203 Test #3 Flashcards by Caroline Richard

List the three layers of the heart from innermost to outermost

Endocardium, myocardium, epicardium

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What is the middle, muscle layer of the heart called?

Myocardium

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What is the fluid-filled sac surrounding the heart called?

Pericardium

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What are the four chambers of the heart?

R Ventricle
L Ventrice
R Atria
L Atria

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The right atria receive ____ blood from the ____

deoxygenated; SVC & IVC

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The left atria receives ____ blood from the ____

oxygenated; lungs

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The right ventricle receives blood from the ____ atria and pumps ____ blood to the ____

right; deoxygenated; lungs

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The left ventricle receives blood from the ____ atria and pumps blood to the ____

oxygenated; aorta

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What are the two categories of heart valves?

Atrioventricular
Semilunar

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Atrioventricular heart valves:
____ (right)
____ (left)

Tricuspid; mitral/bicuspid

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Semilunar heart valves:
____ & ____

Pulmonic; aortic

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What is the general purpose of heart valves?

To ensure blood moves in one direction

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What marks the beginning of a full cardiac cycle and what marks the end of the full cardiac cycles?

Start: Start of one heartbeat
End: Start of the next heartbeat

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Systole: Ventricles ____ causing blood to do what?

contract; pump out of the heart

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Diastole: Heart muscles ____ causing blood to do what?

relax; fill up the heart

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Define cardiac output

The quantity of blood pumped out by the out during a one minute period

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What is considered to be “normal” cardiac output?

Heart pumps about 6L of blood per minute

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What are the four components of the heart’s conduction system?

Sinoatrial node (SA node)
Atrioventricular node (AV node)
Bundle of His
Purkinje fibers

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Which component of the heart’s conduction system is considered to be the pacemaker of the heart? Why?

Sinoatrial node (SA node): Stimulates the heart to beat at a normal rhythm

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The SA node is expected to make the heart beat ____ - ____ times per minute

60; 100

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If the sinoatrial node (SA node) is damaged, which component of the conduction system takes over? How many BPM are expected if this occurs?

Atrioventricular node (AV node); <60 BPM

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S1: “____” sound caused by ____ closing

lub; AV valves

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S2: “____” sounds caused by ____ closing

dub; semilunar valves

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S3: “____” sound

Kentucky

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S4: "____" sound

Tennessee

Which abnormal heart sound does the following describe: - Heard directly after S2 sound - Faint, low-pitched

Which abnormal heart sound does the following describe: - Heard directly before S1 sound - Soft, low-pitched

Review #2 on study guide

What are the six categories of objective findings relating to the cardiac system?

1. Listening for S1 & S2 2. Are vital signs WDL? 3. Chest symmetry (map the thorax) 4. Auscultation of the 5 heart sounds 5. Check for edema 6. Check for color changes (ex. cyanosis/pallor)

Auscultating the 5 heart sounds: Aortic: ____ intercostal space to the ____ of the sternal border

second; right

Auscultating the 5 heart sounds: Pulmonic: ____ intercostal space to the ____ of the sternal border

second; left

Auscultating the 5 heart sounds: Erb's point: ____ intercostal space to the ____ of the sternal border

third; left

Auscultating the 5 heart sounds: Tricuspid: ____ intercostal space to the ____ of the sternal border

fourth; left

Auscultating the 5 heart sounds: Mitral: ____ intercostal space to the ____ of the sternal border

fifth; left

Where is the apical pulse heard during auscultation of the 5 heart sounds?

Mitral

What is cyanosis/pallor?

____-density lipoprotein is considered to be "bad cholesterol" which ____-density lipoprotein is considered to be "good cholesterol"

Low; high

LDL levels should be below ____ or the blood will likely ____

100; thicken

LDL takes cholesterol from the ____ to the ____

liver; walls of vessels

HDL needs to be above ____

What is considered to be a "normal" triglyceride level?

Below 150

What is considered to be a good total cholesterol level?

Below 200

____ is an enzyme that ____ about 4-6 hours following cardiac tissue damage

Creatine kinase- MB; increases

____ are proteins that are released when the heart is damaged or with ____

Troponin; ischemia

How long does it take for troponin to be detectable?

3-4 hours

How long does troponin stay detectable following the onset of symptoms?

Up to 7 days

Which five conditions are diagnosed using an electrocardiogram diagnostic test?

- Atherosclerosis - CFJ - Aneurysm - Enlarged heart - Shunting of blood

Review #6 on the study guide!

Veins carry ____ blood ____ the heart with the exception of which vein?

deoxygenated; back to pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood

Arteries carry ____ blood ____ the heart

oxygenated away from

What are arterioles responsible for and how do they fulfill their purpose?

Maintaining arterial pressure and perfusion by increasing and decreasing vessel diameter

Which vessels in the body are smallest?

Capillaries

Capillaries deliver ____ blood to ____

oxygenated; delicate tissues

Review #9 on the study guide!

What objective finding describe a grade 1+ edema?

2mm, disappears rapidly, slight pitting

What objective finding describe a grade 2+ edema?

4 mm, disappears in 10-15 sec, pitting is deeper

What objective finding describe a grade 3+ edema?

6mm, takes more than one minute to disappear

What objective finding describe a grade 4+ edema?

8mm, disappears in 2-3 minutes

Which areas of the body should be checked for edema?

Both arms and both legs

What does it mean for a pulse to be graded as 0?

Pulse is absent

What does it mean for a pulse to be +1?

Pulse is weak and thready

What does it mean for a pulse to be +2?

Pulse is normal

What does it mean for a pulse to be +3?

Pulse is increased

What does it mean for a pulse to be 0?

Pulse is absent

Both carotid arteries should be checked one at a time at the ____

sternocleidomastoid

Where is the radial pulse felt?

Wrist

Where is the brachial pulse felt?

Medical side at the antecubital fossa

Where is the femoral pulse felt?

Groin

Where is the popliteal pulse located?

Popliteal fossa

Where is the dorsalis pedis pulse felt?

Top of the foot between the first and second toes

Where is the posterior tibial pulse felt?

Between the medial malleolus and the achilles tendon

Define ischemia

Inadequate blood supply to a certain area of the body

What are the six objective findings of tissue ischemia?

- Pallor - Changes in skin color - Cool temperature - Hair loss - Shiny, smooth skin - Non-healing wounds or ulcers

Define pallor

Unhealthy, pale appearance

When assessing the jugular vein, the patient should be seated at a ____ to ____ degree angle

30; 45

Proper capillary refill occurs in less than ____ seconds

Start at 10f

203 Test #3 Flashcards

(77 cards)