Chapter 10 Part. 2

Question 0

An infectious form of protein that may multiply by converting related proteins into more ____. They cause several related diseases in different animals, including scrapie in sheep and mad cow disease.

Answer 0

Prion

Question 1

A polymer made up of many nucleotides covalently bonded together.

Answer 1

Polynucleotide

Question 2

A specific nucleotide sequence in DNA located at the start of a gene that is the binding site for RNA polymerase and the place where transcription begins.

Answer 2

Promoter

Question 3

Phage DNA that has inserted by genetic recombination into the DNA of a prokaryotic chromosome.

Answer 3

Prophage

Question 4

A bacterial plasmid that carries genes for enzymes that destroy particular antibiotics, thus making the bacterium resistant to the antibiotics.

Answer 4

R-plasmid

Question 5

The way in which a cell’s mRNA-translating machinery groups the mRNA nucleotides into codons.

Answer 5

Reading Frame

Question 6

An RNA virus that reproduces by means of a DNA molecule. It reverse-transcribes its RNA into DNA, inserts the DNA into a cellular chromosome, and then transcribes more copies of the RNA from the viral DNA. HIV and a number of cancer-causing viruses are retroviruses.

Answer 6

Retrovirus

Question 7

An enzyme used by retroviruses that catalyzes the synthesis of DNA on an RNA template.

Answer 7

Reverse Transcriptase

Question 8

The type of ribonucleic acid that, together with proteins, makes up ribosomes; the most abundant type of RNA in most cells.

Answer 8

Ribosomal RNA ( rRNA )

Question 9

An enzyme that links together the growing chain of RNA nucleotides during transcription, using a DNA strand as a template

Answer 9

RNA Polymerase

Question 10

The removal of introns and joining of exons in eukaryotic RNA, forming an mRNA molecule with a continuous coding sequence; occurs before mRNA leaves the nucleus.

Answer 10

RNA Splicing

Question 11

Type of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the old molecule, and one newly made strand.

Answer 11

Semiconservative Model

Question 12

On mRNA, the specific three-nucleotide sequence (AUG) to which an initiator tRNA molecule binds, starting translation of genetic information.

Answer 12

Start Codon

Question 13

In mRNA, one of three triplets (UAG, UAA, UGA) that signal gene translation to stop.

Answer 13

Stop Codon

Question 14

The alternating chain of sugar and phosphate to which the DNA and RNA nitrogenous bases are attached.

Answer 14

Sugar-Phosphate Backbone

Question 15

A special sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene. It signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule and then to depart from the gene.

Answer 15

Terminator

Question 16

A single-ring nitrogenous base found in DNA.

Answer 16

Thymine

Question 17

The synthesis of RNA on a DNA template.

Answer 17

Transcription

Question 18

The transfer of bacterial genes from one bacterial cell to another by a phage.

Answer 18

Transduction

Question 19

A type of ribonucleic acid that functions as an interpreter in translation. Each tRNA molecule has a specific anticodon, picks up a specific amino acid, and conveys the amino acid to the appropriate codon on mRNA.

Answer 19

Transfer RNA

Question 20

The incorporation of new genes into a cell from DNA that the cell takes up from the surrounding environment.

Answer 20

Transformation

Question 21

The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule. There is a change of “language” from nucleotides to amino acids.

Answer 21

Translation

Question 22

A set of three-nucleotide-long “words” that specify the amino acids for polypeptide chains. See genetic code.

Answer 22

Triplet code

Question 23

A single-ring nitrogenous base found in RNA.

Answer 23

Uracil

Question 24

A plant pathogen composed of molecules of naked, circular RNA several hundred nucleotides long.

Answer 24

Viroid

Question 25

A microscopic particle capable of infecting cells of living organisms and inserting its genetic material. Viruses are generally not considered to be alive because they do not display all of the characteristics associated with life.

Answer 25

Virus