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Pharmacology > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

The hypothalamus and pituitary gland referred to as

A

neuroendocrine system

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2
Q

the anterior pituitary gland

A

adenohypophysis

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3
Q

posterior pituitary gland

A

neurohypophysis

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4
Q

Anterior pituitary gland hormones are (TVBH)

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), growth hormone (GH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing and prolactin hormone

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5
Q

Hormones of the posterior pituitary gland

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH), oxytocin

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6
Q

Drugs that mimic the action of endogenous pituitary hormones are

A

cosyntropin, somatropin, somatrem, vasopressin, and desmopressin.

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7
Q

A drug that antagonizes the actions of endogenous pituitary hormones is

A

octreotide

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8
Q

Drugs are generally used either to

A

replace or diagnose patient’s hormonal functions

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9
Q

Another name for corticotropin is

A

Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)

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10
Q

Cosyntropin (made coricotropin) travels to the adrenal cortex, located just above the kidney, and stimulates the secretion of what?

A

cortisol

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11
Q

Cortisol is good for what

A

anti-inflammatory response including the leukocyte functions and scar tissue response

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12
Q

Cortisol promotes renal retention of sodium, which can result in

A

edema and hypertension

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13
Q

A drug that antagonizes the effects of natural GH by inhibiting GH release

A

Octreotide (somatostatin), reduces plasma concentrations of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide VIP

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14
Q

The drugs that mimic GH are

A

somatropin and somatrem

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15
Q

Drugs that stimulate various anabolic (tissue-building) processes, liver glycogenolysis (to raise blood sugar levels), lipid mobilization from body fat stores, and retention of sodium, potassium, and phosphorus and promote linear growth in children who lack normal amounts of the endogenous hormone are

A

GH (somatropin/somatrem)

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16
Q

A protein secreted by a type of tumor that causes profuse watery diarrhea. Hint VIPoma

A

vasoactive intestinal polypeptide

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17
Q

The drugs that affect the posterior pituitary gland, such as vasopressin and desmopressin, mimic the actions of

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

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18
Q

vasopressin and desmopressin does what?

A

increase water resorption

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19
Q

a potent vasoconstrictor in larger doses and is therefore used in certain hypotensive emergencies, such as vasodilatory shock (septic shock) or pulseless cardiac arrest.

A

vasopressin

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20
Q

what stops bleeding of esophageal varices

A

vasopressin

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21
Q

useful in treating certain blood disorders including hemophilia A and type I von Willebrand’s disease.

A

desmopressin

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22
Q

used for nocturnal enuresis and is a synthethic vasopressin.

A

desmopressin

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23
Q

used in the diagnosis of adrenocortical insufficiency

A

Cosyntropin

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24
Q

human GH produced by recombinant technology which are are also used for wasting associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.

A

Somatropin and somatrem are

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25
Q

useful in alleviating certain symptoms of flushing and potentially life-threatening hypotension associated with a carcinoid crisis.

A

Octreotide

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26
Q

used to prevent or control polydipsia (excessive thirst), polyuria, and dehydration in patients with diabetes insipidus caused by a deficiency of endogenous ADH

A

Vasopressin and desmopressin

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27
Q

Because of their vasoconstrictor properties, they are useful in the treatment of various types of bleeding, in particular gastrointestinal hemorrhage.

A

Vasopressin and desmopressin

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28
Q

In the assessment of patients receiving pituitary hormones measure…

A

vitals, sugar and weight

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29
Q

With octreotide, the prescriber may order an electrocardiogram (ECG) may require special dosing if

A

there is decreased liver and kidney function

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30
Q

Potential side effects of growth hormones are

A

hyperglycemia, hypothyroidism, and hypercalciuria.

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31
Q

an improvement in diabetes insipidus, esophageal varices, or vasodilatory shock is expected.

A

therapeutics effects of vasopression

32
Q

Adverse effects associated with desmopressin and vasopressin

A

increased blood pressure, fever, headache, abdominal cramps, and nausea.

33
Q

therapeutic effects include improved symptoms related to carcinoid tumors, VIPoma, or esophageal varices.

A

octreotide

34
Q

Side effects of GH may lead to headache, hyperglycemia, hypothyroidism, hypercalciuria, and flulike syndrome.

A

somatropin/somatrem

35
Q

Adverse effects related to somatropin include

A

fatigue, headache, altered blood glucose levels, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, conduction disorders, and dyspnea

36
Q

What 3 hormones are secreted by the thyroid gland

A

thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and calcitonin.

37
Q

these 2 hormones are produced in the thyroid gland through the coupling of iodine and the tyrosine.

A

Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

38
Q

When the thyroid gland is signaled, the thyroglobulin–thyroid hormone complex is enzymatically broken down to release what?

A

T3 and T4 into the circulation

39
Q

The thyroglobulin–thyroid hormone complex is brake down is triggered by the

A

TSH from the anterior pituitary gland is stimulated when blood levels of T3 and T4 are low.

40
Q

The thyroid hormones regulate the BMR and lipid/carbohydrate metabolism and are essential for

A

normal growth and development. They also control the heat-regulating system and have various effects on the cardiovascular, endocrine, and neuromuscular systems.

41
Q

Primary hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland is not able to perform one of its many functions. What are the fx?

A

releasing the thyroid hormones from their storage sites, coupling iodine with tyrosine, trapping iodide, converting iodide to iodine, or any combination of these defects.

42
Q

What is the most common type of hypothyroidism.

A

Primary

43
Q

Secondary hypothyroidism begins at the level of the pituitary gland and results from reduced secretion of

A

TSH which is needed to trigger the release of the T3 and T4 stored in the thyroid gland. SP

44
Q

Tertiary hypothyroidism is caused by a reduced level of the thyrotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus. This reduced level, in turn,

A

reduces TSH and thyroid hormone levels. TH

45
Q

Symptoms of hypothyroidism include

A

cold intolerance, unintentional weight gain, depression, dry brittle hair and nails, and fatigue.

46
Q

Hyposecretion of thyroid hormone during youth may lead to

A

cretinism, which is characterized by low metabolic rate, retarded growth and sexual development, and possible mental retardation

47
Q

Hyposecretion of thyroid hormone as an adult may lead to myxedema, which is

A

manifested by decreased metabolic rate but also involves loss of mental and physical stamina, weight gain, hair loss, firm edema, and yellow dullness of the skin.

48
Q

Some forms of hypothyroidism may result in the formation of a goiter, which is an enlargement of the thyroid gland resulting from

A

overstimulation by elevated levels of TSH.

49
Q

Hyperthyroidism is caused by

A

excessive secretion of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland and may be caused by different diseases.

50
Q

Diseases known to cause hyperthyroidism include

A

Graves’ disease, which is the most common cause; Plummer disease, also known as toxic nodular disease, which is the least common cause; multinodular disease; and thyroid storm, which is a severe and potentially life-threatening exacerbation of the symptoms of hyperthyroidism that is usually induced by stress or infection.

51
Q

Hyperthyroidism can affect multiple body systems, resulting in an overall increase in metabolism.

A

Commonly reported symptoms are diarrhea, flushing, increased appetite, muscle weakness, fatigue, palpitations, irritability, nervousness, sleep disorders, heat intolerance, and altered menstrual flow.

52
Q

ATCH does what

A

target adrenals, mediate response to physical and emotional stress and starvation and make “cortico” hormones and androgens

53
Q

FSH does what

A

stimulate oogenesis and folicular growth and spematogenesis in males (menotropin-gonadotropins stimualte FSH)

54
Q

LH does what

A

stimulate ovulation and estrogen release; males I cells to make sperm and testosterone- gonadotropins stimulate LH

55
Q

thryotropin is another name for

A

tsh

56
Q

Serida may have thickened skin, hair loss, constipation, lethargy and anorexia which are signs of

A

hypothyroidism

57
Q

Levothyroxine T4 is the most common, less potent/longer half life and can become T3

A

called synthroid or levothyroidl

58
Q

liothyronine (cytomel) is T3 and can be combined with T4, Levothyroxine to make what

A

liotrix

59
Q

MOA of thyroid preparations work to

A

achieve euthyroid, treat hypothyroidism or replace thyroid hormone

60
Q

thyroid drugs also

A

increase oxygen consumption, body temperature, blood volume. They also stimulate the cardiovascular system by increasing the sensitivity of the heart to catecholamines and ultimately increases cardiac output. In addition, thyroid hormones increase renal blood flow and the glomerular filtration rate, which results in a diuretic effect. Thyroid drugs can also be used for the diagnosis of suspected hyperthyroidism (as in a TSH-suppression test) and in the prevention or treatment of various types of goiters.

61
Q

The 2 antithyroid drugs which are thiomide derivatives

A

methimazole and propthiouracil

62
Q

Rapid acting (LAG) HB insulin

A

LAG- Insulin lispro, aspart, glusine

63
Q

Short acting HB insulin

A

regular insulin (humulin R, novolin R) the only IV insulin or IM

64
Q

Intermediate HB cloudy appearance also called NPH

A

Isophane insulin, which can be combined with R for a fast onset and longer duration

65
Q

Long acting HB that is clear and referred to as basal insulin

A

glargine and detemir

66
Q

The adverse effects of thyroid medications are usually the result of overdose. The most significant adverse effect is

A

cardiac dysrhythmia with the risk for life-threatening or fatal irregularities

67
Q

Diabetic patients taking a thyroid drug may require increased dosages of their

A

hypoglycemic drugs

68
Q

The antithyroid drugs inhibit the organification of

A

iodine into t3 and t4

69
Q

Of the receptors on the isles a secretes glucagon and b secrets

A

insulin

70
Q

Intermediate HB

A

Isophane

71
Q

Oral antidiabetics are only for

A

type II people

72
Q

Name the oral antidiabetic drugs (STAMBDIA)

A

alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, amylin & incretin mimetics and DPP-4, Biguanides, Sulfonylureas, Meglitinides, thiazolidinediones

73
Q

Long acting insulin is

A

glargine and detemir

74
Q

Name the endogenous biguanides that doesn’t cause hypoglycemia

A

metformin (glucophage) the first-line drug contraindicated for those with renal problems

75
Q

Sulfonylureas 2 generation drugs are more potent begin with

A

Gli or gly bind to specific receptors on beta cells in the pancreas to stimulate the release of insulin and secondarily decrease the secretion of glucagon. The patient must still have functioning beta cells in the pancreas.

76
Q

Intermediate-acting insulins are the only cloudy solutions.

A

Mixtures of short- and intermediate-acting insulin still look uniformly cloudy.

77
Q

the glitazones (e.g., rosiglitazone and pioglitazone) may both cause

A

moderate weight gain and edema

Pharmacology (8 decks)

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