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203: Health Assessment > 216 exam #2 > Flashcards

216 exam #2 Flashcards

1
Q

What fraction of total body water is extracellular fluid (ECF)?

A

1/3

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2
Q

What fraction of total body water is intracellular fluid (ICF)?

A

2/3

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3
Q

What percent of body weight does intracellular fluid make up?

A

About 40%

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4
Q

What is the most common ion in intracellular fluid?

A

Potassium

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5
Q

Where is interstitial fluid (ISF) located?

A

Between vessels & cells

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6
Q

What fraction of ECF is interstitial
Fluid?

A

2/3

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7
Q

What fraction of ECF is intravascular space fluid?

A

1/3

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8
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

Force of fluid pressure in bloodstream

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9
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

Pressure by solutes in solution

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10
Q

What is on oncotic pressure?

A

Pressure due to albumin in blood

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11
Q

Which type of pressure is referred as to “pushing pressure”?

A

Hydrostatic pressure

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12
Q

Which type of pressure is referred as to “pulling pressure”?

A

Osmotic pressure

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13
Q

Which type of pressure is referred as to “colloid pressure”?

A

Oncotic pressure

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14
Q

What is hypovolemia?

A
  • Low blood volume (dehydration)
  • RAAS is activated
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15
Q

Which type of fluid is in plasma (RBCs, electrolytes, proteins)?

A

Intravascular space

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16
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

Pressure by solutes in solution

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17
Q

What is oncotic pressure?

A

Pressure due to albumin in blood

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18
Q

What is the appropriate range for sodium?

A

135-145 mEq/L

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19
Q

What is the appropriate range potassium?

A

3.5-5.2 mEq/L

20
Q

What is the appropriate range for calcium?

A

8.7-10 mg/dl

21
Q

Which electrolyte is most abundant in ECF?
What does this electrolyte determine about ECF?

A

Sodium: primary determinant of ECF’s osmolarity & volume

22
Q

What are the four functions of sodium in ECF?

A
  • Distribution of water
  • Helps maintain normal fluid balance
  • Contributes to osmotic pressure
  • Maintain electrical gradient of neutral membranes
23
Q

Patients w/ renal disease may have elevated levels of which electrolyte? Why?

A

Phosphorus- it is excreted by the kidneys

24
Q

Which electrolyte is most abundant in ICF?

A

Potassium

25
Q

Which five processes involve potassium?

A
  • Conduction of nerve impulses in skeletal, cardiac, & smooth muscle
  • Acid-base balance
  • Synthesis of ATP
  • Osmotic balance
  • kidney’s ability to concentrate urine
26
Q

What are calcium’s three primary functions?

A
  • Formation and function of bones & teeth
  • Normal clotting
  • Regulation of neuromuscular irritability
27
Q

What controls calcium levels?

A

Parathyroid

28
Q

What regulates phosphorus and where is it secreted?

A

Regulation: parathyroid
Excretion: kidneys

29
Q

Which two electrolytes have a reciprocal relationship?

What is a reciprocal relationship?

A

Calcium & phosphorus

When one level is high, the other level is low

30
Q

Which electrolyte has an interactive relationship w/ other electrolytes?

A

Magnesium

31
Q

High levels of which electrolyte will lead to diminished neuromuscular function?

A

Magnesium

32
Q

Define hyponatremia

A

Low sodium

33
Q

What are the 8 signs & symptoms of hyponatremia?

A
  • Headache
  • Lethargy
  • Apathy
  • Confusion
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Muscle cramps
  • Muscle spasms
34
Q

Define hypernatremia

A

High sodium levels

35
Q

What are the four signs & symptoms of hypernatremia?

A
  • Confusion
  • Seizures
  • Coma
  • Cerebral edema
36
Q

Define hypokalemia

A

Low potassium

37
Q

What are the eight signs & symptoms of hypokalemia?

A
  • anorexia
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • sluggish bowels
  • cardiac arrhythmias
  • postural hypotension
  • muscle fatigue
  • weakness
38
Q

Define hyperkalemia

A

High potassium levels

39
Q

What are the five signs & symptoms of hyperkalemia?

A
  • numbness and/or tingling extremities
  • muscle cramps
  • diarrhea
  • apathy
  • mental confusion
40
Q

Define hypocalcemia

A

Low calcium levels

41
Q

What are the 7 signs & symptoms of hypocalcemia?

A
  • muscle spasms
  • laryngeal spams
  • seizures
  • hypotension
  • arrhythmia
  • chvostek sign
  • trousseau’s signs
42
Q

Define hypercalcenia

A

High calcium levels

43
Q

What are the five signs & symptoms of hypercalcemia?

A
  • decreased neuromuscular excitability
  • muscle flaccidity
  • proximal muscle weakness of lower extremities
  • bone tenderness
  • renal stones
44
Q

While alterations in pH disrupt overall body functions, which structure is especially impacted?

A

Protein

45
Q
A

203: Health Assessment (7 decks)

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