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Geography > T1 2024 > Flashcards

T1 2024 Flashcards

1
Q

Nundle: location

A

village in the New England region of NSW
South east of Tamworth

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2
Q

Nundle: population size

A

482 people
2011: 598 people
2016: 483 showing population decline of 19.2% in the area

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3
Q

Nundle: schools, stats on attendence

A

Nundle public school and Nuncle CwA Preschool
No Catholic or independent schools
In Nundle 27.2% of people were attending an educational institution
Of these 34.7% were in primary school, 14.5% in secondary school and 5.6% in a tertiary or technical institution
9.6% reported to complete Year 12

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4
Q

Nundle: purpose/background

A

Crystals, historic mining village

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5
Q

Nundle: median age

A

55

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6
Q

Nundle: facilities

A

post office, general store, schools, bus services to Tamworth secondary schools, police station.

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7
Q

Tamworth: location

A

NW regional NSW. 5-hour drive from Sydney
Situates on the Peel River

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8
Q

Tamworth: population

A

64,000

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9
Q

Tamworth: median age

A

39

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10
Q

Tamworth: schools

A

14 government schools and 9 non-government schools (Anglican, Catholic, etc.)

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11
Q

Tamworth: economy

A

primarily a service centre for the New England and Northwest regions
- Provides services to 200,000 and more people from Tamworth region and satellite areas.
- Industries with the most businesses are agriculture and construction, then finance and insurance services –> diverse economy.
- Agriculture contributes $75M to Tamworth economy

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12
Q

Tamworth: retail

A

largest and main retail centre for New England and Northwest regions of NSW.
- 22.5% of working population –> largest employer.
- Many shopping centres located in Tamworth CBD
National brands, e.g. Coles, Kmart, Aldi, Woolworths, etc

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13
Q

Tamworth: tourism

A
  • Worth $239M annually significant industry.
  • Australia’s country music festival –> Tamworth Country Music Festival
  • “First Town of Lights” (first to use electric street lights).
  • Equine and sporting horse events
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14
Q

Tamworth: transport

A

airport –> daily flights to Sydney
Train –> to Sydney and Armidale

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15
Q

NYSE value

A

$22.6 t

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16
Q

NASDAQ value

A

$12 t

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17
Q

London Stock Exchange value

A

3rd largest
$5.8 t

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18
Q

Stats on London economic authority
companies
law firms
bank

A

2/5 of 250 largest companies in the world with European HQ have one in London
60% of the top 100 law firms HQed in UK are based in London
HSBC- largest bank in EU = 2.37T

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19
Q

Stats on Boston cultural authority

A

One of world’s most prominent acedemic hubs
35 colleges (MIT and Harvard)
Harvard Libary: world’s largest library (20.4M items)
facilitates for the migration of people, creates skilled high quality workforce, increases city’s productivity

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20
Q

Stats on media for cultural authority

A

Influential media organisations such as:
New York Times (NY)
India Times (Mumbai) 4th largest
BBC News (London)

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21
Q

Stats on tourism in Paris cultural authority
tourists
passengers
flights
museums
largest museum
fashion

A

15.45M foreign tourists in 2016 –> 12B revenue
Approx 80M passengers per year
120 flights per hour
130 museums
Louvre is world’s largest and most visited art gallery –> 7.8million/year
Paris fashion week –> 1.3 B USD

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22
Q

Stats on San Fran economic authority

A

Silicon Valley locates world’s largest high-tech corporations,
HQs of more than 30 businesses in the Fortune 1000 like Google and Apple
startup companies.
accounts for 1/3 of all of the venture capital investment in US

23
Q

Examples of physical connectivity

A

The Underground in London
270 stations, 1.35 billion annual passengers
Optic fibre networks send information (60 milliseconds) between cities
Over 95% of online data sent through these cables, serves as infrastructural matrix, maintains productivity of world cities

24
Q

Example of immaterial connections

A

Local financial shocks and events cna amplify into global events e.g. GFC
operation of global network diagram between alpha, beta, gamma cities

25
Q

Why global networks connected

A

Physical geography and heritage of dominance
Economic dominance
Increasingly digitised products and HQ functions
Degree of hard and soft infrastructure for communication

26
Q

Dominance

A

The amount of control some ubran places exert over the other urban places and the spatial extent of that control

27
Q

Dependence

A

The reliance of national cities and less powerful world cities on dominant global cities for their supply of people, goods, services ideas and information.

28
Q

Primate city

A

major city that works as the financial, political and population centre of a country

29
Q

Why is Sydney dominant

A

27/50 Aus’s largest corporations have their head offices in Sydney (16 in Melbourne)
A principle centre for smaller, Aus-controlled businesses
A principle financial centre as countries locate trading, marketing and financial companies there
Absorbs functions of state capitals and other ubran centres

30
Q

New role of regional centres

A

Due to globalisaiton, increasingly dominanting over rural interior
Greater linkages to WC through trade and decision making
Diversified economic base of employment and services
greater role in dissimenting information

31
Q

Growth of regional centres

A

decentralisation
Economic restructuring
Globalisation and SST
Sponge cities for small town demise

32
Q

NPP of alpine
NPP of kelp

A

35g/m2
1900g/m2

33
Q

Himalayas stats and shape

A

600,000km2
8848m
Lat: 27 degrees N
Tectonic action –> sharp and steep in Himalayas

34
Q

KNP location, stats, shape

A

Southern end of Great Dividing Range in Australian Alps
100 km2
1800m
Latitude: 36° S
Undulating plateaus, fragmented by deep-river valleys.

35
Q

Glaciation of KNP has produced…

A

Blue Lake and Club Lake.

36
Q

examples for hydrosphere and bisphere in alpine

A

bogs and ferns –> wetland enetaion communities that have role in slow release of snow melt
spagnum moss –> absorbs 20X its own mass in water

37
Q

invasive species in alpine

A

brumbies created gullies through the peatlands, draining them of moisture. increased turbidity in streams, trampled vegetation, and created manure piles acting as ‘invasion windows’ for exotic plants.

38
Q

alpine plant species stat

A

204 species of native plants (21 are endemic; 3 species are considered vulnerable; most are cold climate specialists)

39
Q

natural stresses and human impacts of alpine

A

NS: bushfires
HI: grazing, tourism

40
Q

Modification examples alpine

A

MPP: hibernation, sleep 2 weeks, eat, sleep 4 months
Bogong moth: aestivation to escape summer heat, behavioural, hide from predators
Pineapple Grass: fire retardant for bushfires

41
Q

Rate for change for alpine
bushfire 2020

A

1/3 of KNP was burnt.
Fire destroyed Plum Pine –> food source of MPP.
MPP loss of habitat  population decline.

42
Q

Human impact stats alpine
Climate change
Brumbies
Tourism

A

40% less snow cover in spring compared to 1950s.
* Changing migration of Bogong moth –> earlier in spring –> MPP misses out
20,000 wild horses in 2020
* Grazing: 60% of alpine damaged by tramping –> bogs and fens.
KNP annual visitors exceed 3 million
Perisher: produces 5x rubbish and use 7x more water than day visitors
* 40% of MPP population occur within the ski resort, e.g. Blue Cow.

43
Q

HUGIT alpine

A

H: Seasonal Aboriginal use, KNP Monaro tribe
U: 3 million tourists per year, Hydroelectric scheme for SE Australia (generates 1/3 of renewable energy)
G: Unique adaptations, fire retardant
I: Highest point in Australia, commodification of beauty
T: * Low biodiversity and slow to regenerate, succession lead to adaptions

44
Q

traditional management alpine

A

Manaroo tribe seasonal migration for hunting/gathering –take limits

45
Q

Contempoary management alpine

A

Approx. 50% of KNP is protected as Wilderness Zone (preservation).
- No commercial development
- Signage for visitors to stay on tracks, raised walkways allows plants to grow beneath.
- No camping near glacial lakes and catchments. .

46
Q

Kelp stats
declining globally
location

A

Declining at an average of 2% per year (globally).
in 23 countries

47
Q

GSR stats
how long
live near it

A

A unique temperate marine ecosystem, with 77% of endemic species.
8100km long
70% of Australians live within 50km

48
Q

natural stresses kelp

A

storms and wave action: ECLows, nutrient upwelling, damage kelp
invasion: Tasmanian kelp declined 90% last 50 years due to sea urchins, 50% of GSR will be lost in next 1-2 decades
ENSO: 2-year heat wave (2011) triggered kelp forest diebacks in 2300km2 and functional extinction in north 100km

49
Q

Global examples of rateof change kelp

A

89% of East-coast Canada’s kelp has been lost since 1982.
Norwegian coast: 80% lost since 2002.

50
Q

Human impacts kelp

A

Climate change: Ocean has absorbed more than 90% of the heat:
- 30% of CO2 from human activities –> ocean acidification
Introduced species: northern pacific sea star
- composed 54% of fish biomass in Port Phillip Bay, prodcues 20 million eggs

Urban runoff: Until 1990, beaches poluted with 1 billionL/day of untreated sewage, crayweed kelp collapsed

51
Q

HUGIT kelp

A

H: In Japan, kelp is a part of diet and culture as early as 3000 BC, Importance to 42 Indigenous communities
U: Account for more than 30% of total blue carbon stored, $10B to Australia’s GDP
G: 85% of temperate fish, 95% of molluscs, 90% of sea stars
I: Recreational activity, 70% leave near
T: - Very under researched and underfunded in comparison to coral.

52
Q

Traditional management kelp

A

Midden: occupation site where Aboriginal people left the remains of their meals –> tells next visiting group what was harvested

53
Q

Contemporary management kelp
local/regional
global

A

Zoning (Marine Parks),
Example: Bateman Bay’s MP: 2007
- 850km2
- Sanctuary zones (no-take)
- Recreational fishing: over 80%
-Commercial fishing is limited: 50%.

Ballast Water Management Convention (BWM)
* A treaty adopted by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to help prevent the spread of invasive species in ships’ ballast water.

Geography (12 decks)

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