216 exam #2

Question 1

What fraction of total body water is extracellular fluid (ECF)?

Answer 1

1/3

Question 2

What fraction of total body water is intracellular fluid (ICF)?

Answer 2

2/3

Question 3

What percent of body weight does intracellular fluid make up?

Answer 3

About 40%

Question 4

What is the most common ion in intracellular fluid?

Answer 4

Potassium

Question 5

Where is interstitial fluid (ISF) located?

Answer 5

Between vessels & cells

Question 6

What fraction of ECF is interstitial
Fluid?

Answer 6

2/3

Question 7

What fraction of ECF is intravascular space fluid?

Answer 7

1/3

Question 8

What is hydrostatic pressure?

Answer 8

Force of fluid pressure in bloodstream

Question 9

What is osmotic pressure?

Answer 9

Pressure by solutes in solution

Question 10

What is on oncotic pressure?

Answer 10

Pressure due to albumin in blood

Question 11

Which type of pressure is referred as to “pushing pressure”?

Answer 11

Hydrostatic pressure

Question 12

Which type of pressure is referred as to “pulling pressure”?

Answer 12

Osmotic pressure

Question 13

Which type of pressure is referred as to “colloid pressure”?

Answer 13

Oncotic pressure

Question 14

What is hypovolemia?

Answer 14

• Low blood volume (dehydration)
• RAAS is activated

Question 15

Which type of fluid is in plasma (RBCs, electrolytes, proteins)?

Answer 15

Intravascular space

Question 16

What is osmotic pressure?

Answer 16

Pressure by solutes in solution

Question 17

What is oncotic pressure?

Answer 17

Pressure due to albumin in blood

Question 18

What is the appropriate range for sodium?

Answer 18

135-145 mEq/L

Question 19

What is the appropriate range potassium?

Answer 19

3.5-5.2 mEq/L

Question 20

What is the appropriate range for calcium?

Answer 20

8.7-10 mg/dl

Question 21

Which electrolyte is most abundant in ECF?
What does this electrolyte determine about ECF?

Answer 21

Sodium: primary determinant of ECF’s osmolarity & volume

Question 22

What are the four functions of sodium in ECF?

Answer 22

• Distribution of water
• Helps maintain normal fluid balance
• Contributes to osmotic pressure
• Maintain electrical gradient of neutral membranes

Question 23

Patients w/ renal disease may have elevated levels of which electrolyte? Why?

Answer 23

Phosphorus- it is excreted by the kidneys

Question 24

Which electrolyte is most abundant in ICF?

Answer 24

Potassium

Question 25

Which five processes involve potassium?

Answer 25

- Conduction of nerve impulses in skeletal, cardiac, & smooth muscle - Acid-base balance - Synthesis of ATP - Osmotic balance - kidney's ability to concentrate urine

Question 26

What are calcium's three primary functions?

Answer 26

- Formation and function of bones & teeth - Normal clotting - Regulation of neuromuscular irritability

Question 27

What controls calcium levels?

Answer 27

Parathyroid

Question 28

What regulates phosphorus and where is it secreted?

Answer 28

Regulation: parathyroid Excretion: kidneys

Question 29

Which two electrolytes have a reciprocal relationship? What is a reciprocal relationship?

Answer 29

Calcium & phosphorus When one level is high, the other level is low

Question 30

Which electrolyte has an interactive relationship w/ other electrolytes?

Answer 30

Magnesium

Question 31

High levels of which electrolyte will lead to diminished neuromuscular function?

Answer 31

Magnesium

Question 32

Define hyponatremia

Answer 32

Low sodium

Question 33

What are the 8 signs & symptoms of hyponatremia?

Answer 33

- Headache - Lethargy - Apathy - Confusion - Nausea - Vomiting - Muscle cramps - Muscle spasms

Question 34

Define hypernatremia

Answer 34

High sodium levels

Question 35

What are the four signs & symptoms of hypernatremia?

Answer 35

- Confusion - Seizures - Coma - Cerebral edema

Question 36

Define hypokalemia

Answer 36

Low potassium

Question 37

What are the eight signs & symptoms of hypokalemia?

Answer 37

- anorexia - nausea - vomiting - sluggish bowels - cardiac arrhythmias - postural hypotension - muscle fatigue - weakness

Question 38

Define hyperkalemia

Answer 38

High potassium levels

Question 39

What are the five signs & symptoms of hyperkalemia?

Answer 39

- numbness and/or tingling extremities - muscle cramps - diarrhea - apathy - mental confusion

Question 40

Define hypocalcemia

Answer 40

Low calcium levels

Question 41

What are the 7 signs & symptoms of hypocalcemia?

Answer 41

- muscle spasms - laryngeal spams - seizures - hypotension - arrhythmia - chvostek sign - trousseau's signs

Question 42

Define hypercalcenia

Answer 42

High calcium levels

Question 43

What are the five signs & symptoms of hypercalcemia?

Answer 43

- decreased neuromuscular excitability - muscle flaccidity - proximal muscle weakness of lower extremities - bone tenderness - renal stones

Question 44

While alterations in pH disrupt overall body functions, which structure is especially impacted?

Answer 44

Protein