Chapter 8. Part 2

Question 0

In an organism that reproduces sexually, a cell containing two homologous sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from each parent; a 2n cell.

Answer 0

Diploid Cell

Question 1

The arrest of cell division that occurs when cells grown in a laboratory dish touch one another.

Answer 1

Density-Dependent-Inhibition

Question 2

Repetition of part of a chromosome resulting from fusion with a fragment from a homologous chromosome; can result from an error in meiosis or from mutagenesis.

Answer 2

Duplication

Question 3

The union of the nucleus of a sperm cell with the nucleus of an egg cell, producing a zygote.

Answer 3

Fertilization

Question 4

The production, by crossing over and/or independent assortment of chromosomes during meiosis, of offspring with allele combinations different from those in the parents. The term may also be used more specifically to mean the production by crossing over of eukaryotic or prokaryotic chromosomes with gene combinations different from those in the original chromosomes.

Answer 4

Genetic Recombination

Question 5

The two chromosomes that make up a matched pair in a diploid cell. Homologous chromosomes are of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern and possess genes for the same characteristics at corresponding loci. One homologous chromosome is inherited from the organism’s father, the other from the mother.

Answer 5

Homologous Chromosome

Question 6

The period in the eukaryotic cell cycle when the cell is not actually dividing. Interphase constitutes the majority of the time spent in the cell cycle. See also mitotic phase.

Answer 6

Interphase

Question 7

A change in a chromosome resulting from reattachment of a chromosome fragment to the original chromosome, but in a reverse direction. Mutagens and errors during meiosis can cause inversions.

Answer 7

Inversion

Question 8

A display of micrographs of the metaphase chromosomes of a cell, arranged by size and centromere position.

Answer 8

Karyotype

Question 9

A type of cancer of the blood-forming tissues, characterized by an excessive production of white blood cells and an abnormally high number of them in the blood; cancer of the bone marrow cells that produce leukocytes.

Answer 9

Leukemia

Question 10

The particular site where a gene is found on a chromosome. Homologous chromosomes have corresponding gene loci.

Answer 10

Locus

Question 11

The spread of cancer cells beyond their original site.

Answer 11

Metastasis

Question 12

The division of a single nucleus into two genetically identical daughter nuclei. Mitosis and cytokinesis make up the mitotic (M) phase of the cell cycle.

Answer 12

Mitosis

Question 13

The part of the cell cycle when the nucleus is divided (via mitosis), its chromosomes are distributed to the daughter nuclei, and the cytoplasm divided (via cytokinesis), producing two daughter cells.

Answer 13

Mitotic

Question 14

A football-shaped structure formed of microtubules and associated
proteins that is involved in the movements of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis.

Answer 14

Mitotic Spindle

Question 15

An accident of meiosis or mitosis in which a pair of homologous chromosomes or a pair of sister chromatids fail to separate at anaphase.

Answer 15

Nondisjunction

Question 16

The second stage of mitosis, during which the nuclear envelope fragments and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the sister chromatids.

Answer 16

Pro-metaphase

Question 17

The first stage of mitosis, during which the chromatin condenses to form structures (sister chromatids) visible with a light microscope and the mitotic spindle begins to form, but the nucleus is still intact.

Answer 17

Prophase

Question 18

Cancer of the supportive tissues, such as bone, cartilage, and muscle.

Answer 18

Sarcoma

Question 19

A chromosome that determines whether an individual is male or
female.

Answer 19

Sex chromosome

Question 20

The creation of offspring by the fusion of two haploid sex cells (gametes), forming a diploid zygote.

Answer 20

Sexual Reproduction

Question 21

One of the two identical parts of a duplicated chromosome in a eukaryotic cell.

Answer 21

Sister Chromatids

Question 22

Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg cell or a cell that develops into a sperm or egg.

Answer 22

Somatic Cell

Question 23

The fifth and final stage of mitosis, during which daughter nuclei form at the two poles of a cell. Telophase usually occurs together with cytokinesis.

Answer 23

Telophase

Question 24

A paired set of homologous chromosomes, each composed of two sister chromatids. Tetrads form during prophase I of meiosis.

Answer 24

Tetrad

Question 25

(1) During protein synthesis, the movement of a tRNA molecule carrying a growing polypeptide chain from the A site to the P site on a ribosome. (The mRNA travels with it.) (2) A change in a chromosome resulting from a chromosomal fragment attaching to a nonhomologous chromosome; can occur as a result of an error in meiosis or from mutagenesis.

Answer 25

Translocation

Question 26

An abnormal mass of cells that forms within otherwise normal tissue.

Answer 26

Tumor

Question 27

The fertilized egg, which is diploid, that results from the union of a sperm cell nucleus and an egg cell nucleus.

Answer 27

Zygote