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COT - Exam 1 > 2.1 (Lecture 2) - Ultrastructure > Flashcards

2.1 (Lecture 2) - Ultrastructure Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

P-face

A
  • protoplasmic face of the lipid bilayer

- intracellular

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2
Q

E-face

A
  • ectoplasmic face of the lipid bilayer

- extracellular

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3
Q

freez-fracture technique

A
  • method allowing a split of the middle of the lipid bilayer through the middle of the hydrophobic tails from each side
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4
Q

glycocalyx

A
  • an important functional extension of the cell - fromed of the extracellular glycosylations associated with other extracellular molecules
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5
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • has a phospholipid membrane

- site of protein production

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6
Q

ribosomes

A

translation of mRNA into proteins

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7
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

site of lipid + steroid production

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8
Q

golgi apparatus

A

site of protein packaging and addressing

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9
Q

mitchondria

A
  • responsible for producing energy from ATP
  • highly sterotypical and recognizable structure with outer membrane + inner cistae
  • high density of mitochondria can make a cytoplasm appear more eosinophilic (pink in H&E stain)
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10
Q

basal striations

A
  • folds of a membrane in cells where mitochondria provide energy to basally located ion pumps or other transmembrane pore proteins
  • (may be barely visable under LM - because of spatial constraints the folds place on eosinophilic mitochondria)
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11
Q

endocytosis

A

uptake of substances from the extracellular space

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12
Q

pinocytosis

A

uptake of small substances

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13
Q

phagocytosis

A

uptake of substances followed by their digestion

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14
Q

endosome

A

= the containing vesicle during phagocytosis

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15
Q

lysosomes

A
  • a special type of endosome?

- specialized vesicle for phagocytosis that contains hydrolase enzymes

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16
Q

perioxisomes

A

vesicle designed to breakdown FAs through oxygenation

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17
Q

residual bodies

A
  • undigestable remnants of metabolic processes that accumulate in cells
  • are more prevalent in long lived cells
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18
Q

exocytosis

A

process of removing substances out to the extracellular space

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19
Q

regulated exocytosis

A
  • primarily by Ca++ and SNARE proteins

- they control fusion with the cell membrane

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20
Q

constitutive exocytosis

A

release without any specific signal

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21
Q

thin filaments (actin)

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A
  • 1 of 3 long-chain molecules comprising the cytoskeleton

- generally sit beneath the cell membrane

22
Q

intermediate filaments

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A
  • 1 of 3 long-chain molecules comprising the cytoskeleton
  • keratins, desmin, vimentin, others
  • form a scaffolding
23
Q

microtubules

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A
  • 1 of 3 long-chain molecules comprising the cytoskeleton

- form a transport network radiating outward from the MTOC

24
Q

centriole

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A
  • organizes the microtubules as they radiate outward from the MTOC
25
centrosomes
The name for MTOCs during cell division
26
Desmosomes
- also called Macula Adherens (adhering spot) - comprised of cadherin proteins - intracellularly bind with cytoskeletal keratin - Appears in Em as a roundish density centered over the membranes of the two adjacent cells
27
hemidesmosome
- when a desmosome is used to bind a connective tissue = hemidesmosome
28
gap-junctions
- create an electrically conductive channel between neighboring cells through transmembrane connexin proteins - do not bind the cytoskeleton
29
adhering junction
- also called the Zonula Adherens | - connects with cytoskeletal actin (thin filaments?)
30
tight junction
- also called Zonula Occludens - consists of transport membrane proteins (claudins + occludins) - they are arranged in multiple linear structures - special because: form a barrier between cells that is largely impermeable even to water and ions
31
junctional complex
- often connects epithelial cells at their lateral surfaces in simple epithelia - consists of tight junctions(zonula occludens), adhering junctions (zonula adherens), desmosomes (macula adherens) - will be clustered in a distinct band-shaped region at the most apical portion of the lateral cell membrane
32
cilia
- long, motile, membrane-bound structures - protrude from cell membrane - in epithelia = apical surface specializations - normal FXN: move material along the epithelial surface
33
axoneme
- the core of the cilium - highly recognizable in EM by its characteristic "9 doublet plus 2 central" arrangement of modified microtubules - insert within the cell into basal bodies
34
basal bodies
- microtubule structures that have a "9 triplets plus zero" arrangement - are the location where the axoneme of cilia insert into the cell membrane
35
microvillus
- membrane-bound apical surface specialization - consists of longitudinally-arranged f-actin (filamentous actin) - inserts into the actin of the cytoskeleton (thin filaments?)
36
terminal web
- if the longitudinally arrange f-actin microvilli are numerous --> they form an area of the cell known as the terminal web
37
nucleus
contains cell's DNA
38
nuclear membrane
- membrane of the nucleus that contains the cells DNA - is continuous with the rER - contains nuclear pores
39
nuclear pores
nuclear membrane proteins that allow the transport of RNA and small molecules
40
euchromatin
- DNA complex in LM when it is largely unpacked | - appears light
41
heterochromatin
- DNA complex in LM when it is tightly packed | - appears dark
42
nucleolus
- site of rRNA production
43
centromere
- organizes chromosomes during cell division | - binds homologous chromosomes at their center
44
telomeres
- cap the ends of chromosomes during cell division
45
mitosis
- equal division of a cell - cells go from 2n1x --> 2n2x --> 2n1x (n=chromosome #; x=copy #)
46
prophase
chromosomal replication during mitosis
47
metaphase
chromosomal alignment during mitosis
48
anaphase
chromosomal separation during mitosis
49
telophase
cell division during mitosis
50
meiosis
- unequal division of germ cells - cells divide twice - 2n1x --> 2n2x --> 1n2x (division 1) --> 1n1x (division 2)
51
apoptosis
- process of controlled cell death 1) dissolution of the chromosomal material 2) autodigestion 3) lysing of the cell - Important for controlling: cell #, cell quality, responsiveness of growth processes to environmental cues - designed to minimize exposure of the lysed cell to the immune system
52
MTOC
- referred to as a centrosome during cell division | - the center of the transport network of microtubules within a cell

COT - Exam 1 (26 decks)

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