2023 T3 Flashcards
(158 cards)
1
Q
Immigration
A
Entering another country and making it the person’s permanent residence
2
Q
Emigration
A
Leaving a country to permanently settle in a foreign country
3
Q
Migration
A
movement of people form one place to another with the intentions of settling permanently or temporarily, at a new location
4
Q
Labour migration
A
Migration for the main purpose of employment
5
Q
Refugee migration
A
Leaving a country due to persecution, war, or natural disasters.
6
Q
population growth
A
natural increase in the number of people in the population due to fertility, mortality and migration
7
Q
The one child policy
A
A policy developed by governments which aimed to manage population growth
An increase of densely populated areas in China mean access to resources became limited, and were no longer able to sustain and support communities (1979)
8
Q
Social issues with one child policy
A
decreased quality of life, decreased birth rate, gender imbalance, below replacement level fertility, unregistered children
9
Q
environmental issues of one child policy
A
less resources being used, less population, no direct impacts to the environment
10
Q
economic impacts of one child policy
A
ageing population, financial pressures
11
Q
Demographic impacts of one child policy
A
12
Q
Overview of population geography
Memorised..
A
The increase in the human population in the last half centuary is unprecedented; and nearly all the growth is occuring in developing countries.
13
Q
Demography
A
the study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations.
14
Q
population growth infleunces
A
fertility, mortality
others: increasing life expectancy or morbidity
15
Q
Issues arising from the changing size and distrubution of population
Economic
Rent Can Bring Wally’s Dividends
A
Resources: scarcer, prices rise
Congested: living conditions, quality of life, disease
Braindrain: the skilled migrate
Welfare: increased need
Dependants: population dependant, economic strain
16
Q
Issues arising from the changing size and distrubution of population
Social
Risking The Soccer Score Can Give Points
A
Resource Tension: social, ethnic, political, economic inequaity,
Shortages: transboundary conflict for resources
Stresses Crime: density increases antisocial, suicide
Government Planning: pressure to control size, social planning
17
Q
Issues arising from the changing size and distrubution of population
Environmental
Cici Will Do Whatever For Senior Prefect
A
Carbon Dioxide: richest consume more, production increases
Waste: 30% up since 1975, developed nations
Desertification: declining water tables, famine, social unrest, migration
Water: distrbution towards oceans, seage, destruction of fish, development of beaches
Forest: shrinking, demands for wood and paper, industrial world
Soils: last 50 years, 17% degraded
18
Q
population size
A
the number of individuals in a population
19
Q
population composition
A
different characteristics within a population that can describe the population
e.g. age, ethnicity
20
Q
Population growth rates
A
annual average rate of change of population size during a specific period
21
Q
population distribution
A
the pattern in which a population is spread over an area
22
Q
population density
A
the number of people per specific area
23
Q
mortality
A
the number of deaths occuring in a population
24
Q
fertility
A
the number of live births occuring in a population
25
replamcement fertility rate
population exactly replaces itself from one generation to another
26
natural increase
| calculation
crude birth rate – crude death rate
27
Neollithic revolution
| how did it lead to population growth over time
Started dominating nature, agriculture, animal husbandry emerged
Developments facilitated sedentarization of the population
Freed up workforce for other jobs (related to crafts)
28
Population increase in the neolithic revolution
by 300 million
29
Industrial revolution
| how did it lead to population growth over time
Medical, scientific and economic advances led to this exponential growth
Increase in quality of life from food security, use of technology, education, medical advances,
Clean water, immunisations, refrigerators, low infant mortality,
Technology allowed pregnancies to occur in any situation
Conceiving difficulties, infertility treatments, high risk pregnancies are possible, premature babies use technology to keep alive, children diseases
Technology helping farming techniques, more food for more people, ship food to distant locations using technologies, refrigerators to preserve food
30
Industrial revolution, life expectancy, child mortaltiy
| number of children in China 50s and India 70s
When babies started living till 50s, families had more
Early 1900s most European and American families had 6-8 surviving siblings (China in 1950s-60s, India in 70s to 80s)
Immunisations and vaccinations stopped babies from dying from diseases like Cholera, dysentery, smallpox, measles, influenza and food poisoning
31
Patterns in population distrbubtion and density
| stats
80% of population live in developing regions
In 2020, Asia housed 60% of world's population 7.8 billion
Eastern and South-Eastern Asia, the most populous region, comprised 30%, 2.3 billion people
2nd largest region, Central and Southern Asia, 2 billion people in 2020, 1.4 million in India
32
Population density
| formula
population
____________________
area (sq/km)
33
Read:
linear logarithmic scales/graphs
34
The measures/conditions behind measuring fertility
The mother must:
They experience exact current age-specific fertility rates through lifetime
Live from birth until end of reproductive life
Obtained by summing single year age specific rates at given time
35
Factors that effect fertility/birth rate
| Social
Access to contraceptives,
education --> higher literacy rate= improved knowledge of birth control
access to abortion rights, medical provisions,
nutrition -->,
children in labor force --> asset for labor, farming practices, collection of water
religion -->resitrctions from birth control, demand high fertility
status and role of women --> attitudes to child bearing, marriage, alternative family structures,
family size preference
36
Factors that effect fertility/birth rate
| econonmic
employment oppurnities --> marry later, less children, casualisation,
cost of children --> seen as econonimic assets in LEDCs, workers on land for income, education and childcare expenses
Role of women --> participation in workforce, chnaging structure, attitudes, two income families
37
Factors that effect fertility/birth rate
| environmental
famine
Natural disaster
Harsh conditions
38
mortality measures
| definitions of 3, death, infant mortality, life expectancy at birth
Death rate (crude): number of deaths/1000
infant mortality rate: the number of deaths of infants/1000 births (below 1y)
Life expectancy at birth: the average number of additiona years a person would live if current mortality trends were to continue
39
Facots that affect life expectancy
| social
Access to healthcare (immunisation, antibiotics, insecticides)
Quality of life
Diseases
Lifestyle
Nutritional improvements
Standards of personal hygiene, effluent disposal (sanititsation)
Access to safe drinking water
Education (awareness of health)
40
Factors that affect life expectancy
| economic
Income, occupation (lifestyle), working conditions,
41
Factors that affect life expectancy
| Environmental
Air quality
Natural disasters
42
Population profiles
| young population, features, shape
Shape: curved pyramid
Developing country
High birth and death rate
fertility above replacement level
Short life expectancy
Poor access to medical facilties, anitation, nutrition, low levels of education
Less working population (young population)
Low disposable income (spent on children), low quality of life
Expansive population
43
Stats of a young population
| population pyramids, 1
Average age less tham 20 years old
stage 1-2
44
Stable population
| population pyramids, shape, features
Shape: almost parellel lined
developed country
balanced youth and aged
above replacement level fertility, declining
low death rate
Long life span
Good nutrition and eduaction levels, sanitation
Easy access to high standard medical facilties
45
Stats about stable population
| population pyrmaids
The average age of this population is late 20s
Stage 3-4
46
Ageing population
| popilation pyramids, shape,
developed country
larger share of aged to youth
low birth and death rate
Longer lifespan
High retirement rate
Smaller workforce
Strain on health services
Constricting poplation
47
Demographic transition theory
refers to the transition from high birth and death rates to lower birth and death rates as a county develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialised economic system. With increased development comes an increase in population, followed by stability
48
Stage 1
| Demographic transition theory
Birth rates an death rates flucuate at high levels, resulting in low population growth rates
| High fluctuating
49
Stage 2
| Demographic transition theory
Birth rates remain high but death rates fall rapidly, results in rapidly growing population
| Early expanding
50
Stage 3
| Demographic transition theory
birth rates now fall rapidly wile death rates also continue to fall but at a slower rate. The net result is slowly increasing population.
| Late expanding
51
Stage 4
| Demographic transition theory
Birth rates and death rates remain low, fluctuating slightly to givea steady population
| Low flucuating
52
Stage 5
| Demographic transition theory
Birth rates fall below death rates to give a declining population. There is evidence of his in some countries in Western Europe.
| Declining
53
Stats of ageing population
| population pyrmid
Average of mid-late 30s
54
Replacement level TFR
| stat
2.1 children per woman
55
Growth patterns in developing and developed countries
| amount of people in certain ages
Developing nations have 80% of population
31% of the world population is under 15 years old
56
Predictions about population growth
Further growth in youth population is inevitable (developing world)
Explosive growth rates will be followed by significant slowdown (stabilising b&d rates and development becomes widespread, Stage 5)
57
Overpopulation
situation where the size of a population has overwhelmed the ability of human and natural systems to meet their needs
58
Reasons for falting population growth in past
Poverty, environmental degradation, political instability in 50s-80s led effects to reduce growth rates
59
Population planning
the practice of artificially altering the rate of growth of a human population
Population policies/planning can provide greater control of reproduction while others are more authoritative in their approach (one child policy)
60
tipping point
occurs when the human resource extraction exceeds the ability of the natural environment to regenerate and meet future population needs
61
Fertility spatial patterns
| stats, countries and developing and developed nations
Highest birth rates are in Africa and SW Africa
Lowest birth rates are in Europe, Australia, NZ, Japan, Canada, USA (high standard of living), peoples material well being increases, tend to have fewer children (exception is China)
China is low due to strict population control policy
Low rates found in Western and European developed countries due to higher standard of education
High rates in Africa due to low standard of education on contraception
Rates of feritliy falling below replacement level for MEDCs
62
Spatial patterns for mortality
Low mortality in Western and European developed countries → high standard f living
High mortality rates in African countries
High rates in countries facing persecution, middle eastern conflict in afghanisation, pakistan, syria, etc
63
Spatial patterns of life expectancy
Diseases developing countries like HIV epidemic set back life expectancy
Global disparities in length of life remain large
LEDCs have lower life expectancy due to prevalence of diseases, access to education that could increase health awareness, high mortality rates, low quality health care,
Access to health care, quality of life in certain nations
64
Between what years did China have 26.69 million annual births
1962-1972
65
Between 1962-1972, how annual births were there for China
26.69 million
66
When did the one child policy start and finish
Introduced in 1979, phased out in 2015
67
At what year did China;s population reach 800 million
1969
68
In 1969, what was china's populatino
800 million
69
Purpose of the one child policy
Limit population growth
Bring sustained economic growth, sustainable development
Saify the daily increasing material and cultural demands of the population
Guarantee the fundamental and long term interests of the current generation and their posterity
70
Fuctioning of the one child policy
Only applied to ethnic Han chinese living in urban areas
The rich were exempt, could afford to pay fines
71
What are the privledges that couples had
| one child policy
Birth coupons, monthly financial awards, extended maternity leave increased land allocation, preferential treatment in education, housing and employment, pension benefits
72
if policy not followed, penalties like
| one child policy
Fines of up to 15% of the family’s income were imposed
Chiind received no free education or health care
No allowances or pension benefits received
Child not registered as a member of the Chinese population
73
Two children were permitted if
Parents from ethnic minority
Both parents are children
First child was girl or disabled
74
impacts of the one child policy
| demographic
Sex ratio 117:100 boys to girls, gender imbalance
High surplus of single men
130 million elderly residents
400 million births estimated prevented
Decreased replacement level fertility
Rate of natural increase declined
By 2017, TFR dropped tp 2.1 from 5 in 1979
75
impacts of the one child policy
| social
Growing ageing population has not enough support from young population
Increase in abortions of girls, preference for boys over girls, abandonment at birth
Millions of children undocumented, hidden from authorities, face hardships in obtaining education, employment
Forced sterilisations and abortions
Mothers obtained greater freedom to work outside home, acquire skills and training
76
imapacts of the one child policy
| economic
Shrinking workforce
Inflation, rise in cost for consumers as prices rise due to shortage of factory workers, contributing to high costs of living
Housing market plummeting, low demand, ¼ economic output of China is real estate sector,
Strain on government’s social welfare (pensions) to allocate resources to the rapidly increasing ageing population
77
effects of high fertility and mortalty
| social, eocnomic, nvironmental
78
impact of one child policy
| environmental
Overconsumption, pollution, food shortages, overcrowding have slowed
Natural resources per capita diminished
79
Stats on japans popilation decline
World's lowest fertility rate combined with highest life expectancy
TFR is 1.3 in 2021
POpulatino decreasing by 0.17% per year
Life expectancy in 2016, 85 years
80
Causes of japans population decline
| social
High life expectancy --> improved nutrition, medical technology, less diseases, imporved livin conditions, peace after WW2
Low fertility rate --> below replacement threshold of 2.1 since 1974
81
Stats in Japan
| WW2, fertility, life expectancy, mortality
Before WW2, average was 54 years for women, 50 or men
Advancement in life expectancy after WW2 translated into a depressed mortality rate until 1980s, mortality increased to 10.1, highest since 1950
Fertiity reached historic low of 1.26 in 2005
82
Causes of population decline in japan
| economic
less incentive for children --> poor work life balance, increased participation of women in workforce, decline in wages, lifetime employment, high gender pay gaps, small living spaces, high cost of raising a child
Youth face economic insecurity due to lack of regular employment (casualisation of workforce)
83
Casues of populatin decline
| culture, marriages, gender roles
Later and fewer marriages, higher education, urbanisation, increase in nuclei family households (rather than extended),
Young men in this group are less likely to consider marriage or to be married
Youth postpone or reject marriage and parenthood
Conservative gender roles mean women expected to stay home with children rather than work
84
Stats on japans population decline
| economic
40% of japan's labour force is non-regular, part-time and temporary workers
Non-regular employees earn 53% less than regular on monthly basis
85
Stats on japans population decline
| marriage, culture
1980-2010 → never married population increase 22% to 30%
By 2035, 1 in 4 men will not marry during prime parenthood years
86
Impacts of japans population decline
| social
Number of japanese people with ages 65+ nearly quadrupled in last 40 years, to 33 million in 2014
Elderly account for 26% of population
Work ethic has increased and intensified for men and women
Less incentives to date marry, have a family
87
impacts of japans population decline
| economic
Shrinking work force
Rapid growth of middle class
Increased expenditure on health care
Pension system is in strain
This young age groups drives consumer spending, economic growth affected
Reliance on foreign labour
88
stats on economic impacts of japans population decline
| economic
Health care expediture topped 8% of Japanese GDP for 1st time in fiscal 2020
Health insurance premiums by workers continue to increase, due largely to needs of over 75 years people
Working age population (aged 15-64) expected to rhino by 30 million over five decades to 45.35 million in 2070
89
internal migration
the movement of people from one defined area to another within a country
90
international migration
the movement of people across international borders for the purpose of settlement
91
voluntary migration
the process of migration wherein someone chooses to move
92
forced migration
the involuntary or coerced movement of people due to persecution, war, natural disasters
93
features of contemporary population movement
| 5
Globalisation of migration
Increase in the volume of migration in all regions
Growing diversity in the type of migration → most countries with a migrant intake have a mix of immigration categories: labour, refugee, permanent settlement and family reunion
Increasing population of women in all types of migration across all regions → case with labour migration and refugee movements
Movements associated with economic and social change in newly industrialised countries
94
Push factors
| migration
population pressures, poor infratructure, inadequate job offer, bad educational oppurnties, poor health care, ecological issues, natural disasters, social compulsions, persecution, human rights violations
95
Pull factors
| migration
improvement in the standard of living
better health care and availability of services
varied employment oppurnties
higher wages
quality of education
no social compulsions
future prospects
familial connections
96
population mvoement wihtin cities
manufacturing firms moving indistrial sites from city centre to periphery of urban area
transfer of jobs, people willing to commute from city's outskirts
97
Suburbanisation
People moving from inner urban locations to the expanding suburbs at the city's outskirts
98
migration corridor
hypothetical connection between two places, through which people may or may not migrate
99
brain drain
the emigration of highly trained or qualified people from a particular country
100
spatial anaysis of skilled migration
more than half of international high skilled migration is South-North
the second most important flow of teriary educated people is North-North:migration among developed countries amounts to almost one third of...
101
remittances
When migrants send home part of their earnings in the form of either cash or goods to support their families
102
impacts of brain drain
stimulate education, positive ecnomic feedback,
loss of tax revenue for developing countries, shortages in workforce
103
Stats about brain drain
| Haiti case study
Haiti has highest brain drain rate of all LDC, 83.4%
approx 1/2 Haitians over 65 continue to work --> lack of functining retirement pension system
job oppurnties are low, incentives for higher education
in 2010 (after earthquake), 1/3 remaining high-skilled persons decided to emigrate
57% of employment takes place in informal sector
104
Outcome stats about aus skilled migration program
top nations (India, China, UK) account for 44.6% of places
settled 7mil poeple from 1945-2014
105
reason for Aus skilled migration program
To attract migrants who make a singificant contribution to the Aus economy and fill posiitons where no austrlaian workers are available
106
structure of aus skilled migration program
Delivers 160,000 places
Skilled stream, family stream, special eligibility, child stream
skilled stream has 137,100 places (72% of whole program)
107
Impacts of aus skilled migration program
(+) -->boosted skill base and human capital, raised participation rates, economic prospects, supply of skilled workers,
(-) --> skills mismatch, higher underemployment rates, language barriers, discrimination
108
Asylum seeker
| definiton and legalisation
A person who has left their country seeking protection from persecution, human rights violations in another country
Hasnt been regally recognised as a refugee and is waiting to receive a decision on their aslyum claim
Seeking asylum is a human right, as everyone hshould be allwoed to enter another country to seek asylum
109
Refugee
| refugee and legalisation
A person who has fled their own coutnry becaue they are at risk of serious human rights violations and persecution.
Have gained offical legal satus and reconginitoin by a destination country who is now responsible for safety and protection
110
internall displaced person (IDP)
forced to flee their home wihtin their own country
111
Similarities and differences between asylum seekers and refugees
Similarities: well-founded fear of persecution, not choice to return home, must travel across national and international borders
Differeces: asylum seekers are actively seeking for the right to be regonised and protected under legal status
Refugees can be denied asylum but still be a refugee
112
Syrian refugee crisis
| Causes
Poltical tension, unrest, proceeding conflict between different political groups in Syria, violations of human rights
113
Syrian refugee crisis
| Impacts, many stats
600,000 approx people killed
Food, medical care, education and policing services are sparse and depleted
More than 6.3 million people internally displaced
Estimated half of nation's pre war 22 million have fled the country
Destination countries: Turkey, Jordan, Lebanon, Iraq, Egypt --> economic strains on nations networks of servcies, housing
more developing countries taking in refugees, dispropotrionality
estimated 5.7 million in refugee camps
114
Overview of Syrian refugee crisis
| stats
Began in 2011
Largest refugee crsis in the world
70% need humanitarian assistance
90% live below poverty line
Result of violent governmemt crackdown
115
Internal migration in Austrlalia
| trends
15% of population changing adresses in 2015
declined since 1990s
ageing population --> less likely to move
dual income households --> difficult to relocate
Housing affordability --> longer parental home locating
maturation of Aus space economy ->long distnce moves les attractive
116
Connections regardless of distance
| internal migration in aus
developments in commications and trasnprot technologies allow easy intereactions with Northern hemisphere centres of business and culture regardless of distance
117
Suburbia
| internal migration in aus
During 60s-80s, suburban lifestyle of single, detached homes become attractive ratehr than inner city lifetyle
90s, suburbanisation increased, demand for high rise appartments located near central business districts or major public transport nodes provide atracive benenfits of inner city living
118
Redeveloping land
| internal migration in aus
urban infill: development of land in previously developed areas throug building housing on vacant land or land of non-residential uses
replacing low density housing wih hgih density dwellings
common on transport corridors and commercial centres in suburbs
= urban consolidation
119
Rural urban migration, abandoning bush
| internal migration in aus, stat
Share of population living rural areas delcining
In 20th centuary 14% of world population lived in urban places
120
Cultural geography
investigates the demogrpahics, religions, cultural norms, behaviour and traditions of different groups from around the world
121
Cultural intergration
the adoption of the essence of anoher culture, while maintaing ones own culture
122
Culture
the arts and manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively
123
mass consumer culture
a lifestyle hyper-focused spending money to buy material goods
124
Diffusion
the spreading of something more widely
125
Adaption
the process of making something suitable for a new use or purpose
126
Adoption
the process of choosing o take up, follow or use
127
Technology change
the overall process of invention, innovation and diffusion technology or processes.
128
TNCs
a company that operates in two or more countries
| transnational corporation
129
global media network
the worldwide systems, networks and corporations that facilities the interactions of people and places through traditional and new media
130
cultural imperialism
the exercise of domination in cultural relationship in which the values, practices, and meanings of powerful foreign culture are imposed upon or more native countries
131
actions of governments
the intervention by a government
132
homogenised landscapes
the increasing similarities between towns and ciies regardless of geographical location
133
economic dependance
Where each nation and their eocnomics are depdnent on other nations for products and goods
134
Cultural diversity
the existence of a variety of cultural or ethnic groups within a society.
135
Cultural soverignty
the control of one's own culture
136
Shrinking time/space
result of technological innovations driven by the global expansion of capital that condense or elide spatial and temporal distances
137
globalisation
| definiton, thorugh...
the diffusion of manufacturing, services markts, culture, lifestyle, captial, technology, ideas across mational boundaries and around the world
establishes throug trade, politices and cultural exchnaged, helped by technology and transport
138
dominant culture
| example
a cultural practice that is dominan within a given society
E.g. English as linga franca, patriarchy,
139
High/elite culture
| example
a subculture of priveldged groups of society
e.g. runway fashion shows, sports cars, birkin bag
140
pop culture
| example
patterns of cultural experineces and attitudes that exist in mainstream society
e.g. concerts, tv shows, music artists
141
subculture
| example
A cultural group within a larger culture, often having beliefs or interests at variance with those of the larger culture
e.g. hipsters, emos, queer culture,
142
cultural appopriation
| example
the unacknowledged or inappropriate adoption of the customs, practices, ideas, etc. of one people or society by members of another and typically more dominant people or society.
e.g. Kendall Jenner's appropriation of mexican workers in her tequila 818 brand
143
cultural assimilation
| example
The process by which a minority group or culture comes to resemble a society's majority group or culture by fully or partially adopting their values, behaviours and beliefs
e.g. Stolen generation
144
cultural diversty
| example
e.g. one in three Australians are born overseas
e.g. Sydney's use of Chinatown to celebrate and promote cultures
e.g. casts of modern tv shows showing diverse ethnicities and cultures
145
cultural authority
| example
Refers to the people who have significant influence and control over a specific culture.
e.g. Taliban influence of culture in Afghanistan, mandatory ear of burqa
146
trade liberalisation
Reduction in costs of trade, ability to move goods and ervices rapidly
Caused by growth of international movement of goods and services and emergence of global economy
utilisation of quotas, tariffs, exchnage controls
147
quotas, tariffs, exchange contorls
quotas; max or min amounts of a poduct a business is allwed to produce
tariffs; nominal and effective rates of protectin
exchange contorls; government restrictions on the movement of currencies between countries
148
globalisation impacts on cultural intergration
Facilitates the exchange of ideas, values practices
Increased cultural understanding and appreciation
More connection on a global scale, being physical disconnected from heritage and culture still means you can be virtually connected
Reduced erosion of culture
A domant culture that is taking over media
149
Diffusion, adaption, adoption
| food, fashion
Mcdonaldism, fast fashion
150
Stats on mcdonalds
By 2016, in more than 36900 outlets in over 119 counteies.
Everyday 69 million people served worldwide
151
Stats on fast fashion
93% of brands aren’t paying garment workers a living wage
There are 92 million tons of clothes-related waste each year, which produces half a million tons of microplastics.
Companies such as Zara, H & M are constantly emphasizing fast fashion and bringing new designs to the market.
culture of instant gratification is our modern societies
#sheinhaul has 2.6 billion views on Tik Tok
152
Factors affecting cultural intergration
| examples, 6
global economy --> relies on technology and networks, interconnection of economies e.g. post WW2 high growth affected other economies
technology change --> interaction between cultures e.g. online shopping
TNCs --> spread culture thorugh cheap international marketing of goods e.g. coke ads
Trade liberalisation --> easier for countries to exchange goods, share cultures
Global media --> influential promoter of cultures e.g. celebrity cultures on social media
Cultural imperialism --> cultures are widespread and pervasive, intermingle with other cultures e.g. Mcdonalds
Actions of government--> promote or demote certain cultures, multicultralism, e.g. Lebanon banning barbie
153
Impacts of cultural intergration
| homgenised landscapes, 2 examples
global pattern of hotels and transport
Hotels: composition of room same around the world
Public transport: trains, buses, bikes, used widespread --> London Underground, Sydney Metro, New York Subway
154
Impacts of cultural intergration
| Economic dominance and dependance, 2 examples
World cities power over smaller or less developed cities
Agriculture: power of corporations over workers in developing countries, reap benefits
Apps: digital access to services, rise to consumption of goods, technology not frequent in developing world
155
Impacts of cultural intergration
| threats to cultural diversity/soverinity, two examples
Hollywoodisation: beauty standards set upon world that trascend culture of beauty, romance, youth, controls 70% of film cntent seen in other countries
Palestine: ban of beauty salons, backlash of westernised cultures
156
Impacts of cultural intergration
| Shrinking time/space, two examples
Online shopping--> mass consumer culture more accessible in 2 days, connected to retailers globally
Mobile phone --> talk to people in other countries in a matter of seconds
157
Influences of cultural intergration for Mentawai people
colonisation by the Dutch, maintream education, modernisation, actions of government,
158
effects of cultural intergration on mentawai people
loss of culture and ancestry, isolation, poverty, high rates of unemployment, loss of land to deforestation
