2023 Exam 2 Flashcards
(180 cards)
1
Q
True/False
Renaissance was a term that people living in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries used to describe the era in which they lived.
A
False
2
Q
Because of _______, many Byzantine scholars fled to Italy. They brought the writings of the ancient Greeks with them and taught the Italians how to read Greek. This contributed to European interest in rediscovering ancient Greek and Roman culture in the Renaissance.
A
The Ottoman attacks on Constantinople (beginning in 1396) and the collapse of the Byzantine Empire (in 1453)
3
Q
True/False
In the fifteenth century, the best choir schools were in northern European cities.
A
True
4
Q
During the _______, the English occupied (modern) French soil. This enabled English, French, and Burgundian musicians to encounter each other’s musical styles.
A
Hundred Years’ War
5
Q
Many aspects of European culture in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries were influenced by
A
the revival of ancient Greek and Roman writing and art.
6
Q
What term did French poet Martin le Franc use to refer to the pleasing quality in the music of Binchois and Du Fay?
A
contenance angloise (English quality)
7
Q
Why was Italy such an important region for musical patronage in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries?
A
Italy was comprised of numerous city-states, whose rulers competed with each other through the arts.
8
Q
True/False
Hiring the best musicians was a way for rulers to display their wealth and power to audiences and competing rulers.
A
True
9
Q
In Renaissance music history, a _______ refers to a group of salaried composers, singers, and sometimes instrumentalists who provided music for church services and court entertainments.
A
chapel
10
Q
Which phrase best describes the meaning of the term humanism?
A
the study of things pertaining to human knowledge
11
Q
True/False
English polyphony frequently features harmonic thirds and sixths moving in parallel motion.
A
True
12
Q
As the Renaissance progressed, composers increasingly favored musical structures based on
A
the grammar and emotional content of the text.
13
Q
True/False
By the fifteenth century, the term motet came to designate almost any polyphonic setting of a Latin text.
A
True
14
Q
A setting of the five movements of the Mass Ordinary—Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, and Agnus Dei—that is musically linked in some way is a _______.
A
Mass Ordinary cycle (cyclic mass)
15
Q
In his treatise Dodekachordon (The Twelve-String Lyre), Heinrich Glarean adds four modes to the eight church modes to parallel the Greek system of tonoi. This reflects what aspect of Renaissance thinking?
A
the synthesis of Greek culture with inherited Christian ideas
16
Q
The development of an international musical style in the fifteenth century can be attributed to
A
the migration of composers between northern and southern courts.
17
Q
True/False
The four-voice soprano/alto/tenor/bass texture that remains standard today emerged in the middle of the fifteenth century.
A
True
18
Q
True/False
Careful dissonance treatment is evident in Du Fay’s music.
A
True
19
Q
The dukes of Burgundy spent most of their time in which approximate modern-day region?
A
Belgium
20
Q
By the mid-fifteenth century composers rarely wrote isorhythmic motets. Why did they abandon this genre?
A
The genre was considered old-fashioned by the fifteenth century.
21
Q
Why, in 1477, did music theorist Johannes Tinctoris opine that “there is no composition written over forty years ago which is . . . worthy of performance”?
A
Tinctoris found the older compositions to be too dissonant.
22
Q
A technique of creating polyphony, in which the tenor moves mostly in parallel sixths below a chant melody while an unwritten middle voice sings a parallel fourth below the chant, is called
A
fauxbourdon.
23
Q
Although fifteenth-century composers mostly stopped writing isorhythmic motets, Du Fay and his contemporaries still wrote a few. Why?
A
The archaic technique added seriousness and solemnity to special ceremonial and state occasions.
24
Q
Which statement best describes a cantus-firmus or tenor mass?
A
The same melody provides the tenor voice of each movement of the mass.
25
What composition has homophony and imitation alternate between all four voices?
Mille regretz by Josquin
26
Which composition uses a double mensuration canon?
Missa Prolatonium by Ockeghem
27
Which composition is mostly homophonic?
Ich muss dich lassen by Insbruck Isaac
28
Which composition uses paraphrase technique?
Missa Pange Lingua by Josquin
29
Which composition uses points of imitation alternate with sections of homophony?
Ave maria vergo serena by Josquin
30
will be identified by the name of the model (e.g., Missa Pange lingua).
A mass based on a cantus firmus, or a parody mass
31
A mass based on a distinctive compositional technique
(e.g., Missa prolationum).
32
may be identified by their opening motive or mode, or are called sine nomine (without a name).
A mass with no particular identifying feature
33
The fuller, darker sound of Jean de Ockeghem’s music, compared to that of the previous generation, can be attributed to his
Expanded lower range of voices
34
True/False
Before the time of Josquin, it was rare for a composer’s music to remain fashionable or popular for more than a few years after his death.
True
35
Ockeghem's Missa prolationum is what genre?
A cyclic mass
36
Josquin's Millie regrets is what genre?
A freely composed chanson
37
Josquin's Missa L'homme arme is what genre?
A mass based on a monophonic secular song
38
Josquin's Missa Pange lingua is what genre?
a mass based on a monophonic chant.
39
What is the name of the first printed anthology of music?
Odhecaton
40
True/False
The Holy Roman Empire was ruled by the pope.
False
41
What is a Mensuration canon
Musical composition where the main melody is accompanied by one or more imitations of that melody in other voices.
42
True/False
A cantus-firmus mass may be based on a polyphonic composition.
True
43
True/False
Composers active in the second half of the fifteenth century continued to write chansons in the formes fixes.
True
44
This aspect of the Italian style is evident in Isaac’s Innsbruck, ich muss dich lassen:
tuneful melodies in the superius and clear phrase structure.
45
True/False
Printers and copyists often incorrectly attributed works by other composers to Josquin.
True
46
Josquin’s fame as a composer during his lifetime can be attributed in part to which of the following?
the development of music printing
47
True/False
Beginning with the Josquin generation, composers more frequently used musical methods for expressing the emotions of the text.
True
48
Why, beginning in the late fifteenth century, did composers abandon the formes fixes?
The repetition schemes and refrains were at artistic odds with text expression.
49
True/False
A parody (or imitation) mass must be based on a polyphonic work.
True
50
What is a point of imitation?
Think of frera jaques
51
Printing from movable type was first developed in
China
52
A compositional technique in which a single melody, either monophonic or drawn from polyphony, is presented—in any voice (though usually the tenor or superius)—with slight changes, elaborations, or deviations, and sometimes used for points of imitation, is called
Paraphrase
53
Which statement best describes Mille regretz, a chanson attributed to Josquin?
All voice parts of structurally equal.
54
All of the following statements about Josquin’s Ave Maria . . . virgo serena are true except:
Long melismas indicate the ends of poetic lines.
55
A compositional technique in which all the voices of an existing polyphonic work are reworked and adapted to a new polyphonic context is called
imitation (parody).
56
True/False
Amateur music-making contributed to the development of genres and styles in regional languages that were easy to sing, pleasing, and had direct music-text relationships.
True
57
This fifteenth-century invention was essential to the growth of amateur music-making and the rise of musical literacy in the sixteenth century.
the printing press
58
This term is used to describe a piece of music in which each line of text receives a different musical setting without any fixed patterns of poetic or musical repetition.
through-composed
59
Two genres characterized by rustic poetry and purposely simple music, but designed for aristocratic audiences, were
villancico and frottola.
60
True/False
The development of inexpensive methods to print music contributed to the rise in music literacy in the sixteenth century.
True
61
True/False
The madrigal was the dominant secular vocal genre of the sixteenth century.
True
62
matching the music to the meanings of individual words, phrases, and moods.
Madrigal
63
forms or forms with refrains, in which multiple stanzas are set to identical music, would be incompatible.
Strophic
64
True/False
The sixteenth-century madrigal is similar to the Trecento madrigal in form and style.
False
65
Madrigals were performed at all of the following venues except
public concerts.
66
The _______ was a group of three professional women virtuoso singers who brought fame to the Este court in Ferrara in the late sixteenth century. Later the courts in Mantua and Florence established women’s ensembles to compete with the court in Ferrara.
concerto delle donne
67
True/False
The earliest composers of Italian madrigals were native Italians.
False
68
Which statement best characterizes the music of the early madrigal composers?
The music is mostly homophonic, with light counterpoint and some imitation; musical devices occasionally highlight and dramatize specific words and phrases.
69
A(n) _______ is a musical gesture that evokes the text very literally–for example, using long rhythmic values on the word “slow,” an ascending melody on the word “climb,” or a descending melody on the word “down.”
madrigalism
70
True/False
The popularity of the madrigal was limited to Italy.
False
71
Which statement best characterizes the mid-sixteenth-century madrigal?
Homophony and counterpoint are blended to express the text; musical devices frequently dramatize characters, moods, words, and phrases of the text.
72
This passage sets the text “. . . ‘in sad laments.’ Dead I was, now I am alive.” Identify and describe two compositional devices the composer uses to amplify the meaning of the text through music. (Select all that apply.)
They rhythmic motion increases at "vivo son" to evoke life
The slow rhythms on "morto" and the dramatic use of rests depict the finality, stillness, and emptiness of death
Chromaticism (top and third voices, m. 27) suggests emotional anguish
73
Which phrase best describes chromaticism?
motion by semitone between notes with the same letter name (e.g., E to E-flat)
74
True/False
The English lute song demonstrates the influence of the Italian madrigal in England.
False
75
Which statement best characterizes the late sixteenth-century madrigal?
The words seem to dictate every aspect of the music, sometimes resulting in rapidly changing and extravagant musical gestures.
76
In sixteenth-century madrigals, composers sought to convey in music all of the following aspects of the text except
rhyme schemes
77
French chansons of the first half of the sixteenth century are characterized by all of the following except
musical devices that express the text.
78
Which phrase best describes Nicholas Yonge’s Musica transalpina (Music from across the Alps)?
a collection of popular Italian madrigals translated into English
79
Which statement is most accurate?
The English lute song is characterized by less use of word-painting compared to the English madrigal.
80
The impact of humanism on sixteenth-century secular song is evident in
the efforts of composers to seek a close rapport between music and text.
81
What did the lute song example look like.
Spongebob's paper
82
Where was the start of the Renaissance?
Italy
83
Where did the musical Renaissance get its start from?
English practices
84
What intervals did the English like?
3rds and 4ths
85
Define contenance angloise
Strong presence of 3rds and 6ths, especially in parallel motion.
86
Who was John Dunstable?
Leading English Composer of his time, worked for Duke of Bedford.
87
What style did John Dunstable use?
Sweet style:
Triadic
Controlled dissonance
Flowing Rhythm
Smooth Melody
88
Define Faburden:
Single melodic line (usually chant) in the middle voice
89
True/False
Carols Improvised tradition
True
90
Who helped make cycles of Mass Ordinaries popular?
Dunstable
91
Characteristics of Renaissance motets:
Newly composed Tenor
Tenor not as structurally important
No talea, color, or isorhythm
Polyphonic composition with latin text.
92
Name characteristics of Renaissance motets part 2:
Voices moving parallel
3rds and 6ths
syllabic
homorhythmic
no borrowed melody
93
Where were the Dukes of Burgundy originally from?
France
94
What was the main center for the new musical style of the 15th century?
Burgundy
95
Group of employees that provided music for services and entertainment to the court.
Chapel
96
Many Chapel workers were from where?
Franco-Flemish
97
What is a Chanson?
French Song
98
List some styles of Chanson
Secular (formes fixes)
Motets
Magnificats and hymn settings of the Office
Settings of the Mass ordinary
99
How many voices do Chansons have?
3
100
What were the three voices of a chanson?
Cantus: Melody
Tenor: Supported cantus with counterpoint
Contratenor: against the tenor
101
True/False
Binchois worked at the Burgundian court for 30 years?
True
102
How many Chansons did Binchois compose?
more than 50
103
Major 6 to octave motion with landini ornament is what kind of cadence?
Octave Leap Cadence
104
14th Century Chanson:
Cantilena texture
Courtly love subject
Rondeau
105
15th Century Chanson:
Rhythms are simple
Harmonies are triadic
Octave Leap Cadences
More controlled dissonances
106
The most influential composer of the early Renaissance:
Guillaume Du Fay
107
True/False
One of the most important genres of the Renaissance is the polyphonic setting of the Mass Ordinary?
True
108
Who was the first to set all the ordinary in a unified setting?
Machaut
109
What are cyclic masses?
Something that unifies the setting of each movement.
110
What are Motto Masses?
Each movement starts with the same melodic motive.
111
What are Cantus-Firmus masses?
replaced motto technique
borrowed pre-existing melodies
Sang low notes
15th century
112
What were the sources for Cantus Firmus?
Chant or sometimes a secular chanson
113
Who was instrumental in forming the 15th century style from French, Italian, and English elements?
Dunstable, Binchois, and Du Fay
114
Difference from style between French, Italian, and English that were used in the Burgundian style:
French: rhythmic style
Italian: smooth melodies
English: triadic harmonies and phomophonic/rhythmic textures with equal voices.
115
What dates involved Franco-Flemish composers?
1450-1520
116
Which Franco-Flemish composer had a northern style uninfluenced by Italy?
Ockeghem
117
What were Franco Flemish masses like?
4 voices, contrapuntal, extended bass range
118
What is a Canonic mass?
where one voice follows another
119
Ockeghem's music seemed to be about what?
sound, or sonority
120
Canonic mass by Ockeghem has what characteristics?
Flowing music without pauses
Unimportance to text
121
Ockeghem's style
Lacks Cadences
Triadic Harmonies
Structural Polyphonic Techniques
Lack of text expression
Sonority
122
Elements gained from the North:
Serious tone
formal structure
intricate polyphony
flowing rhythms
123
Elements gained from the south:
Spontaneity
simpler structures
homophonic
dance like rhythms
clear articulation
124
Late 15th century Chansons:
1460-80
More imitative counterpoint
Uses imitation
1470-1500
4 voices (more equal)
Duple meter more common
125
Who was the most famous composer after Ockeghem?
Josquin Desprez
126
What was Josquin's style?
Same pattern as Du Fay
Blended north and south
Homophony
syllabic
frequent cadences
127
Josquin's Chansons
Abandoned formes fixes
strophic
equal voices
french text
4 voices
128
What are canti carnascileschi?
Carnival songs form Florence
129
What are Lauda?
Sacred devotional songs, Italian, vernacular.
used carnival song with sacred text
130
What is Frottola?
Poetry, courtly chamber setting
131
True/False
Josquin's text was not understandable
False
132
Northern Motet style (time of Josquin)
Sonority/colors
133
Southern Motet Style (time of Josquin)
Clear words and cadences
homophonic
expressive
134
Where was the printing capital of Europe?
Venice
135
Who published teh odhecaton? (a hundred pieces of music)
Ottaviano Petrucci
136
Humanism influence on Josquin's Mass
simple music
clear phrases
clear text
easily understood
137
Josquin's Masses:
More conservative than his motets
Cantus-firmus
canon
paraphrase
parody
138
What is a paraphrase mass?
Borrowed melody that's interwoven in the texture
139
What is a parody (imitation) mass?
Borrows polyphony or homophony
140
Who transmitted the idea of ancient Greek modes?
Boethius
141
16th Century Chansons
Polyphonic, 4 voice homophony
142
Frottola genre
Italian Poetry
playful
small-scale
143
What sound is Gravita?
double consonants, hard/harsh sounds
144
What sound is picevoleza?
Liquid consonants, soft sounds
145
Madrigal periods
Early 1530-50
Middle 1550-70
Late 1570-1600
146
What is Mollis and durus?
local harmonic changes as expression
147
Mollis:
Soft
sweet
sad
minor third
flats
148
Durus
Hard
anger
bitter
Major third
sharps
149
Prolific composer of madrigals and sacred music:
Rore
150
Rore's style
Intense text expression
Chromaticism
rapid texture variations
151
Late Madrigal Characteristics:
Intensifies
breaks down text
more chromaticism
152
Parisian Chanson:
Early 16th century French Chanson
light/fast/rhythmic
4 voices
romantic/playful text
syllabic, duple, cantilena, homophonic
strophic
153
Were early 16th century chansons for professionals or amateurs?
amateurs
154
What are lute songs (airs):
more natural, native genre
popular
composers include Dowland and Campion
155
True/False
Instrumental music in the middle ages were notated
False
156
What are the two types of instrumental music?
1. for instruments (variations, dances)
2. Vocal model (ricercare, canzona, concerto)
157
What were 16th century dances like?
slow duple and fast triple
158
When did composers begin adapting chansons for keyboard/
Mid 16th century
159
Canzona Characteristics:
light/quick
rhythmic
long-short-short
contrasting sections
160
Lutheran Music:
Emphasized direct communication with God
161
What are Chorales?
German hymns
162
True/False
Luther admired Josquin
True
163
Calvinists wanted hard or simple music.
simple
164
What was the main musical element of Anglican service?
Anthem
165
Major Renaissance composers:
Guillaume Du Fay
Ockeghem
Josquin
Willaert
Diovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina
166
Willaert's style:
5 voices (mid 16th)
Continuous Imitation
Cadences include thirds
Paraphrase technique
167
What type of music did Palestrina compose?
Sacred Music
168
Palestrina's mass style:
Parody masses
169
Who worked on making chant books more humanist?
Palestrina
170
Palestrina Sacred Polyphony:
Northern style, imitation, counterpoint, equal voices
171
Credo style (Palestrina)
Homophonic
long text
clear
172
Agnus Dei style (Palestrina)
Imitative
Shorter text
173
What is the Gradus ad Parnassum?
Treatise by Joseph Fux "how to write conterpoint in the form of a dialogue between teacher and student"
174
Intabulations synonym
Ornamentation
175
Ricercare does what?
ties to motet and fuge
176
What does Canzona tie to?
Chanson and sonata
177
What is the humanist movement?
The Renaissance included an intellectual movement known as Humanism. Among its many principles, humanism promoted the idea that humans are at the center of their own universe and should embrace human achievements in education, classical arts, literature and science.
178
Describe the development of the madrigal
Early (Franco Flemish composers, Jacques arcadelt, aristocratic performance)
Middle (Cipriano de Rore, Intesification of expression)
Late (Professionalization, Carlo Gesualdo, Atomization of the text)
179
Describe the contenance angloise and its impact on Western music?
Fifteenth-century term describing the ‘English manner’ of musicians such as Dunstable, then adopted by Burgundian composers (Du Fay and Binchois). It is taken as referring to the new (typically English) preference for counterpoint based on thirds and sixths. Other answers in questions.
180
Describe four main types of cyclic masses: motto, cantus firmus, paraphrase, and imitation.
Answers in questions
