T1 2024

Question 1

Nundle: location

Answer 1

village in the New England region of NSW
South east of Tamworth

Question 2

Nundle: population size

Answer 2

482 people
2011: 598 people
2016: 483 showing population decline of 19.2% in the area

Question 3

Nundle: schools, stats on attendence

Answer 3

Nundle public school and Nuncle CwA Preschool
No Catholic or independent schools
In Nundle 27.2% of people were attending an educational institution
Of these 34.7% were in primary school, 14.5% in secondary school and 5.6% in a tertiary or technical institution
9.6% reported to complete Year 12

Question 4

Nundle: purpose/background

Answer 4

Crystals, historic mining village

Question 5

Nundle: median age

Answer 5

55

Question 6

Nundle: facilities

Answer 6

post office, general store, schools, bus services to Tamworth secondary schools, police station.

Question 7

Tamworth: location

Answer 7

NW regional NSW. 5-hour drive from Sydney
Situates on the Peel River

Question 8

Tamworth: population

Answer 8

64,000

Question 9

Tamworth: median age

Answer 9

39

Question 10

Tamworth: schools

Answer 10

14 government schools and 9 non-government schools (Anglican, Catholic, etc.)

Question 11

Tamworth: economy

Answer 11

primarily a service centre for the New England and Northwest regions
- Provides services to 200,000 and more people from Tamworth region and satellite areas.
- Industries with the most businesses are agriculture and construction, then finance and insurance services –> diverse economy.
- Agriculture contributes $75M to Tamworth economy

Question 12

Tamworth: retail

Answer 12

largest and main retail centre for New England and Northwest regions of NSW.
- 22.5% of working population –> largest employer.
- Many shopping centres located in Tamworth CBD
National brands, e.g. Coles, Kmart, Aldi, Woolworths, etc

Question 13

Tamworth: tourism

Answer 13

• Worth $239M annually significant industry.
• Australia’s country music festival –> Tamworth Country Music Festival
• “First Town of Lights” (first to use electric street lights).
• Equine and sporting horse events

Question 14

Tamworth: transport

Answer 14

airport –> daily flights to Sydney
Train –> to Sydney and Armidale

Question 15

NYSE value

Answer 15

$22.6 t

Question 16

NASDAQ value

Answer 16

$12 t

Question 17

London Stock Exchange value

Answer 17

3rd largest
$5.8 t

Question 18

Stats on London economic authority
companies
law firms
bank

Answer 18

2/5 of 250 largest companies in the world with European HQ have one in London
60% of the top 100 law firms HQed in UK are based in London
HSBC- largest bank in EU = 2.37T

Question 19

Stats on Boston cultural authority

Answer 19

One of world’s most prominent acedemic hubs
35 colleges (MIT and Harvard)
Harvard Libary: world’s largest library (20.4M items)
facilitates for the migration of people, creates skilled high quality workforce, increases city’s productivity

Question 20

Stats on media for cultural authority

Answer 20

Influential media organisations such as:
New York Times (NY)
India Times (Mumbai) 4th largest
BBC News (London)

Question 21

Stats on tourism in Paris cultural authority
tourists
passengers
flights
museums
largest museum
fashion

Answer 21

15.45M foreign tourists in 2016 –> 12B revenue
Approx 80M passengers per year
120 flights per hour
130 museums
Louvre is world’s largest and most visited art gallery –> 7.8million/year
Paris fashion week –> 1.3 B USD

Question 22

Stats on San Fran economic authority

Answer 22

Silicon Valley locates world’s largest high-tech corporations,
HQs of more than 30 businesses in the Fortune 1000 like Google and Apple
startup companies.
accounts for 1/3 of all of the venture capital investment in US

Question 23

Examples of physical connectivity

Answer 23

The Underground in London
270 stations, 1.35 billion annual passengers
Optic fibre networks send information (60 milliseconds) between cities
Over 95% of online data sent through these cables, serves as infrastructural matrix, maintains productivity of world cities

Question 24

Example of immaterial connections

Answer 24

Local financial shocks and events cna amplify into global events e.g. GFC
operation of global network diagram between alpha, beta, gamma cities

Question 25

Why global networks connected

Answer 25

Physical geography and heritage of dominance Economic dominance Increasingly digitised products and HQ functions Degree of hard and soft infrastructure for communication

Question 26

Dominance

Answer 26

The amount of control some ubran places exert over the other urban places and the spatial extent of that control

Question 27

Dependence

Answer 27

The reliance of national cities and less powerful world cities on dominant global cities for their supply of people, goods, services ideas and information.

Question 28

Primate city

Answer 28

major city that works as the financial, political and population centre of a country

Question 29

Why is Sydney dominant

Answer 29

27/50 Aus's largest corporations have their head offices in Sydney (16 in Melbourne) A principle centre for smaller, Aus-controlled businesses A principle financial centre as countries locate trading, marketing and financial companies there Absorbs functions of state capitals and other ubran centres

Question 30

New role of regional centres

Answer 30

Due to globalisaiton, increasingly dominanting over rural interior Greater linkages to WC through trade and decision making Diversified economic base of employment and services greater role in dissimenting information

Question 31

Growth of regional centres

Answer 31

decentralisation Economic restructuring Globalisation and SST Sponge cities for small town demise

Question 32

NPP of alpine NPP of kelp

Answer 32

35g/m2 1900g/m2

Question 33

Himalayas stats and shape

Answer 33

600,000km2 8848m Lat: 27 degrees N Tectonic action --> sharp and steep in Himalayas

Question 34

KNP location, stats, shape

Answer 34

Southern end of Great Dividing Range in Australian Alps 100 km2 1800m Latitude: 36° S Undulating plateaus, fragmented by deep-river valleys.

Question 35

Glaciation of KNP has produced...

Answer 35

Blue Lake and Club Lake.

Question 36

examples for hydrosphere and bisphere in alpine

Answer 36

bogs and ferns --> wetland enetaion communities that have role in slow release of snow melt spagnum moss --> absorbs 20X its own mass in water

Question 37

invasive species in alpine

Answer 37

brumbies created gullies through the peatlands, draining them of moisture. increased turbidity in streams, trampled vegetation, and created manure piles acting as ‘invasion windows’ for exotic plants.

Question 38

alpine plant species stat

Answer 38

204 species of native plants (21 are endemic; 3 species are considered vulnerable; most are cold climate specialists)

Question 39

natural stresses and human impacts of alpine

Answer 39

NS: bushfires HI: grazing, tourism

Question 40

Modification examples alpine

Answer 40

MPP: hibernation, sleep 2 weeks, eat, sleep 4 months Bogong moth: aestivation to escape summer heat, behavioural, hide from predators Pineapple Grass: fire retardant for bushfires

Question 41

Rate for change for alpine bushfire 2020

Answer 41

1/3 of KNP was burnt. Fire destroyed Plum Pine --> food source of MPP. MPP loss of habitat  population decline.

Question 42

Human impact stats alpine Climate change Brumbies Tourism

Answer 42

40% less snow cover in spring compared to 1950s. * Changing migration of Bogong moth --> earlier in spring --> MPP misses out 20,000 wild horses in 2020 * Grazing: 60% of alpine damaged by tramping --> bogs and fens. KNP annual visitors exceed 3 million Perisher: produces 5x rubbish and use 7x more water than day visitors * 40% of MPP population occur within the ski resort, e.g. Blue Cow.

Question 43

HUGIT alpine

Answer 43

H: Seasonal Aboriginal use, KNP Monaro tribe U: 3 million tourists per year, Hydroelectric scheme for SE Australia (generates 1/3 of renewable energy) G: Unique adaptations, fire retardant I: Highest point in Australia, commodification of beauty T: * Low biodiversity and slow to regenerate, succession lead to adaptions

Question 44

traditional management alpine

Answer 44

Manaroo tribe seasonal migration for hunting/gathering –take limits

Question 45

Contempoary management alpine

Answer 45

Approx. 50% of KNP is protected as Wilderness Zone (preservation). - No commercial development - Signage for visitors to stay on tracks, raised walkways allows plants to grow beneath. - No camping near glacial lakes and catchments. .

Question 46

Kelp stats declining globally location

Answer 46

Declining at an average of 2% per year (globally). in 23 countries

Question 47

GSR stats how long live near it

Answer 47

A unique temperate marine ecosystem, with 77% of endemic species. 8100km long 70% of Australians live within 50km

Question 48

natural stresses kelp

Answer 48

storms and wave action: ECLows, nutrient upwelling, damage kelp invasion: Tasmanian kelp declined 90% last 50 years due to sea urchins, 50% of GSR will be lost in next 1-2 decades ENSO: 2-year heat wave (2011) triggered kelp forest diebacks in 2300km2 and functional extinction in north 100km

Question 49

Global examples of rateof change kelp

Answer 49

89% of East-coast Canada’s kelp has been lost since 1982. Norwegian coast: 80% lost since 2002.

Question 50

Human impacts kelp

Answer 50

Climate change: Ocean has absorbed more than 90% of the heat: - 30% of CO2 from human activities --> ocean acidification Introduced species: northern pacific sea star - composed 54% of fish biomass in Port Phillip Bay, prodcues 20 million eggs Urban runoff: Until 1990, beaches poluted with 1 billionL/day of untreated sewage, crayweed kelp collapsed

Question 51

HUGIT kelp

Answer 51

H: In Japan, kelp is a part of diet and culture as early as 3000 BC, Importance to 42 Indigenous communities U: Account for more than 30% of total blue carbon stored, $10B to Australia’s GDP G: 85% of temperate fish, 95% of molluscs, 90% of sea stars I: Recreational activity, 70% leave near T: - Very under researched and underfunded in comparison to coral.

Question 52

Traditional management kelp

Answer 52

Midden: occupation site where Aboriginal people left the remains of their meals --> tells next visiting group what was harvested

Question 53

Contemporary management kelp local/regional global

Answer 53

Zoning (Marine Parks), Example: Bateman Bay’s MP: 2007 - 850km2 - Sanctuary zones (no-take) - Recreational fishing: over 80% -Commercial fishing is limited: 50%. Ballast Water Management Convention (BWM) * A treaty adopted by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to help prevent the spread of invasive species in ships' ballast water.