2.1-4.1 Individualistic Theories

Question 1

Under developed

Answer 1

Primitive and atavistic

Question 2

Sheldon’s theory

Answer 2

Studied somatotypes
Endomorphs ectomorphs and mesomorphs
Mesomorphs we’re more likely criminals

Question 3

Ectomorph

Answer 3

Skinny introverted and self conscious

Question 4

Endomorphic

Answer 4

Fat sociable and outgoing

Question 5

Mesomorphic

Answer 5

Muscle aggressive dominant

Question 6

Who did Sheldon study

Answer 6

Studied males in a rehabilitation center

Question 7

Sheldon strengths

Answer 7

Other studies have confirmed similar builds between criminals
Good sample size
Used a control group

Question 8

Sheldon weaknesses

Answer 8

Only focused on criminals who are mesomorphs Where not all criminals are mesomorphs
Doesn’t explain ectomorphs and endomorphs
Somatotypes can change

Question 9

Jacob et al
(What,description,stats)

Answer 9

XYY men are super males with the extra male chromosome
Males tend to be tall well built and low intelligence and agressive
15/1000 men in prison have it compared to 1/1000 in general population

Question 10

Concordance rate

Answer 10

Extent ti which both twins share the same genetic material and react the same

Question 11

Mz twins

Answer 11

100% same dna

Question 12

Dz twins

Answer 12

50% dna

Question 13

Why does crime run in families

Answer 13

Sharing many of same genes

Question 14

Nature or nurture

Answer 14

Studied weather someone is a criminals from there genes or there environment

Question 15

Xxy theory strength

Answer 15

Found a link between xxy theory and offenders in prison

Question 16

Xxy theory weakness

Answer 16

Even if offender have the syndrome it doesn’t prove it’s the cause of violence

Question 17

Strength of treating alcohol and drugs

Answer 17

Treating the addiction is more effective then punishment

Question 18

Weaknesses of treating alcohol and drugs

Answer 18

Difficult to monitor outside of prison
Bad side effects

Question 19

How to stop alcohol abuse

Answer 19

Antabuse aversion therapy (makes you feel sick so you don’t drink)

Question 20

How to stop heroin addiction

Answer 20

Methadone (substitute for heroin to prevent withdrawals)

Question 21

Strengths of chemical castration

Answer 21

Reduces testosterone and male sex drive

Question 22

Weaknesses if chemical castration

Answer 22

Sexual assault isn’t about sex drive it’s about control
Has serious side effects such as feminisation

Question 23

How to stop sex offenders

Answer 23

Given stilbestrol that gives men female hormones to suppress testosterone

Question 24

Strengths of gesch diet

Answer 24

Shows a clear reduction in anti social behaviour and is easy to implement

Question 25

Weakness of gesch diet

Answer 25

It’s expensive and difficult to control ex offenders diets outside of prisons

Question 26

Gesch diet

Answer 26

Wanted to give supplements to criminals to reduce anti social behaviour such as b3 used to treat schizophrenia Shows 37% reduction of violent incidents

Question 27

Eugenics

Answer 27

Criminals having a baby and creating a criminal because of the criminal gene

Question 28

Strengths of eugenics

Answer 28

Sterilisation laws preventing criminals from giving birth so criminal off spring

Question 29

Weaknesses of eugenics

Answer 29

Not all children of criminals would become criminal thenselves

Question 30

Freud psychodynamic theory’s

Answer 30

Suggested personality had 3 components id, ego and superego

Question 31

What is the id of personality

Answer 31

Instantly wants gratification(pleasure) and represents our basic needs such as desire for food sleep or sex

Question 32

What is the ego personality

Answer 32

Reality Teaches right and wrong

Question 33

What is the superego personality

Answer 33

Contains moral rules which we learn through interactions with our parents Means we feel guilt for wrong behaviour

Question 34

What does an underdeveloped superego mean

Answer 34

You will feel less hounorly and more likely to commit a crime

Question 35

What does an over developed superego mean

Answer 35

Feel a lot of guilt due to being brought up with strict parents But can commit crimes from release of overwhelming guilt

Question 36

What does a deviant ego mean

Answer 36

When a child adopts similar behaviour of the same sex parent If the parents is criminals so will the child be

Question 37

Bowlbys theory

Answer 37

Explains criminal behaviour comes from early separation and maternal deprivation

Question 38

Who did bowlby study in the theives study

Answer 38

44 criminals and 44 control group 39% had maternal deprivation 5% dodkt

Question 39

Strengths for bowlby

Answer 39

Shows the need to consider the role of the parents 39% of criminals suffered maternal deprivation

Question 40

Weaknesses for bowlby

Answer 40

Based on recal from parents and children and they can lie Why didn’t 61% of the control group have maternal deprivation

Question 41

Social learning theory

Answer 41

Wanting to be a criminals through watching a role modle Observing the rm Identificatio feeling similarity to rm wanting to be like them Imitation Reinforcement- see that they are being rewarded Internalisation

Question 42

Identification

Answer 42

Wanting to be like that person

Question 43

Vicarious reinforcement

Answer 43

Observing and immitating behaviour as u want the same reward

Question 44

Direct reinforcement

Answer 44

Gaining a reward so more lily to continue with behaviour

Question 45

Internalisation

Answer 45

Constantly being rewarded so the behaviour is now part of that perosn

Question 46

Strengths of slt

Answer 46

We learn from experiences of other as we are social It shows the importance of role models in deviance

Question 47

Weaknesses of slt

Answer 47

Ignores freedom of choice saying all we do is imitate

Question 48

What is the differential association theory

Answer 48

You imitate people behaviour that you socialise with and you pick up more behaviour dependingw on how often you see them and how important they are

Question 49

Strengths of differential association

Answer 49

Crime runs in families so it supports theories

Question 50

Weaknesses of differential association

Answer 50

Not everyone exposed to criminals influences becomes a criminals

Question 51

A strength on Eysenck theory

Answer 51

It provides a holistic explanation as it involves biological, social and psychological factors

Question 52

A weakness of eysenck theory

Answer 52

Relies on self report Oversimplification of complex behaviour