Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

COT - Exam 1 > 4.3 - Lecture - Blood/Immune > Flashcards

4.3 - Lecture - Blood/Immune Flashcards

1
Q

Plasma

A

= serum + clotting factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

platelets

A

= thrombocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red Blood Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Leukocytes

A

White Blood Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Diapedesis

A
  • the mechanism in which leukocytes leave the circulation

- a squeezing through the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Macrophages

A
  • derived from circulating monocytes
  • have primary role in phagocytosis of unwanted material
  • mononuclear phagocytic system refers to all marcophages as they commonly exist in tissue-specific forms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Monocytes

A
  • the premature macrophages

- will proliferate to form macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Mononuclear Phagocytic System

A
  • the collective term for macrophages

- used to describe them because they often occur in many tissue-specific forms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Neutrophils

A
  • capable of chemotaxis

- specialized to kill phagocytosed microorganisms through respiratory burst RXNs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Respiratory Burst RXNs

A
  • a rapid release of reactive oxygen species (commonly superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide)
  • a specialized mechanism of attack used by neutrophils
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Three Types of Intracellular granules of Neutrophils

A
  1. Azurophilic (primary)
  2. Specific (secondary)
  3. Tertiary granules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is NETosis

A

= “Neutrophil Extracellular Traps”

  • A dying response of some neutrophils to invasion
  • their death coincides with extravasation of stranded chromosomal material
  • substances normally associated with the nuclear DNA then double as a bacteriotoxic agents when extracellular
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Mast Cells

A
  • contain histamine and heparin
  • functionally similar to basophils
  • but have a different lineage + distribution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Histamine is

A
  • a mediator of inflammation

- found in mast cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Heparin is

A
  • an anticoagulant

- found in mast cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Basophils

A
  • functionally similar to mast cells with different lineage + distribution + appearance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Eosinophils

A
  • mediate allergic responses
  • are antihelminthic
  • their granules contain numerous cationic proteins
    (including major basic protein, which has a characteristic EM appearance)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is major basic protein and what is the “Characteristic appearance” of it

A
  • Major Basic Protein is one of the cationic proteins commonly found in eosinophilic granules
  • in EM it is a dark granule with a line bisecting it?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  • function in the adaptive immune response
  • B-lymphocytes work via antigen-antibody recognition - undergo clonal expansion when antigen is recognized
  • T-lymphocytes recognize self from non-self cells through MHC-molecule recognition via the T-cell receptor
20
Q

Clonal expansion

A
  • B-lymphocytes working under antigen-antibody recognition proliferate and amplify their population of relevant cells for an antigen once it is recognized
21
Q

Plasma cells

A
  • are the antibody-producing B-lymphocytes

- have a unique morphology

22
Q

MHC-Molecule

A
  • MHC = major histocompatibilty complex
  • allows T-lymphocytes to recognize self from non-self cells
  • recognition occurs via the T-cell receptor
23
Q

T-cell receptor

A
  • adhesion molecule on the membrane of T-lymphocytes

- allows MHC-molecule recognition of self vs. non-self

24
Q

CT Cells of the Mesenchyme Include

A
  • Fibroblast (dense irregular, loose)
  • Tendenocyte (Dense regular)= a specialized fibroblast
  • Adipocyte (adipose tissue)
  • osteocyte (bone)
  • chondrocyte (cartilage)
25
Q

CT Cells of Bone marrow

A
  • Macrophage
  • Neutrophil
  • Eosinophil
  • Lymphocyte (B and T)
  • Plasma Cell
  • Mast Cell
26
Q

Cytokines are

A

chemical messengers released by macrophages in response to the binding + phagocytosis of a pathogen

27
Q

4 Cardinal Signs of inflammation

A

1) Calor (heat)
2) Rubor (redness)
3) Tumor (Swelling)
4) Dolor (pain)

28
Q

Vascular response aspect of innate immune response:

A
  • Cytokines cause vasodilation or arterioles –> increases blood flow to area (accounts for redness and heat)
  • cytokines increase permeability of blood vessels –> disrupt intracellular linkages and allows fluid into extravascular CT space (Edema) - removes fluid, slows down RBCs, WBC contact endothelium
29
Q

Neutraphils (PMN)

A
  • highly prevalent in blood not found in CT (healthy)
  • Contain 2-5 lobes of segmented nucleus
  • 3 classes of granules
    1) primary - lysosmes - kill things
    2) secondary (specific) - antimicrobial agents
    3) tertiary - gelatinase/cathepsins (collagenases) - break down GAGs for movement in CT
30
Q

Rolling adhesion

A
  • Neutraphils are marginated by slowing blood
  • endothelial cells express selectin receptors in response to cytokines (chemotaxis)
  • selectins on neutraphils bind receptors on endothelial cells (weak affinity binding) - serves to slow and stop neturaphil
  • neutraphil then firmly binds integrin receptors
31
Q

Diapedesis: Cellular response aspect of innate immune response

A
  • neutraphils bind endothelium where selectins expressed, extend foot between endothelial cells (pierce basal lamina)
  • once inside CT they migrate to source of cytokines (by using tertiary granules - cathepsins + gelatinases)
32
Q

Describe Fast acting neutraphils actions (including peak concentration)

A
  • invade quickly

- reach peak concentration around 24hrs

33
Q

Describe delayed cellular immune response (including peak concentrations)

A
  • monocytes enter tissue + transform into macrophages (have newable heterolysosomes- long term functioning)
  • monocyte response peaks @ 36-48hrs
34
Q

Lymphatic vessels

A
  • endothelial lined
  • begin in loose CT
  • walls are highly permeable (unlike typical endothelial cells)
  • transport fluid, substance + cells to lymph nodes
35
Q

Macrophages

A

= antigen presenting cells
- attaches a digest piece of antigen to MHCII receptor - initiates highly specific immune response to any subsequent appearance of pathogen

36
Q

2 types of Lymphocytes and difference in LM morphology

A
  • T cells
  • B cells
  • indistinguishable on LM
37
Q

Morphology of Lymphocytes

A
  • small 6-8mm
  • heterochromatic nucleus
  • little cytoplasm
38
Q

Function of t-cells

A

= cell mediated immune response

- recognize + destroy virally-infected cells or foreign cells

39
Q

function of B-cells

A

= humoral response

- turn into plasma cells - responsible for producing antibodies

40
Q

Diffuse Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)

A

= tissue found in loose CT of epithelia (e.g. lamina propria of GI tract)

  • contains lymphocytes + other non-resident cells of CT
  • intercepts pathogens + conveys them to lymph nodes via lymphatic vessels
41
Q

Plasma Cells

A

= activated B-lymphocytes

- secerte antibodies

42
Q

LM appearance of Plasma Cells

A
  • round nucleus
  • cytoplasm = v. basophilic because of rER
  • chromatin clumped in discrete locations around edge of nucleus (clock-face or spoke-wheel appearance)
  • cytocentrum = clear spot on plasma cell - location of golgi apparatus
43
Q

Antibody fxn

A
  • bind pathogen (opsonizatoin) + prevent its interaction with body
  • easily recognizable to macrophages, neutraphils, lymphocytes
44
Q

Mast Cells

A
  • very similar in fxn to basophils
  • IgE antibodies binds receptors on mast cell plasma membrane
  • high dense granulated morphology
  • have pseudopodia?
45
Q

Degranulation of mast cells

A
  • compound exocytosis = granules fuse with each other + the plasma membrane causing release of all granule contents into pericelllular space
  • causes a powerful + prompt inflammatory response (characteristic in extreme allergic rxns)
  • recruits neutrophils + eosinophils to the site
46
Q

Eosinophil

A

= blood born + attracted to sites of inflammation
- morphology = refractile eosinophilic granules (have line in center)
FXN = (-) feedback control for inflammatory RXNs, antiparasitic agent, phagocytic

COT - Exam 1 (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions