr/

• The child was lured into a car but managed to escape.
• Young people are lured to the city by the prospect of a job and money.

Question 341

adjective

1. ​large and heavy; difficult to carry
   SYNONYM bulky
2. slow and complicated

Answer 341

cumbersome

/ˈkʌmbərsəm/

1. cumbersome machinery
2. cumbersome legal procedures

Question 342

verb

1. to control the direction in which a boat, car, etc. moves
2. to take control of a situation and influence the way in which it develops

Answer 342

steer

/stɪr/

1. He steered the boat into the harbour.
2. He managed to steer the conversation away from his divorce.

Question 343

verb

1. to combine or make one thing combine with another
2. to move among people and talk to them, especially at a social event
   SYNONYM circulate

Answer 343

mingle

/ˈmɪŋɡl/

1. a lot of emotions all mingled together
2. I am going from single to mingle

Question 344

noun [usually singular] (formal)

​a sudden large increase in something

TOPICS Change, cause and effect C2

Answer 344

upsurge

/ˈʌpsɜːrdʒ/

• an upsurge in violent crime
• a recent upsurge of interest in his movies

Question 345

verb

​to increase rapidly in number or amount
SYNONYM multiply

TOPICS Change, cause and effect C2

Answer 345

proliferate

/prəˈlɪfəreɪt/

• Books and articles on the subject have proliferated over the last year.

Question 346

adjective

​containing two ideas or statements that cannot both be true

Answer 346

**self-contradictory **

/ˌself kɑːntrəˈdɪktəri/

Question 347

adjective

​containing or showing a lack of agreement between statements, facts, opinions or actions
SYNONYM conflicting

TOPICS Opinion and argument C1

Answer 347

contradictory

/ˌkɑːntrəˈdɪktəri/

We are faced with two apparently contradictory statements.
The advice I received was often contradictory.

Question 348

noun

1. ​(in ancient Greek stories) a woman from a group of female warriors (= soldiers)
2. (literary) a tall strong woman
3. The largest Rainforest in the world

Answer 348

Amazon

US /ˈæməzɑːn/ UK /ˈæməzən/

from Greek Amazōn, explained by the Greeks as ‘breastless’ (as if from a- ‘without’ + mazos ‘breast’), referring to the fable that the Amazons cut off the right breast so as not to interfere with the use of a bow, but probably a folk etymology of an unknown foreign word.

Question 349

noun

the feeling of having lost all hope

Answer 349

despair

/dɪˈsper/

• Approaching flirting as a science means that if you feel that you are not currently good at it, do not despair. (flirtology by Jean Smith. pg 13)

Question 350

noun (biology)

​an invertebrate animal such as an insect, spider or crab, that has its skeleton on the outside of its body and has joints on its legs

TOPICS Insects, worms, etc. C2

Answer 350

arthropod

/ˈɑːrθrəpɑːd/

Answer 351

the first animals to ever set foot on land were ….

Question 352

adjective (disapproving)

too concerned about having things exactly as you want them; hard to please

Answer 352

fussy

/ˈfʌsi/

(comparative fussier, superlative fussiest)

Question 353

adjective (formal)

​poisonous or harmful

Answer 353

noxious

/ˈnɑːkʃəs/

A toxic concoction (a strange or unusual mixture of things) of noxious gases.
noxious fumes

Question 354

adjective

​confused and anxious because you are unable to understand something;

Answer 354

perplexed

/pərˈplekst/

• She looked a little perplexed.
• We are all perplexed as to how this happened.

Question 355

History WWII

Nazi politician and Reich Minister of Propaganda for Germany from 1933 to 1945
Known for:
Playing a key role in Nazi propaganda
Using media and rallies to spread anti-Semitism and support for Hitler
Coining the term “total war”

Answer 355

Joseph Goebbels

Fate: Committed suicide with his wife Magda Goebbels on May 1st, 1945, after poisoning their six children.

Question 356

adjective (formal)

​that cannot be changed; that will never change
SYNONYM unchangeable

Answer 356

immutable

/ɪˈmjuːtəbl/

• “On the origin of Species” revolutionized society’s understanding of the natural world. Challenging Victorian dogma, Darwin argued that species were not immutable.
• This decision should not be seen as immutable.

Question 357

adverb

​in a way that is easy to see or notice, or that is likely to attract attention

Answer 357

conspicuously

/kənˈspɪkjuəsli/

• One spieces is conspicuously neglegted in Darwin’s great book: His own, Homo Sapiens.

OPPOSITE inconspicuously

Question 358

Zoology Evolution

• Early ancestor of whales
• Lived: Eocene epoch, about 53 million years ago
• Location: What is now Pakistan
• Semi-aquatic mammal, lived both on land and in water
• Had both hooves and early signs of webbed feet

Answer 358

Pakicetus

/Pak-ih-SEE-tus/

Source: CBC docs : Whales used to walk on land. This is how they evolved into giants of the ocean

Question 359

adjective (formal)

attractive and interesting but sometimes mysterious or trying to trick you

Answer 359

beguiling

/bɪˈɡaɪlɪŋ/

• Her beauty was beguiling.
• This is perhaps the most beguiling resort on the island.

Question 360

adjective

​so beautiful or interesting that you cannot think about anything else

TOPICS Appearance C2

Answer 360

bewitching

/bɪˈwɪtʃɪŋ/

• a bewitching girl/smile
• a bewitching performance

Question 361

Biology

the hypothesized single-celled organism that lived billions of years ago and is considered the ancestor of all life on Earth today.

Answer 361

LUCA
(the Last Universal Common Ancestor)

• Ancestral to all life: LUCA is believed to be the common ancestor of the three main branches of life: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya (which includes all plants and animals).
• Estimated age: Scientists believe LUCA lived around 3.5 to 3.8 billion years ago.
• Cellular organism: While the exact details are unknown, LUCA is thought to have been a simple cell with a membrane, used DNA and RNA, and had basic metabolic processes.

Question 362

verb (literary)

to defeat somebody completely in a competition, war, etc.

SYNONYM conquer

TOPICS War and conflict C2

Answer 362

vanquish

/ˈvæŋkwɪʃ/

• Throughout history, life has been waging an unending war. One dynasty rising, only to be vanquished by the next.
• Napoleon was vanquished at the battle of Waterloo in 1815.

Question 363

adjective (formal)

​causing great damage to people’s lives, property, etc.
SYNONYM disastrous

Answer 363

calamitous

/kəˈlæmɪtəs/

The bridge collapsed in the storm, with calamitous results.

Question 364

phrasal verb

​to take back a demand, an opinion, etc. that other people are strongly opposed to; to admit defeat

Answer 364

back down
(North American English also back off)

• Both sides have refused to back down.

Question 365

noun

A small organism that grows on rocks, walls, and trees. It is not a plant but a close association between a fungus and an alga or cyanobacteria, each benefiting from the other.”

گلسنگ

Answer 365

Lichen

/ˈlaɪ.kən/ /ˈlɪtʃ.ən/

one curious life-form was amoung the first to rise to the challenge. Lichen may not look remarkable but they are in fact completely unique. they produced the first ever soil by breaking down rocks.

Question 366

noun [ U ] BIOLOGY specialized

a substance found in the edges of some plant cells that makes the plant hard like wood

Answer 366

lignin

/ˈlɪɡ.nɪn/

Question 367

noun

a very small green or yellow plant without flowers that spreads over wet surfaces, rocks, trees, etc.

TOPICS Plants and trees C2

خزه

Answer 367

moss

/mɔːs/

Question 368

verb (formal)

to take somebody’s position and/or power without having the right to do this

Answer 368

usurp

/juːˈzɜːrp/

There were a couple of attempts to usurp the young king.

Question 369

verb

to design and arrange the steps and movements for dancers in a ballet or a show

Answer 369

choreograph

/ˈkɔːriəɡræf/

She choreographed several ballets for the company.

Question 370

adjective

1. ​able to recover quickly after something unpleasant such as shock, injury, etc.
2. (of a substance) returning to its original shape after being bent, stretched, or pressed

TOPICS Physics and chemistry C2

Answer 370

resilient

/rɪˈzɪliənt/

1. He’ll get over it—young people are amazingly resilient.
   These plants are very resilient to rough handling.

Question 371

OPPOSITE diverge

Answer 371

converge

for ten of millions of years, the earth continent had been converging, creating a vast ocean on one side of the world and a single immense land mass on the other, the supercontinent of Pangaea.

Question 372

vigilant adjective
/ˈvɪdʒɪlənt/
/ˈvɪdʒɪlənt/
(formal)
​very careful to notice any signs of danger or trouble
SYNONYM alert, watchful
A pilot must remain vigilant at all times.
The thief was spotted by vigilant neighbours.
The organization is ever vigilant for threats to the habitats of birds.
You need to be vigilant against garden pests.

Answer 373

submerge

Answer 374

inflict

/ɪnˈflɪkt/

• The rodent’s sharp teeth can inflict a nasty bite.

Question 375

adjective

1. ​(of an action, etc.) so bad, immoral, etc. that it should make you feel ashamed
   It would be unconscionable for her to keep the money.
2. (often humorous) too great, large, long, etc.
   SYNONYM excessive
   You take an unconscionable amount of time getting dressed!

TOPICS Personal qualities C2

Answer 375

unconscionable

/ʌnˈkɑːnʃənəbl/

Antony Blinken: “Weaponizing food, using it as a tool, as a weapon in its war against Ukraine is unconscionable… should not happen.”

Question 376

precipitous adjective
/prɪˈsɪpɪtəs/
/prɪˈsɪpɪtəs/
(formal)
1. ​very steep, high and often dangerous
SYNONYM sheer
precipitous cliffs
a precipitous drop at the side of the road
2. sudden and great
SYNONYM abrupt
a precipitous decline in exports

Question 377

epitome noun
/ɪˈpɪtəmi/
/ɪˈpɪtəmi/
[singular] (formal)
​the epitome of something a perfect example of something
SYNONYM embodiment
He is the epitome of a modern young man.
clothes that are the epitome of good taste
They regarded him as the epitome of evil.

Answer 377

Question 378

swagger verb
/ˈswæɡə(r)/
/ˈswæɡər/
[intransitive] (usually disapproving)
Verb Forms
​(+ adv./prep.) to walk in an extremely proud and confident way
SYNONYM strut
He swaggered into the room looking very pleased with himself.
TOPICS Personal qualitiesC2

Question 379

inferno noun
/ɪnˈfɜːnəʊ/
/ɪnˈfɜːrnəʊ/
[usually singular]
(plural infernos)
​a very large dangerous fire that is out of control
a blazing/raging inferno
The flames quickly turned the house into a raging inferno.
Three men managed to escape from the inferno.

Question 380

1. putrid adjective
   /ˈpjuːtrɪd/
   /ˈpjuːtrɪd/
   ​(of dead animals or plants) decaying and therefore smelling very bad
   SYNONYM foul
   the putrid smell of rotten meat
2. (informal) very unpleasant
   a putrid pink colour
   I pulled back from the stench of his putrid breath.

Answer 380

Question 381

1. snag noun
   /snæɡ/
   /snæɡ/
   ​(informal) a problem or difficulty, especially one that is small, hidden or unexpected
   SYNONYM difficulty
   There is just one small snag—where is the money coming from?
   Let me know if you run into any snags.
2. ​an object or a part of an object that is rough or sharp and may cut something
   Check all surfaces for snags and rough edges.

TOPICS Difficulty and failure C2

Question 382

inconceivable adjective
/ˌɪnkənˈsiːvəbl/
/ˌɪnkənˈsiːvəbl/
Word Family
​impossible to imagine or believe
SYNONYM unthinkable
It is inconceivable that the minister was not aware of the problem.
Then the inconceivable happened—I lost my job.
The thought of leaving her family was inconceivable to her.
OPPOSITE conceivable

Answer 382

Question 383

1. extinguish verb
   /ɪkˈstɪŋɡwɪʃ/
   /ɪkˈstɪŋɡwɪʃ/
   (formal)
   Verb Forms
   ​extinguish something to make a fire stop burning or a light stop shining
   SYNONYM put out
   Firefighters tried to extinguish the flames.
   All lights had been extinguished.
2. to destroy something
   News of the bombing extinguished all hope of peace.

Answer 383

Question 384

1. tenacious adjective
   /təˈneɪʃəs/
   /təˈneɪʃəs/
   (formal)
   ​that does not stop holding something or give up something easily; determined
   a tenacious grip
   She’s a tenacious woman. She never gives up.
   The party has kept its tenacious hold on power for more than twenty years.
2. continuing to exist, have influence, etc. for longer than you might expect
   SYNONYM persistent
   a tenacious illness

Answer 384

Question 385

History (World War II)

during and after World War II, were intricate systems of escape routes used by German Nazis and other fascists fleeing Europe.

Answer 385

ratline

High-ranking fascists and Nazis who escaped from Europe via the ratlines after World War II: Ante Pavelić, Adolf Eichmann and Josef Mengele

Question 386

adjective

1. ​(biology) used to describe a relationship between two different living creatures that live close together and depend on each other in particular ways, each getting particular benefits from the other
2. used to describe a relationship between people, companies, etc. that is to the advantage of both
   The two formed a close friendship and a symbiotic working relationship that lasted half a century.

Answer 386

symbiotic

/ˌsɪmbaɪˈɑːtɪk/

1.

Question 387

overlook verb

/ˌəʊvəˈlʊk/
/ˌəʊvərˈlʊk/
Verb Forms
​ overlook something to fail to see or notice something
SYNONYM miss
He seems to have overlooked one important fact.
In my hurry to finish the exam I had overlooked part of one of the questions.

Question 388

fungus noun
/ˈfʌŋɡəs/
/ˈfʌŋɡəs/
(plural fungi /ˈfʌŋɡiː/, /ˈfʌŋɡaɪ/, /ˈfʌndʒaɪ/ /ˈfʌŋɡiː/, /ˈfʌŋɡaɪ/, /ˈfʌndʒaɪ/)
​[countable] an organism (= a living thing) that is similar to a plant without leaves, flowers or green colouring, and that usually grows on plants or on decaying matter. mushrooms and mildew are both fungi.
Collocations The living world
TOPICS Plants and treesC1

from Greek spongos

Answer 388

Lichens are not actually plants, but rather a complex partnership between a fungus and an alga (or sometimes cyanobacteria). The fungus provides structure and protection, while the algae/cyanobacteria captures sunlight and produces food for both organisms.

Question 389

a complex partnership between a fungus and an alga (or sometimes cyanobacteria).

Answer 389

lichen

Question 390

noun
/ˈældʒiː/, /ˈælɡiː/
/ˈældʒiː/, /ˈælɡiː/
[uncountable, plural]
​very simple plants, such as seaweed, that have no real leaves, stems or roots, and that grow in or near water
The singular of algae is alga
/ˈælɡə/
/ˈælɡə/
but this is a specialist term used only in scientific writing.

TOPICS Plants and trees C1

Answer 390

algae

Lichens are not actually plants, but rather a complex partnership between a fungus and an alga (or sometimes cyanobacteria). The fungus provides structure and protection, while the algae/cyanobacteria captures sunlight and produces food for both organisms.

Question 391

• Photosynthetic bacteria (use sunlight for energy)
• Often found in water (oceans, lakes, ponds)
• Can be harmful (produce toxins) or beneficial (fix nitrogen)
• Also known as blue-green algae

Answer 391

Cyanobacteria

/ˈsaɪ.ə.noʊ.ˈbæk.ti.ri.ə/

Question 392

nebulous adjective
/ˈnebjələs/
/ˈnebjələs/
(formal)
​not clear
SYNONYM vague
a nebulous concept

Answer 392

• Why is the public perception of AI so nebulous?

Question 393

1. factoid noun
   /ˈfæktɔɪd/
   /ˈfæktɔɪd/
   (often disapproving)
   ​something that is widely accepted as a fact, although it is probably not true
2. a small piece of interesting information, especially about something that is not very important
   Here’s a pop factoid for you.

Answer 393

• Science fiction stories often feature friendly humanoid servants that provide overly-detailed factoids or witty dialogue, but can sometimes follow the steps of Pinocchio and start to wonder if they can become human.

Question 394

jewish folklore

1. (in Jewish folklore) (in traditional Jewish stories)
   a figure made of clay that comes to life
2. a machine that behaves like a human

Answer 394

golem

/ˈɡəʊləm/

A Prague reproduction of the Golem

• from Hebrew gōlem ‘shapeless mass’.

Question 395

• Mythical clay giant from Jewish folklore.
• Created by Rabbi Loew ben Bezalel to protect Prague’s Jews.
• Powerful but dangerous, lacked reason and compassion.
• Controlled by magic inscription on its forehead.

Answer 395

Golem of Prague

Rabbi Loew and Golem by Mikoláš Aleš, 1899

Question 396

ingenuity noun
/ˌɪndʒəˈnjuːəti/
/ˌɪndʒəˈnuːəti/
[uncountable]
​the ability to invent things or solve problems in clever new ways
SYNONYM inventiveness

TOPICS Personal qualities C2

Answer 396

ingenuity

• Similarly, while in-depth mastery of mathematics requires (what seems like) human intuition and ingenuity, many (but not all) exercises of a typical high-school or college course can be solved by applying a calculator and simple set of rules.

Question 397

NOUN

The ability to perform tasks in complex environments without constant guidance by a user.

Answer 397

Autonomy

/ɔːˈtɑːnəmi/

Question 398

NOUN

The ability to perform tasks in complex environments without constant guidance by a user.

Answer 398

Autonomy

/ɔːˈtɑːnəmi/

Question 399

noun

1. the ability of a person or system to adjust to new or changing environments.
2. The ability to improve performance by learning from experience.

Answer 399

Adaptability

Question 400

amished adjective
/ˈfæmɪʃt/
/ˈfæmɪʃt/
[not usually before noun] (informal, becoming old-fashioned)
​very hungry
SYNONYM starve
When’s lunch? I’m famished!
famished refugees
TOPICS FeelingsC2

Question 401

boisterous adjective
/ˈbɔɪstərəs/
/ˈbɔɪstərəs/
​(of people, animals or behaviour) noisy and full of life and energy
It was a challenge, keeping ten boisterous seven-year-olds amused.
The children and the dogs raced out of the house to give me a boisterous welcome.
TOPICS Personal qualitiesC2

Question 402

adjective

Skilled at solving problems and making decisions on your own:
* Problem-solver (finds creative solutions)
* Adaptable (rolls with the punches)
* Takes initiative (go-getter)
* Makes the most of what they have (inventive)

Answer 402

resourceful

/rɪˈsɔːrsfl/

* life is too short to hangout with people who aren't **resourceful**" . Jeff Bezos, the founder of Amazon

Question 403

verb

1. to kill somebody by covering their face so that they cannot breathe
   SYNONYM suffocate
2. to cover something/somebody thickly or with too much of something
3. to prevent something from developing or being expressed
   SYNONYM stifle
4. to give somebody too much love or protection so that they feel that their freedom is limited
5. to make a fire stop burning by covering it with something

TOPICS Feelings C2

Answer 403

smother

/ˈsmʌðər/

1. He smothered the baby with a pillow.
2. a rich dessert smothered in cream / She smothered him with kisses.
3. The voices of the opposition were effectively smothered.
4. Her husband was very loving, but she felt smothered.
5. He tried to smother the flames with a blanket.

Question 404

adjective

​showing sexual desire and love towards somebody

TOPICS Feelings C2

Answer 404

amorous

/ˈæmərəs/

• she doesn’t look very amorous.
• Mary rejected Tony’s amorous advances.
• from Latin amor ‘love’.

Question 405

inexorably adverb
/ɪnˈeksərəbli/
/ɪnˈeksərəbli/
(formal)
​in a way that cannot be stopped or changed
events leading inexorably towards a crisis

Question 406

ignominious adjective
/ˌɪɡnəˈmɪniəs/
/ˌɪɡnəˈmɪniəs/
(formal)
​that makes, or should make, you feel ashamed
SYNONYM disgraceful, humiliating
an ignominious defeat
He made one mistake and his career came to an ignominious end.
TOPICS FeelingsC2

Question 407

noun

1. ​a person who follows and watches another person over a long period of time in a way that is annoying or frightening
2. a person who follows an animal quietly and slowly, especially in order to kill or capture it

TOPICS Crime and punishment C2

Answer 407

stalker

/ˈstɔːkər/

Question 408

verbformic acid noun

/ˌfɔːmɪk ˈæsɪd/
/ˌfɔːrmɪk ˈæsɪd/
[uncountable] (c

to give somebody/something a quick painful bite or pressing their skin together hard with your finger and thumb

Answer 408

nip

/nɪp/

She nipped at my arm.

Question 409

noun [uncountable] (chemistry)

​an acid made from carbon monoxide and steam (= gas produced when water boils). It is also present in a liquid produced by some ants.

Answer 409

formic acid

/ˌfɔːrmɪk ˈæsɪd

Question 410

verb

1. (formal) to deal or finish with somebody/something quickly and completely
2. (formal) to send somebody/something somewhere, especially for a special purpose

Answer 410

dispatch

(British English also despatch)

/dɪˈspætʃ/

1. Hyenas are bigger, stronger, and could easily dispatch the two smaller Wild Dogs.
2. A courier was dispatched to collect the documents

Question 411

noun

a small lizard (= a type of reptile) that can change colour according to what is around or near it

TOPICS Animals C2

Answer 411

chameleon

/kəˈmiːliən/

Question 412

noun [uncountable, singular]

the very small drops of water that form on the ground, etc. during the night

TOPICS Weather C2

شبنم، ژاله، ژال، شبنم زدن، شبنم باریدن

Answer 412

dew

/duː/

• The grass was wet with early morning dew.
• There was a heavy dew this morning.
• Homophones dew | due

Question 413

adjective (formal) ​[usually before noun]

no longer living with your husband, wife or partner

Answer 413

estranged

/ɪˈstreɪndʒd/

his estranged wife Emma
She is attempting to contact her estranged husband to break the news.
He is being questioned in connection with the death of his estranged wife.
She has been estranged from her husband since 1999.

Question 414

adjective

strange and unusual:/unusual and therefore worth noticing:

Answer 414

curious

Hawaii isolation has had a curious effect on the evolution of some of the wildlife .

Question 415

noun (informal, disapproving)

​a person who is lazy and dirty or untidy
Get out of bed, you fat slob!

TOPICS Personal qualities C2

Answer 415

slob

/slɑːb/

Question 416

butt out phrasal verb
butt out
​(especially North American English, informal) used to tell somebody rudely to go away or to stop interfering in something
Butt out, Neil! This is none of your business.

Question 417

verb [intransitive] (old-fashioned)

​to walk up and down in a relaxed way, by the sea, in a public park, etc.

Answer 417

promenade

/ˌprɑːməˈneɪd/

Question 418

NOUN (formal)

• ​a person who commits adultery
• a married person who has sex with someone who is not their wife or husband:

Answer 418

adulterer

/əˈdʌltərər/

adulterous /adjective/: He had an adulterous relationship with his wife’s best friend.
adulteress /NOUN/ a married woman who has sex with someone who is not her husband or wife
adulteration /NOUN/

Question 419

adjective

famous or well-known for a negative reason.

Answer 419

notorious

/noʊˈtɔːr.i.əs/

• “Evin Prison became notorious for its harsh conditions and political detentions.”

Question 420

An absence of oxygen

Answer 420

anoxia

/ænˈɑːk.si.ə/

compare: hypoxia
The Permian-Triassic Extinction (252 million years ago)This is the most severe extinction event in Earth’s history, wiping out about 96% of marine species and 70% of land vertebrates. The cause of this extinction is thought to be a combination of factors, including volcanic eruptions and anoxia.
Anoxia (adj.): This word, meaning “characterized by or causing a lack of oxygen in tissues,” originated in medical Latin around 1920. It combines the Greek prefix “an-” (which means “not” or “without”) with the first two letters of the word “oxygen” and the suffix “-ic”. The related term “anoxia” specifically denotes “oxygen deficiency” and has been in use since 1931

Question 421

verb [intransitive, transitive]

​to move around quickly in a circle; to make something do this

Answer 421

swirl

/swɜːrl/

Swirling mist

(+ adv./prep.) The water swirled down the drain.
A long skirt swirled around her ankles.
swirling mists
swirl something (+ adv./prep.) He took a mouthful of water and swirled it around his mouth.

Question 422

(figurately) verb

• Unfounded rumors
• Ideas or stories about someone or something circulate frequently, but their accuracy and consistency are questionable.

Answer 422

swirl

/swɜːrl/

• Mystry still swirls around Jumbo
• “Whispers about the politician’s personal life became a constant topic of conversation, though no one seemed to have any solid proof.

Question 423

Result or consequence, often with a complex or far-reaching nature.

Answer 423

ramification

Question 424

noun [ U ] BIOLOGY specialized

an oil-like substance produced by the sebaceous glands in the skin that makes hair shiny and prevents skin from becoming dry

Answer 424

sebum

/ˈsiː.bəm/

Dry skin has a tendency toward redness, scaly patches, and the feeling of tightness,” says dermatologist Anjali Mahto, MBBCh BSc. This is because it produces less oil (aka sebum) compared to other skin types