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BISC 303 > 21, 22. Immunology > Flashcards

21, 22. Immunology Flashcards

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1
Q

The function of the specific immune system is characterized by the 3 R’s. What are they?

A
  1. Recognize
  2. Respond
  3. Remember
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2
Q

4 ways the specific/acquired/adaptive immune system differs from the innate one?

A
  1. Discrimination
  2. Diversity
  3. Specificity
  4. Memory
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3
Q

Duration of specific immunity?

A

3 months - lifetime

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4
Q

Difference between natural active and natural passive immunity?

A

Natural active = individual’s lifetime exposure to foreign material

Natural passive = transfer of maternal Abs via placental/colostrum)

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5
Q

Difference between artificial active and passive immunity?

A

Artificial active = vaccination

Artificial passive = administer Abs against specific foreign material to another individual

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6
Q

2 things that foreign materials provoke?

A

Production of specific Abs against the material

Proliferation+differentiation of a subset of WBCs (leukocytes) => lymphocytes

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7
Q

What are the 2 arms of the vertebrate immune system?

A
  1. Humoral = Abs secreted by B-lymphocytes

2. Cell-mediated = cytokines secreted by T-lymphocytes

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8
Q

What are cytokines

A

Any soluble protein released by a cell pop. that acts as an intercellular mediator or signaling molecules

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9
Q

Example of a specific type of cytokine?

A

Chemokine

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10
Q

Antibodies are secreted by?

A

B-lymphocytes

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11
Q

Cytokines are secreted by?

A

T-lymphocytes

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12
Q

Cytokines are local ______________

A

peptide mediators

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13
Q

Source of undifferentiated lymphocytes? How many produced each day?

A

Bone marrow

10^9 cells/day

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14
Q

Which type of lymphocyte makes up the majority? What percentage?

A

T-lymphocytes

~70% of all circulating lymphocytes

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15
Q

Where do T-cells mature? B-cells?

A

T-cells: thymus

B-cells: bone marrow, fetal liver

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16
Q

What do T-cells attack?

A

Virally infected cells, cancer cells, transplant tissue

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17
Q

What do B-cells BIND?

A

Bacteria, viruses/virions, bacterial toxins

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18
Q

Where do B and T cells travel to? Via what?

A

To lymphoid tissues via bloodstream

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19
Q

What are the 5 different Ig classes and their corresponding Greek letter?

A

Ig: A, G, E, D, M

alpha, beta, epsilon, delta, mu

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20
Q

6 locations that lymphocytes heavily populate?

A

Spleen, lymph nodes, lymphatic system, lymph, MALT (mucous-associated lymphoid tissue), SALT (skin-associated lymphoid tissue)

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21
Q

Professional phagocytes are known as?

A

Neutrophils

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22
Q

What are thrombocytes?

A

Clotting platelets

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23
Q

2 human blood cells involved in allergic reactions?

A

Basophils and eosinophils

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24
Q

What are dendritic cells? Function?

A

Macrophage-like cells

Samples and then engulfs foreign material

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25
What are plasma cells?
B-cells that are producing antibodies
26
Size of antigens?
Usually >10kDa
27
Antigens can be what 3 things?
Protein, glycoprotein, carbohydrate
28
3 examples of antigens?
Outer membrane proteins of G- bacteria Viral spike proteins LPS
29
What is a hapten?
A molecule that is NOT immunogenic on its own, but when bound to a carrier protein (can be from host) => forms an antigen
30
Example of a hapten?
Penicillin
31
Difference between the 2 branches of the adaptive immune system? (Humoral vs cell-mediated)
Humoral - antibody-mediated; secreted by B-lymphocytes Cell-mediated - involves specialized WBCs aka T-lymphocytes that secrete cytokines
32
Each antibody recognizes ____ epitope(s) An antigen may possess ____ epitope(s)
An Ab recognizes ONE epitopte An antigen may possess >1 epitope
33
The # of antigenic determinants possessed by an antigen is called?
Valence
34
The disulfide bonds that link heavy chains together is also called the ___________
hinge region
35
Size of light chains? Heavy chains?
Light 25kDa, heavy 75 kDa each
36
What does Fab and Fc stand for?
antigen-binding fragment crystallizable fragment
37
Which 2 Ig's are found on the surface of B-cells?
IgD and IgM
38
Which Ig is found in abundance in mucous secretions?
IgA
39
Which Ig is transferred to babies through breast milk?
sIgA (secretory IgA)
40
Macrophages have receptors of what region of Ig's?
Fc region
41
5 different results of antigen-antibody binding?
Precipitation (soluble antigen) Neutralization (reduces infectivity) Complement fixation (cell destruction) Agglutination (cell clumping) Opsonization (Fc receptors cell destruction)
42
Which Ig makes up 15% of the total Ig pool? 10%?
15% = IgA 10% = IgM
43
of possible antibodies = ____ different epitopes
10^13
44
3 ways antibodies can bind to a huge diversity of antigen structures?
1. Exon shuffling in Ab genes 2. Differential splicing of Ab genes 3. B-cell undergoes high level of somatic mutation during differentiation
45
What is somatic mutation?
Mutations of the variable regions of Ig genes => usually SINGLE BASE substitutions
46
What does B cell differentiation have to do with generation specific Abs? What is this called?
Each B-lymphocyte is stimulated by a specific antigen to produce a complementary specific Ab Clonal selection theory
47
4 tenets of clonal selection theory?
1. Each body must contain a pool of lymphocytes that possess a range of antigenic sites 2. Lymphocytes that react to self-molecules are eliminated early in development 3. Each lymphocyte must have a receptor for a specific antigen 4. Each B cell clone has to be able to generate Abs to its antigen
48
Antigen binding to the Ab on the B cell results in?
Proliferation+differentiation of the B cell clone
49
What 2 things does a B cell differentiate into?
Plasma cell (secretes Abs) Memory cell
50
Memory cell activation requires what?
Help of T cell
51
About how many Abs per second are produced due to B cell differentiation?
2000
52
An immune response can occur WITH or W/O the participation of __________
T cells
53
Almost all antigens are _____-dependent
T cell
54
True or false? B cells are not APCs
False. B cells are also antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
55
What are interleukins? Example of one?
Small peptides secreted by WBCs to stimulate and activate other WBCs Cytokines
56
What are BCDFs?
B cell differentiation factors Generates plasma and memory cells
57
What assists B cells in becoming memory cells?
T cells
58
What is MHCII and its function?
Major histocompatibility complex II A self-molecule that binds and presents antigens to T cells
59
Where are MHCII found?
On APCs B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells
60
T cell receptors recognize what?
The MHCII+antigen complex AS A WHOLE ONLY
61
Where are T cell receptors found?
On the surface of T-helper cells
62
Can T cell recognize foreign antigens in a similar manner to B cells? Why/why not?
No They need to recognize a processed/digested antigen in the context of a self-molecule
63
Capping is best achieved by an antigen with what structure?
Polymeric antigen (repeating polysaccharides or protein subunits)
64
Example of a polymeric antigen?
Peptidoglycan
65
Which Ig class responds to pathogens first? Which class follows?
IgM first IgG follows
66
During the primary response latent period of a antibody titre graph, pathogens can undergo ______________________
their full life cycle
67
Ig class primarily involved in the secondary response?
IgG
68
How does secondary response differ from primary response (Antibody titre graph)? Latent period Log phase Ab titre Plateau
Latent period DECREASED Log phase STEEPER Ab titre HIGHER Plateau LONGER
69
In T cell INDEPENDENT antigen, which Ig is involved? Is immunological memory involved?
IgM No immunological memory
70
In T cell DEPENDENT antigen, which Ig's are involved?
IgA, IgG, IgE
71
Which specific subgroup of T-lymphocytes is involved in T cell DEPENDENT antigen rxn?
T-helper cells (TH cells) or CD4+ T cells/ Th2 cells
72
Which Ig(s) can be transferred via the placenta?
IgG ONLY
73
Order the 5 Ig's from lasting longest in blood to shortest
IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE
74
What unique thing do mast cells contain?
Granules packed with histamines

BISC 303 (22 decks)

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