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Geography > 2023 T1 > Flashcards

2023 T1 Flashcards

1
Q

Tectonic forces

A

driven by the heat (and therefore movement) radiating from the Earth’s liquid mantle/core.

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2
Q

Example of tectonic forces

A

folding moutnains, volcanoes, earthquakes

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3
Q

Gradational forces

A

external forces which are driven by Earth’s gravity and heat energy from the Sun. These modify the lithosphere by smoothing it.

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4
Q

Examples of gradational forces

A

Weathering, erosion, mass movement, deposition

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5
Q

global patterns of climate

A

variations in isolation, earths rotation and revoltion on the axis, composition of atmopshere, distrubution of ocean currents, topography

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6
Q

examples for each pattern of climate

A

distance from sun (equator compared to poles) and global heat budget, seasons changing each year, greenhouse effect and enhanced, warm currents higher evaporation rate and proximity to oceans, rainshadow and orographic rainfall

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7
Q

Evaporation

A

the sun shines on water and heats it, turning it into gas called water vapour which rises into the atmosphere.

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8
Q

Precipitation

A

when water droplets fall from the sky as rain, snow or hail.

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9
Q

Condensation

A

water vapour in the air cools and turns back into a liquid, forming tiny water droplets in the sky.

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10
Q

Accumulation

A

the process of water collecting in rivers, lakes, streams, oceans and other bodies of water.

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11
Q

Transpiration

A

the sun warms people, plants and animals and they release water vapour into the atmosphere.

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12
Q

Surface Run off

A

when water flows over the ground and into creeks, rivers and oceans.

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13
Q

Infiltration

A

when water falls on the ground and soaks into the soil.

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14
Q

percolation

A

when water seeps deeper into tiny spaces in the soil and rock.

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15
Q

Orographic rainfall

A

produced when moist air is lifted as it moves over a mountain range. As the air rises and cools, orographic clouds form and serve as the source of the precipitation. lots of biodiversity and diversity
Most of the rain will fall on the windward side of the mountain ridge. On the leeward mountain range side rainfall is usually low and the area is said to be in a rain shadow. arid and dry, not much vegetation

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16
Q

Factors of vegetation

A

climate, topographic, edaphic, biotic

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17
Q

Climate vegetation factor

A

certain moisture and temperature condition to grow (precipitation, light, temperature, wind)

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18
Q

Topographic vegetation factors

A

Effected indirectly by altitude, aspect, and degree of slope (

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19
Q

Edaphic vegetation factors

A

Mature soils vary in different biomes

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20
Q

Biotic vegetation factors

A

relationship between plants and animals in ecosystem (symbiotic relationships, human impacts on environments)

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21
Q

Polyps

A

Polyps are essentially the many digestive systems of a single coral animal. Polyps form in colonies on an individual coral skeleton
Polyps perform 3 main functions to aid in coral survival:
1. The microalgae inside them photosynthesize to provide the polyp with most of its energy.
2. Using their tentacles around their mouths to catch food to supplement their energy.
3 . Polyps use their energy to:
A. Continue seeking energy and,
B. Grow the stony limestone skeletons which provide their structure.

22
Q

Examples of human impacts

A

fracking affects all spheres, pollution, enhanced greenhouse effect, carbondioxide being absorbed by ocenans, ice caps, oil spills, deep sea drilling, open cut mining, farming, deforestation, overfishing, introducing new species

23
Q

water cycle

A

the continuous transfer of water throughout the four spheres.

24
Q

atmosphere

A

the combination fo gases and patrticles that envlope the globe

25
Q

lithosphere

A

Earth’s outer geological layer

26
Q

hydrosphere

A

the interconnecting system of water storage among the four spheres

27
Q

biosphere

A

all the living organisms on the Earth

28
Q

photosynthesis

A

Photosynthesis refers to the process whereby green plants take in water, and CO2, and use UV from the sun (light energy) and chlorophyll to turn it into food (carbohydrates/glucose) for the organism and oxygen which is released into the atmosphere.

29
Q

Coral species furthest north

A

Japan (34 degrees N)

30
Q

Coral species furthest south

A

Lorde Howe (32 degrees S)

31
Q

New coral species furthest south

A

Cabbage Tree Bay Sydney (34 degrees S)

32
Q

coral reefs percentage of ocean surface
Indo- pacific region percentage

A

0.1%
91.9%

33
Q

Where do coral reefs generally form

A

Between 30 degrees south and north of the equator

34
Q

What temp do corals need

A

23-29 degrees

35
Q

What depth of water do corals need

A

Up to 50m in depth

36
Q

How many species use coral reefs as a habitat

A

1/4 of marine species

37
Q

Examples of hard corals

A

Staghorn Elkhorn

38
Q

barrier reefs

A

run parallel to a coastline, barrier between shoreline and open sea

39
Q

fringing reefs

A

linked to coastline

40
Q

atolls reefs

A

ring shaped islands

41
Q

Where is the Great Barrier Reef and how long is it

A

off the east coast of Australia
2,300km long
not single structure, collection of 200 reefs

42
Q

Example of weathering

A

Wave Rock, WA
Grand Canyon, US

43
Q

Example of erosion

A

the 12 Apostles, SA

44
Q

Example of mass movement

A

2014 Oslo mudslide
rainsoaked hillside, 18 million tons of sand , till and clay, destroyed community

45
Q

Example of deposition

A

sanddunes?

46
Q

weathering

A

the physical disintergratuon and chemical deposition of a rock or mineral at or near the earth’s surface by atmospheric or biological agents.

47
Q

coral reefs

A

a ridge or elevated platform ranging in depth from the surface of the water downwards

48
Q

coral

A

an animal that can exist as an individual coral or cluster

49
Q

erosion

A

transportation of the weathered material.

50
Q

mass movement

A

another form of transportation for weathered material, however the primary agent for mass movement is gravity.

51
Q

deposition

A

final resting place for the weathered and eroded material.

Geography (12 decks)

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