21. Human Overload and Underload

Question 1

Human Overload and Underload

Performing a complex/difficult task should be done with a HIGHER or LOWER state of arousal than an easy, mundane task

Answer 1

LOWER

AROUSAL GRAPH

1

Question 2

Human Overload and Underload

1. The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for INCREASING or DECREASING arousal
2. The parasympathetic nervous system is response for INCREASING or DECREASING arousal

Answer 2

1. INCREASING
2. DECREASING

• REMEMBER “para” is paralysing the ability

2

Question 3

Human Overload and Underload

Arousal is a PSYCHOLOGICAL or PHYSIOLOGICAL response to stress

Answer 3

PHYSIOLOGICAL

2

Question 4

Human Overload and Underload

The arousal mechanism is part of of which nervous system

Answer 4

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
(ANS)

3

Question 5

Human Overload and Underload

What is the autonomic nervous system responsible fo

Answer 5

UNCONSCIOUS FUNCTIONS
i.e. control of blood vessels and internal organs

3

Question 6

Human Overload and Underload

The Autonomic Nervous System is made up of two sub systems,

1. The ____ system; will increase heart rate as example in response to phsical exercise
2. The ____ system; will work to reduce heart rate to the minimum necessary to cope with the demand for oxygen

Answer 6

1. SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
2. PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

• the two systems work in balance
• Without the parasympathetic nervous system in the example given, exercise would result in an incredibly excessive heart beat

3

Question 7

Human Overload and Underload

The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems work together to been the body in phsiological balance. This s a process known as what

Answer 7

HOMEOSTATIS

3

Question 8

Human Overload and Underload

An example of an ANS response is the ____ reflex which is triggered when facing a threatening situation

Answer 8

FIGHT OR FLIGHT

• This phase of response is known as the alarm reaction

3

Question 9

Human Overload and Underload

The noticable symptoms of an ANS response will be;

[ ] Increased heart rate
[ ] Decreased heart rate
[ ] Increased respiration
[ ] Decreased respiration
[ ] Tensing of the muscles
[ ] Increased production of saliva
[ ] Decreased production of saliva
[ ] Blood diverted from brain to digestive system
[ ] Blood diverted from digestive system to brain

Answer 9

[X] Increased heart rate
[ ] Decreased heart rate
[X] Increased respiration
[ ] Decreased respiration
[X] Tensing of the muscles
[ ] Increased production of saliva
[X] Decreased production of saliva
[ ] Blood diverted from brain to digestive system
[X] Blood diverted from digestive system to brain

3

Question 10

Human Overload and Underload

What are the 3 phases of response to stressors;

[ ] Alarm reaction
[ ] Alert response
[ ] Resistance
[ ] Exhaustion
[ ] Adrenaline rush

Answer 10

[X] Alarm reaction
[ ] Alert response
[X] Resistance
[X] Exhaustion
[ ] Adrenaline rush

• This is known as the General Adaption Syndrome (GAS)

4

Question 11

Human Overload and Underload

1. A strong physiological response to an immediate physical threat is highly DESIRABLE or UNDESIRABLE
2. A complete absence of stress is highly DESIRABLE or UNDESIRABLE

Answer 11

1. DESIRABLE
2. UNDESIRABLE

4

Question 12

Human Overload and Underload

When the body enters the exhaustion phase of a respone to a stressor, the brain overrides the body’s natural physiological urge to return to normal. What is this doing to the body’s blood sugar level

Answer 12

DROPPING DRAMATICALLY

• As the body is burning up sugar for energy, the blod sugar level is dropping dramatically

4

Question 13

Human Overload and Underload

A complete absence of stress will create a situation known as OVERLOAD or UNDERLOAD

Answer 13

UNDERLOAD

• you are so relaxed you fail to identify a dangerous situation devloping

4

Question 14

Human Overload and Underload

Prolonged exposure to stress can cause PHYSICAL or MENTAL illness

Answer 14

PHYSICAL ILLNESS

5

Question 15

Human Overload and Underload

Anxiety will affect;

[ ] Speech
[ ] Vision
[ ] Judgement
[ ] Attention
[ ] Memory
[ ] Concentration
[ ] Capability

Answer 15

[ ] Speech
[ ] Vision
[X] Judgement
[X] Attention
[X] Memory
[X] Concentration
[ ] Capability

5

Question 16

Human Overload and Underload

“a heightened state of arousal caused by stressors in the environment”

This is the definition of what

Answer 16

STRESS

6

Question 17

Human Overload and Underload

The main cause of stress for airline pilots is what

Answer 17

LACK OF CONTROL AND DISRUPTION TO THEIR LIVES

7

Question 18

Human Overload and Underload

The cause of stress can be categorised iny many ways i.e. cause, situation, effect. However, typically it can be said that the cause of stress is down to what 2 types of stressors

Answer 18

1. PHYSIOLOGICAL
2. PSYCHOLOGICAL

7

Question 19

Human Overload and Underload

What life event is considered to create the highest level of stress

Answer 19

DEATH OF A SPOUSE

9

Question 20

Human Overload and Underload

What type of stress which is common to the aviation industry, will lower an individuals tolerance to other forms of stress

Answer 20

ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS

• For example, crew subjected to continuous noise and vibration are less likely to cope well with a subsequent emergency

9

Question 21

Human Overload and Underload

What type of stress is a major cause of general poor performance

Answer 21

ANXIETY

10

Question 22

Human Overload and Underload

1. An individual frequently checking their flight plan, met and other documentation far more regularly thatn required is an example of what sort of disorder
2. Someone who lives in constant tension and worry for no rational reason is an example of what disorder
3. Someone suffering from an irrational fear is an example of what disorder

Answer 22

1. OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER
2. GENERALISED ANXIETY DISORDER
3. PHOBIC DISORDER

10

Question 23

Human Overload and Underload

Individuals will respond to a given stress DIFFERENTLY or THE SAME

Answer 23

DIFFERENTLY

10

Question 24

Human Overload and Underload

When a potential stressful situation arises, what will individuals do when they assess the situation

Answer 24

ASSESS PERCEIVED ABILITY TO DEAL WITH STRESSOR

STRESS MODEL

10

Question 25

# Human Overload and Underload The effects of stress are *IMMEDIATE or CUMULATIVE*

Answer 25

CUMULATIVE ## Footnote * Chronic stress does not necessarily have any immediate effect but builds up over time 11

Question 26

# Human Overload and Underload Stress comes in what two major forms; [ ] Chronic [ ] Hard [ ] Light [ ] Anxiety [ ] Acute [ ] Environmental

Answer 26

[**X**] ***Chronic*** [ ] Hard [ ] Light [ ] Anxiety [**X**] ***Acute*** [ ] Environmental ## Footnote 11

Question 27

# Human Overload and Underload 1. An engine fire is an example of *ACUTE or CHRONIC* stress 2. Relationship problems or financial pressures are an example of *ACUTE or CHRONIC* stress

Answer 27

1. ACUTE 2. CHRONIC ## Footnote * Chronic fatigue extends over a long time and is often psychological in cause * Acute (short term) fatigue is of limited duration and accepted as a normal part of life 11

Question 28

# Human Overload and Underload The potential effects of stress can be classified under which four areas; [ ] Physiological [ ] Psyhological [ ] Debilitating [ ] Behavioural [ ] Cognitive [ ] Mental [ ] Domestic [ ] Personality

Answer 28

[**X**] ***Physiological*** [ ] Psyhological [ ] Debilitating [**X**] ***Behavioural*** [**X**] ***Cognitive*** [ ] Mental [ ] Domestic [**X**] ***Personality*** ## Footnote 11

Question 29

# Human Overload and Underload *"effects include short term effect of acute stress such as increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, perspiration etc. Can stem from psychological causes over time, known as psychosomatic illness"* This is the definition of what sort of effect of stress

Answer 29

PHYSIOLOGICAL ## Footnote 11

Question 30

# Human Overload and Underload *"symptoms include restlessness, nervousness, trembling and excitability or anxiety. Further effects can include loss ofa ppetite and excessive drinking and smoking"* This is the definition of what sort of effect of stress

Answer 30

BEHAVIOURAL ## Footnote 11

Question 31

# Human Overload and Underload *"has a profound effect on the brains ability to process information. The principal symptoms include forgetfulness, inability to concentrate, poor attention span, inability to make decisions and prioritise, and difficulty in relaxing or switching off"* This is the definition of what sort of effect of stress

Answer 31

COGNITIVE ## Footnote 11

Question 32

# Human Overload and Underload *"Individuals can become depressed, moody, permanently anxious, tired, tense, tearful and irritable"* This is the definition of what sort of effect of stress

Answer 32

PERSONALITY ## Footnote 11

Question 33

# Human Overload and Underload Coping strategies can be broadly divided into what three categories; [ ] Action coping [ ] Mediation [ ] Cognitive coping [ ] Symptom-Directed coping [ ] Counselling [ ] Absenteeism

Answer 33

[**X**] ***Action coping*** [ ] Mediation [**X**] ***Cognitive coping*** [**X**] ***Symptom-Directed coping*** [ ] Counselling [ ] Absenteeism ## Footnote 12

Question 34

# Human Overload and Underload *"Removing oneself from a stressful situation or altering the situation so that the demands are less onerous"* This is an example of which coping strategy

Answer 34

ACTION COPING ## Footnote 12

Question 35

# Human Overload and Underload *"reducing the perceived demand and thereby reducing the psychological impact of the stressor. Rationalising the problem to bolster ones confidence"* This is an example of which coping strategy

Answer 35

COGNTIVE COPING ## Footnote 12

Question 36

# Human Overload and Underload *"Reducing the psychological stress by using alcohol, drugs or tobacco, or as a healthier option phsyical exercise and/or meditation techniques"* This is an example of what copying strategy

Answer 36

SYMPTOM-DIRECTED COPING ## Footnote 12

Question 37

# Human Overload and Underload Extended periods of excessive workload and inadequate rest will cause what in terms of energy levels that contributes to stress

Answer 37

CHRONIC FATIGUE ## Footnote 13

Question 38

# Human Overload and Underload The purpose of a stress management program is to center on developing what

Answer 38

APPROPRIATE COPING STRATEGIES ## Footnote 13

Question 39

# Human Overload and Underload What are the 4 main causes of fatigue; [ ] Inadequate rest [ ] Flying a commercial jetliner [ ] Disruption to Circadian Rhythm [ ] Excessive muscular activity [ ] Time of day [ ] Time of year [ ] Excessive cognitive work [ ] Bordem

Answer 39

[**X**] ***Inadequate rest*** [ ] Flying a commercial jetliner [**X**] ***Disruption to Circadian Rhythm*** [**X**] ***Excessive muscular activity*** [ ] Time of day [ ] Time of year [**X**] ***Excessive cognitive work*** [ ] Bordem ## Footnote 14

Question 40

# Human Overload and Underload Some of the effects of fatigue are; [ ] Reduced ability for calculations [ ] Reduced vigilance [ ] Mood changes [ ] Constnatly hungry [ ] Behaviour changes [ ] Reduced motivation [ ] Hyperalert [ ] Poor self-monitoring

Answer 40

[**X**] ***Reduced ability for calculations*** [**X**] ***Reduced vigilance*** [**X**] ***Mood changes*** [ ] Constnatly hungry [**X**] ***Behaviour changes*** [**X**] ***Reduced motivation*** [ ] Hyperalert [**X**] ***Poor self-monitoring*** ## Footnote 15

Question 41

# Human Overload and Underload What is the major source of fatigue for pilots

Answer 41

SLEEP LOSS / DISTURBANCE OF CIRCADIAN RHYTHM ## Footnote 16

Question 42

# Human Overload and Underload What is the most important factor in combating pilot fatigue - something that typically the pilot themselves have no control over

Answer 42

SENSITIVE ROSTERING ## Footnote 16

Question 43

# Human Overload and Underload What does FRMS stand for

Answer 43

FATIGUE RISK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ## Footnote * A data driven means of continuously monitoring and manage fatigue related safety risks * Looks to find a balance between costs, productivity and safety 17