2023 Exam 1 Flashcards
(212 cards)
1
Q
True/False Scholars have been able to reconstruct a well-rounded view of musical culture from the ancient Near East (Babylonia, Mesopotamia, etc.).
A
False
2
Q
What were the three social classes into which society was organized in the Middle Ages?
A
Clergy (priests, monks, and nuns)
Peasants
Nobility (nobility and knights)
3
Q
Why, throughout history, do scholars know more about the music-making activities of elite members of any given society than of others in that society?
A
Music of the elite constitutes most of what survives in written form.
4
Q
The schedule of days commemorating special events in the lives of Christ and the saints or times of year is called the
A
church calendar
5
Q
________ is a series of 8 prayer services observed at specific times around the clock by members of a monastery or convent. Each service consists of prayers, recitations of scriptural passages (especially psalms), and songs.
A
The Office, or Canonical Hours
6
Q
Monastic communities followed rituals and practices known as the Rule of
A
St. Benedict.
7
Q
True/False When writing chants, composers sought to express the emotional qualities of the text in the music.
A
False
8
Q
After the fall of the Roman Empire, Europe was controlled by different groups of people in different regions, such as the Franks in Gaul (approximate to modern-day France). This resulted in
A
different local and regional rites with their own bodies of chant (dialects).
9
Q
According to legend, the Holy Spirit appeared in the form of a dove and dictated the repertoire of Catholic chant to this man:
A
Pope Saint Gregory
10
Q
The liturgy of the Office focused primarily on chanting the
A
psalms
11
Q
True/False The musical phrases of a given chant tend to match the phrasing and pronunciation of spoken Latin.
A
True
12
Q
From about 1050 to about 1300, Europe experienced
A
economic, educational, and artistic growth.
13
Q
True/False Most chant manuscripts from the Middle Ages were copied in monasteries.
A
True
14
Q
Popes and secular rulers from the eighth century on sought to standardize the Catholic liturgy in order to
A
centralize political and spiritual authority.
15
Q
Why did church musicians develop a system for notating chant?
A
It helped advance the goal of disseminating a unified liturgy.
16
Q
Early Christians regarded music as a(n) _______ discipline, along with geometry, astronomy, and arithmetic.
A
mathematical
17
Q
In the medieval Christian church, the primary purpose of liturgical music was to
A
aid in the delivery of the text.
18
Q
The manner of performance in which two choirs alternate singing is called
A
antiphonal.
19
Q
This music theorist divided music into three categories: musica mundana (music of the universe), musica humana (human music), and musica instrumentalis(instrumental music).
A
Boethius
20
Q
Style of music that uses notes on syllables.
A
Syllabic
21
Q
True/False The early church leaders discouraged the use of music for pleasure.
A
True
22
Q
The Church Fathers advocated the singing of psalms because it
A
provoked devout thoughts and ideas of divine beauty.
23
Q
The main practice shared by early Judaism and early Christianity was
A
the chanting of psalms.
24
Q
The idea that the harmonious relationship of the planets as they revolved around the earth created unheard music is called
A
music of the spheres.
25
The regional styles of chant used in Christian worship were absorbed into a uniform practice known as
Gregorian chant.
26
True/False The texts for the Mass are the same every week of the year.
False
27
This chant contains the statement of faith.
Credo
28
This chant has a melismas called a jubilus.
Alleluia
29
This chant has a three-part text in Greek.
Kyrie
30
This chant includes the Lesser Doxology.
Introit
31
This chant precedes and follows a psalm verse.
Antiphon
32
Style of music in between syllabic and melismatic
neumatic
33
Fanciest style of Gregorian Chants
melismatic
34
The Mass is a symbolic reenactment of which episode in the life of Christ?
The Last Supper
35
True/False The most florid chants of the Mass accompanied ritual actions.
False
36
Type of chant where one person sings and then others come in and sing another part.
responsorial
37
This excerpt of Quem queritis in presepe features the midwives and the shepherds in dialogue. How is this dialogue represented musically?
antiphonally
38
This practice increased the solemnity and importance of a chant by enlarging it, interpreting it, and linking it more closely with the specific occasion on which it was sung.
troping
39
True/False The eight church modes (Dorian, Hypodorian, Phrygian, Hypophrygian, etc.) correspond to the ancient Greek modes.
False
40
How is the rhyme that ends the two phrases of text reflected musically?
repeated cadential formula
41
__________ are dialogues or conversations among people that include dramatic action. They started out as tropes to the authorized chants, but eventually people started to sing them responsively, accompanied by staged action and costumes. As they became longer, they were sometimes staged separately from the liturgy.
liturgical dramas
42
Modal theory was first described in the later Middle Ages (ca. 1000). However, many chants were composed before the system was codified. Therefore:
Many early chants do not conform to the "rules" of modal theory, whereas chants composed after the 10th century often conform very clearly.
43
True/False The medieval solmization system had six notes.
True
44
What image looked like a hand and had notations and syllables on it?
The Guidonian Hand
45
The longest and most melismatic chant of the Mass Proper is the
Gradual.
46
In responsorial psalmody, the soloist sings which portion of the chant?
The psalm verse
47
List the Ordinary mass movements
Kyrie
Gloria
Credo
Sanctus
Agnus dei
Dismissal
48
List the Proper mass movements
Introit
Gradual
Alleluia
Offertory
Communion
49
All of the following are examples of tropes except
adding new parts for instruments such as the organ.
50
Why was Hildegard of Bingen’s music known only locally during her lifetime?
Most composers in the Middle Ages had only a local reputation.
51
A melody that occupies a range from a fourth or fifth below the final to a sixth above the final is called
plagal.
52
The concept of using the syllables ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la to help singers remember patterns of whole tones and semitones is called
solmization
53
All of the following statements about characteristics of chant melodies are true except:
Melodies usually ascend to the cadence.
54
True/False After organum was invented, composers ceased to write new monophonic chants.
False
55
florid, sped up song to get through more material
Aquitanian-style discant
56
Sacred latin song
Conductus
57
Added words
Motet
58
The Tenor and upper voice/s are clearly organized rhythmically.
Notre Dame-style discant
59
2 parts moving together
Parallel Organum
60
Why is early polyphony considered a sort of gloss on the chant repertory?
The added melodies elaborated on the authorized chants.
61
What term below matches this description?
A self-contained section consisting of a setting of a segment of chant within a larger piece of organum. This section could be replaced by a new self-contained setting of the same segment of chant.
substitute clausula
62
The treatise Musica enchiriadis uses the term organum to describe
two or more voices singing together in parallel or oblique motion.
63
Why do motets have compound titles, with two or more phrases separated by slashes (for example, Super te Ierusalem/Sed fulsit virginitas/Dominus)?
Each voice of the motet has a different text, which is identified in the title of the motet by the opening word or words.
64
In organum, the voice presenting the chant is called the
principal voice.
65
______ have newly added words in the upper voices and are syllabic. ________ were composed for chant melismas, so the only text is a single syllable on which the chant melisma was sung.
Motets
Substitute Clausulae
66
How many voice parts are in a double motet?
3
67
True/False The rhythmic patterns in Notre Dame polyphony derive from poetic meters.
True
68
Why were thirteenth-century motets most likely intended for highly educated audiences?
The interplay of texts and combination of borrowed and new elements required an educated audience already familiar with the repertory to appreciate the subtleties.
69
True/False Motets could be secular.
True
70
Discant is when
voices sing in note-against-note style.
71
Style that has a tenor singing basic notes while the top line sings mellismatically
Florid Organum
72
How did Leoninus and Perotinus decide what portions of the chants to transform into polyphony?
They set only melismatic passages of the chant to polyphony.
73
In Notre Dame polyphony, composers set melismas in the original chant as discant because
setting melismas as organum would make the music too long.
74
Most substitute clausulae were written in
discant style.
75
In Notre Dame polyphony, rhythm
was governed by patterns of longs and breves.
76
The origins of the motet can be found in
discant clausulae.
77
The term cantus firmus is synonymous with which of the following terms?
Tenor
78
A composer of late 13th-century motets was
Adam de la Halle
79
A polyphonic conductus is a setting for two to four voices of a
single Latin poem sung in all voices.
80
All of the following statements are true about the polyphonic conductus except:
Passages of florid organum occur frequently.
81
Note-against-note organum offers composers freedom because
the organal part can move in contrary, oblique, parallel, or similar motion.
82
When did the Black Death epidemic peak in Europe?
ca. 1350
83
True/False Syncopation was impossible before the innovations of the Ars Nova.
True
84
Genre formed by aabC aabC aabC
Ballade
85
Genre formed by AB aA ab AB
Rondeau
86
Genre formed by A bba A bba A bba A
Virelai
87
True/False Isorhythmic motets of the fourteenth century have their origins in the clausulae of the Notre Dame repertory.
True
88
True/False The term talea refers to a repeating segment of melody in the tenor of an isorhythmic motet.
False
89
Which best describes the attitude of the secular culture that began in the fourteenth century?
Knowledge of humanity and nature is based on direct observation and experience.
90
What is a rapid alternation of sounded pitches and rests in two voices?
Hocket
91
True/False The formes fixes originally had associations with dancing.
True
92
Which of the following are innovations of the Ars Nova notational system?
Duple divisions of note values
Invention of mensuration signs
Minim as the smallest note value
93
The treatise known as Ars Nova (New Art or New Method) describes
an expanded system of rhythm and its notation.
94
True/False Secular music could have a Latin text.
True
95
_______ means a text that is in the local language, not Latin. Spanish, German, Old French, and langue d’oc are all examples.
Vernacular
96
True/False Troubadours were men and trouvères were women.
False
97
Which phrase best describes the motet in the fourteenth century?
a polytextual secular work with an isorhythmic tenor
98
True/False Vernacular songs could be about religious (sacred) subjects.
True
99
In fourteenth-century French music, the smallest possible rhythmic value was called the
minim
100
Guillaume de Machaut lived
ca. 1300-1377.
101
Goliard songs are in what language?
Latin
102
The theme of fine amour in trouvère songs concerns the topic of
respectful love toward an unattainable noblewoman.
103
All of the following statements are true of troubadour and trouvère melodies except:
The declamation is usually melismatic.
104
Stollen and Abgesang are parts of a song in
bar form
105
The Cantigas de Santa María comes from which region?
Spain
106
What effect did the Papal Schism have on fourteenth-century society?
It weakened papal authority.
107
When was the Carolingian period
9th century
108
How was the office structured?
made up of chanting psalms
set times throughout the day
150 pslams every week
109
How was Mass structured?
Central service centered around Eucharist (Lord's supper, communion)
Intoroduction, Mass of the Word, Mass of the Eucharist
110
What are the methods of performance for chants?
antiphonal (psalmody) (sung by alternating choirs)
responsorial (sung by a choir alternating with a soloist)
direct (sung by one choir)
111
How did Gregorian chant develop from a political and musical standpoint?
Charlegmangne and unification, this is why it was written down
112
What modes were used in the Carolingian period?
8 Modes, 4 note collections in 2 different ranges
Authentic: odd numbers, up to octave above final
Plagal: even numbers, final is in middle of range
113
What was a hexachord?
Set of 6 notes (WWHWW)
114
What is a gamut?
The entire range of notes that could be notated in the middle ages.
115
What was the solmization and the staff -- Guido of Arezzo?
Made the syllables, Natural starts on C, Hard starts on G, and Soft starts on F
116
How was scholasticism relevant to music in the 10th and 11th centuries?
Reasoning was being added, aimed to figure out what ancients said and reconcile all available authoritative sources through logic.
117
What is glossing?
Commenting on, or explaining sources
118
List three types of tropes
Melodic trope
Textual trope
Melodic-textual trope
119
What is a melodic trope?
Added new melodies
120
What is a textual trope?
Added new text
121
What is a melodic-textual trope?
Added new melodies and new text
122
What is a sequence?
Syllabic, single line then paired lines (repeated music with new text), doube versicle form
123
What is Notker Balbulus?
He added words as a memory aid
124
What is the double-versicle form?
aa bb cc....
125
When and where was the birth of polyphony?
Started around the 12th century, Aquitanian Polyphony (Southwestern France)
126
List 3 characteristics of late 9th and 10th century organum.
In parallel and oblique motion
vox principalis vs. vox organalis
accepted consonances
127
Explain Vox Principalis vs. Vox Organalis
Vox Principalis is the chant and Vox Originalis is the oringinal voice
128
What did 11th century organum introduce?
Contrary motion
129
What is contrary motion?
Where contrapuntal lines have more independence to move separately.
130
What century was Aquitanian Polyphony?
12th
131
What are some characteristics of Aquitanian Polyphony?
Polyphony mostly note-against-note (discant), some moments of free organum, mostly florid (organum purum)
132
What is florid organum?
Melismatic uppervoice, lower voice holds the chant
133
What social and economic changes happened in Europe during the late 12th and early 13th centuries?
Prosperity and creation of small middle class
They started building cathedrals
134
What is Notre Dame Polyphony?
Late 12th and early 13th centuries. Leoninus and Perotinus.
135
What is the difference between organum duplum and quadruplum?
2 voices and 4 voices
136
List some characteristics of a piece by Leoninus
Florid style
Organum Duplum
Purum:
Discant:
All meteres were compound (longs and shorts)
Latin Poetry
137
What is Organum Purum?
Chant is drone, upper voice is melismatic/improvisatory
138
What is discant style?
Chant speeds up to get through its melisma
139
What is clausula?
Little phrase or section specifically in discant style
140
What is substitute clausulae?
more fun at church
141
What are some characteristics of a piece from Perotinus?
Exanded form: Length and number of voices (3-4 voices)
Replaced organum purum with copula
142
What is Copula?
Upper voices in rhythmic modes, tenor on drone
143
What are some characteristics of conductus?
Sacred, paraliturgical, latin text, political
Homophonic: multiple voices that move together in similar rhythms
Strophic: multiple verses set to the same music
144
What is a Motet?
French "mot" = word
145
What is the significance of Boethius?
Said music has numerical relationships and proportions.
Muisc: art of proportions, intervals, rhythms
146
What is quadrivium vs. trivium and what are its implications for thinking about music?
Trivium is grammar, logic, and rhetoric
Quadrivium is geometry, arithmetic, astronomy and music
147
What is musica Mundana?
music of the spheres, inaudible, numerical relationships that control the planets, seasons and elements.
148
What is musica Humana?
music of the human body, inaudible, harmonizes body and soul
149
What is musica Instrumentalis?
produced by instruments and voices
150
What are some characteristics of 13th century motet? (Language, subject matter, number of voices, tenor source, treatment of the tenor, melodic rhythmic styles of the different voices, and phrasing).
Syllabic, 2 voices, latin text, usually sacred, paraliturgical function, rhythmic modes, voices usually cadence together
151
What are some characteristics of the late 13th century motet? (Language, subject matter, number of voices, tenor source, treatment of the tenor, melodic rhythmic styles of the different voices, and phrasing).
added French, secular, subject matter is love, 3 voices, cadences and phrases don't align, text overlaps, rhythm is freer.
152
Who is Franco of Cologne?
wrote the wrote the treatise Ars Cantus Mensurabilis.
used note-shapes to indicate rhythm (Long, breve, semibreve)
153
What is Ars Cantus Mensurabilis mean?
The art of measurable chant/song
154
What is the role of isorhythm?
155
Define Talea (short)
repeated rhythmic pattern
156
Define Color
Repeated melodic patterns
157
What were some political and social turmoil during the 14th century?
Hundred Years' War
Papal Schism -- Avignon
Black Death
158
Did the arts flourish during the 14th century?
Yes
159
What is Ars nova?
Means new art
added minim
added mensuration signs
ability to notate duple rhythms
160
Who is Philippe de Vitry?
Bishop, composer, poet (1291-1361)
wrote the treatise of ars nova
161
What is Le roman de Fauvel?
a poem book
162
What are some stylistic characteristics of Ars nova?
Tied to notational changes
possibility of duple subdivisions
addition of the minim
greater rhythmic diversity
163
Who is Guillaume de Machaut?
Poet and musician
164
What did Guillaume de Machaut do?
Had his entire collection copied
165
What were the style of motets in the 14th century?
longer talea
more complex relationship to color
texture: rhythmic stratification between tenor and upper parts
languages; french or latin text
often political
166
What is the Chanson?
French "song"
The concept of fin'amor (courtly love; imagined and actual roles of women in society
167
What is secular monophony?
music not of the church
168
What are jongleures, minstrels?
professional story teller
169
What are troubadours? (1100-1250)
wrote in occitan and french (secular monophony)
poet-composers
170
What was the style and role of troubadour music?
courtly love, unattainable love
171
What is Occitan (or Provencal, or langue d'oc)
Southern France language
172
What was the Albigensian Crusade?
Pope declared a crusade against Albi because of heresy
173
What are the trouveres or trovatori?
Trouveres (northern France)
Trovatori (Italy)
174
What was polyphony from the chanson like?
function like the late 13th century motet: courtly love, aristocratic chamber setting.
175
What are the different formes fixes?
Virelai, Rondeau, and Ballade
176
What is cantilena texture?
where the upper voice becomes more important than the tenor
177
What are some general characteristics of chanson polyphony?
Rhythmic language (nervous rhythms, syncopation)
Harmonic language (dissonance treatment)
Cadence types (double leading tone, ouvert vs. clos, musica ficta)
178
What is ouvert vs. clos?
open and closed endings
179
What is musica ficta?
accidentals
180
What is Trecento?
"300" 14th centurey
181
What are some Trecento genres?
Madrigal
Ballata
Caccia
182
What is a Madrigal?
2 voices, fluid, equal voices, aab form
183
What is a ballata?
treble dominated
2 or 3 voices
AbbaA, but only one verse
184
What is a caccia?
"hunt" canon or round, sound effects
185
Who is Francesco Landini?
Main composer of Trecento
ornamented double leading tone cadence (Landini cadence)
186
What is the importance of the Squarcialupi Codex?
It is where trecento music was stored
187
What is Ars subtilior?
Secular music (chansons) - Particularly associated with Avignon
rhythmic complexity beyond that of Ars Nova
188
When was Ars Subtilior?
late 14th century
189
Why is Machaut - Messe de Notre Dame historically significant?
the earliest example of a complete, stylistically coherent, through-composed setting of the Ordinary of the Mass by a single composer.
190
1. Describe the development of the motet in three stages: from its origins in the 13th century through the 14th. As part of your explanation, be sure to name a motet and a motet composer. (The composer does not have to have written the named motet.)
early 13th century added latin text to clausula
late 13th century added french text, secular love themes
14th century, latin, political
191
2. Explain the origins of Gregorian chant. A complete explanation will account for its name and include rough dates along with the historical context.
Charlemagne, 9th century, unification, pope gregory dove thing
192
3. Briefly describe each of the following’s importance to the development of music notation: Gregorian chant; Notre Dame polyphony; Ars cantus mensurabilis; Ars nova.
Gregorian chant began to write down shapes with words
Notre Dame had longs and shorts patterns
mensurabilis gave notes duration
ars nova had long, breve, and semibreve
193
4. Describe these theoretical aspects of medieval music theory: the hexachord system, the gamut, and the role that Guido of Arezzo played in music teaching.
answer is in other questions
194
Mass for Christmas Day
Composer: (N/A)
Date: 9th Century
Genre: Introit
195
Victimae paschali laudes
Composer: Wippo of Burgundy
Date: 995-1050
Genre: Sequence
196
Ordo virtutum
Composer: Hildegard
Date: 1150
Genre: Liturgy Drama
197
Alleluia Justus
Composer: N/A
Date: Unknown
Genre: Organum
198
Jubilemus, exultemus
Composer: N/A
Date: 12th/13th Century
Genre: Organum
199
Viderunt omnes (duplum)
Composer: Leoninus
Date: 1150-1200
Genre: Gregorian Chant
200
Viderunt omnes (quadruplum)
Composer: Perotinus
Date: 1200
Genre: Gregorian Chant
201
Factum est / Dominus
Composer: N/A
Date: 1220
Genre: Motet
202
Mout souvent / Mout ai esté / Mulierum
Composer: N/A
Date: Late 13th Century
Genre: Motet
203
Cum statua / Hugo, Hugo / Magister invidie
Composer: Philippe de Vitry
Date: Early 14th Century
Genre: Motet
204
Messe de Notre Dame
Composer: Guillaume de Machaut
Date: Late 14th Century
Genre: Kyrie
205
A chanter
Composer: Comtessa de Dia
Date: Late 13th century
Genre: Motet
206
Douce dame
Composer: Guillaume de Machaut
Date: 14th century
Genre: Motet
207
Rose, liz, printemps, verdure
Composer: Guillaume de Machaut
Date: 14th Century
Genre: Rondeau
208
En remirant vo douce pourtraiture
Composer: Philipoctus de Caserta
Date: Ballade
Genre: Late 14th Century
209
Non al suo amante
Composer: Jacopo da Bologna
Date: 14th Century
Genre: Madrigal
210
Così pensoso
Composer: Francesco Landini
Date: 14th Century
Genre: Caccia
211
Non avrà ma’ pietà
Composer: Francesco Landini
Date: Late 14th Century
Genre: Balatta
212
Words and actions that make up a church service
Liturgy
