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Neuro Final > 21. Neuroplasticity & Neural Basis of Motor Learning > Flashcards

21. Neuroplasticity & Neural Basis of Motor Learning Flashcards

1
Q

Motor learning vs performance

A

Learning- relatively permanent change

Preformance- temporary change observed during practice

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2
Q

Habituation is a simple form of neuroplasticity where you have learned ____________

A

supression of non-noxious stimuli

Note: you can take a tolerance break and then the response will be re-elicited to same stimuli

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3
Q

Habituation is due to decreased synaptic activity between….

A

Sensory neurons and interneurons/motor neurons

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4
Q

Short term habituation is due to ________ changes

-reduction of neurotransmitter

-less Ca2

A

presynaptic

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5
Q

Longterm habituation is due to ________ changes and structural changes

A

post synaptic

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6
Q

Sensitization is caused by strenghtening the response to a stimuli that is _________________

A

preceded by a noxious stimuli

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7
Q

T or F. Sensitization is a more complex process than habituation

A

T

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8
Q

Habituation can be due to altered _______ conductance or facilitating more neuro transmitter release

A

K+

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9
Q

In long term sensitization there are changes in:

A

Altered strength of existing synapses

synthesis of new proteins

modification of synapses

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10
Q

Classical conditioning vs operant conditioning

A

classical- 1 stimulus to another

Operant- behavior to consequences

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11
Q

Long term association causes new protein synthesis with formation of….

A

new synapses between the neurons

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12
Q

Classical conditioning example

A

dog hears bell and gets food

bell -> dog salivates

note: timing between conditioned stimulus and unconditioned response has to be fast.

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13
Q

Trial and error learning requires close ___________ due to simular neuro processes as classical conditioning

A

temporal association

Note: Trial and error learning is behavior shaped by internal thoughts and motivation

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14
Q

For implicit procedural learning the movement must be ___________ by the learner through trial and error and _____________

A

Performed

within the context of the skills and in typical environment

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15
Q

procedural learning occurs in specific areas of the….

A

frontal & parietal cortices, basal ganglia, and cerbellum

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16
Q

implicit procedural learning definition

A

Learning and execution of motor and nondeclarative cognitive tasks, especially w/ sequences

example: skills and habits

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17
Q

Declarative learning requires conscious processing with end product of…

A

Acquiring knowledge that can be expressed explicitly

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18
Q

What parts of the brain are responsible for explicit learning?

Prefrontal cortex, cingulate gyrus ___________, ________, ____________

A

Caudate

Medial temporal lobes

hippocampus

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19
Q

long term potentiation (LTP) requires the firing of both ________ and ___________ cells at the same time

A

pre and post synaptic

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20
Q

What is longterm potentiation (LTP)?

A

when weak and strong input arrive at the same time at the post synaptic dendrite, and the weak one will be facilitated due to association with the stronger stimulus

similar to sensitization

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21
Q

Short term potentiation has ___________ only whereas long term potentiation causes _____________

A

functional changes only

protein synthesis for structural changes

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22
Q

Long term depression is similar to ________

long term potentiation is similar to ______________-

A

habituation

sensitization

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23
Q

Long term depression has active synapses change to ____________ by removal of _______________ into cytoplasm

A

silent/weak synapses

post-synaptic receptors

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24
Q

What is associativity?

A

When contributing fibers and post synaptic cells work together to give a stronger input

(weak input becomes stronger due to traveling the same route as a stronger input)

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25
Q

What is cooperativity?

A

Requires > 1 neuron working together

all the neurons working together converge on the same synapse and combine their inputs to become stronger.

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26
Q

Specificity:

Only synapses that are __________ will exhibit long term potentiation

Example:_____________

A

highly active

Selective memory

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27
Q

When learning a new task, many brain areas are active,

with repetition……

A

fewer areas are active becoming more streamlined as the skill developed

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28
Q

T or F, myelin also demonstrates experience dependent neuroplasticity

A

True

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29
Q

Enhanced motor skill development seen in patients after _______

A

sleep

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30
Q

______ memory and _____ memory overlap and are used in most learning activities

A

implicit and explicit

note: implicit and explicit memories can shift to the other kind

31
Q

Motor learning:

Practice can increase activity of _______, which can activate the motor cortex, bypassing the somatosensory cortex

________ are developed aiding in efficiency and redundancy (especially important for case of injury)

A

thalamocortical pathways

parallel pathways

32
Q

Stages of motor learning

_________ -> ___________ -> _____________

A

cognitive -> associative -> autonomous

Note: as you progress the level of attention required goes down

33
Q

In the early cognitive phase of motor learning, you’re reliant on ______________ from motor preformance, many errors, rapid improvment

A

sensory feedback

34
Q

Early cognitive phases experience an _________ and then a _____ in dorsolateral prefronal cortex, sensorimotor cortices, parietal areas, and cerebellum activity

A

increase

decrease

35
Q

When do you have larger improvements? Cognitive phase or associative phase?

A

cognitive phase

associative phase - slower improvements

36
Q

Associative phase:

__________ are less active than initial stage

increase in activity in the ____________

Less motor planning and executive functioning needed

A

motor and sensory areas

dentate, thalamus, putamen

37
Q

Which phase includes:

Trial and error period

trying new strategies

refining skills

preformance less variable

A

associative phase

38
Q

During the autonomous stage the ________ remains active but ________ decrease activity

A

primary motor cortex

cortical association areas

39
Q

What areas increase in activity as a task becomes more automatic?

A

Basal ganglia

Thalamus

Cerebellar Nuclei

40
Q

What motor learning phase is characterized by

Minimal attention required

stable preformance

error detection present

increased accuracy, smoothness, and speed

A

Autonomous stage

41
Q

Healthy older adults are able to acheive new automatic motor skills but require….

A

significantly more practice than younger adults

42
Q

Patterns of brain activities are simular in older and younger adults during skill acquisition. But Older adults need ____________ to attain simular levels of automaticity

A

significantly more brain activity

43
Q

Aging can impact ______ capabilities since harder/longer time to reach automaticity

A

Dual Task

44
Q

Most brain damage comes from __________, than the intial acute injury

A

excitotoxicity

45
Q

What is excitotoxicity

A

excessive glutamate released from hypoxic cells that destroys post-synaptic neurons

46
Q

During excitotoxicity, glutamate binds to receptors and increases intracellular _______, this causes more _____ to exit the cell.

Due to this, more glycolysis is required to give sufficient energy -> more lactic acid -> acidosis -> breaks down cell

A

CA+

K+

47
Q

(excitotoxicity) Heightened glycolysis in cells causes excess _________ which reduces intracellular pH causing acidosis which breaks down the cell membrane

A

lactic acid

48
Q

(excitotoxicity) CA+ stimulates protein enzymes that release _______, and make oxygen free radicals along with excessive NO, causing more cell damage

A

arachodonic acid

note: also water influx ocurs causing cellular edema

49
Q

Right after axon is severed in an injury ______ leaks out of both ends and segments retract away from eachother

A

cytoplasm

50
Q

Distal segments of an axon (when severed), start ____________ process with axon degeneration and myelin sheath pulling away from axon

A

wallerian degeneration

51
Q

What kind of cells clean up an axonal injury?

A

Glial cells clean up area of axonal injury

52
Q

During axonal injury, associated cell body degenerates through central ___________

A

Chromatolysis which may lead to cell death

note: Post synaptic cells may also die if most input is lost

53
Q

Collateral sprouting vs regenerative sprouting

A

Collateral- neighbor axons take over work of damaged one

regenerative: damaged one sends new sprout to original target

54
Q

What is the speed of axonal growth after injury?

A

1mm/day or 1 inch a month

55
Q

Nerve growth factor is produced by ________ cells and they they form a sheath guiding the sprouting axon to its target cell

A

schwann cells

56
Q

Exercise starting at day _____ facilitates neuron regrowth and muscular reinnervation

A

5

57
Q

What is synkinesis?

A

Regrowth causes innervation of inappropriate target, leads to temporary movement abnormalities

58
Q

Most CNS damage after an injury occurs due to __________

A

secondary cascading events

59
Q

After an injury:

Proximal axons experience ______

Distal axons experience ________

A

Chromatolysis

Wallerian degeneration

60
Q

A traumatic brain injury can cause widespread tearing or stretching/disconnecting , this is called…..

A

DAI

Diffuse axonal injury

61
Q

Glial scars (damaged glial cells) can block regrowth and release _______

A

NOGO

Neurite outgrowth inhibitor

NOGO is expressed in oligodendicytes and not schwann cells

62
Q

Cell body death vs Axonal injury?

A

Cell body death always causes neuron death

axonal injury not always

63
Q

What is denervation hypersensitivity

A

Synaptic change after injury

Increased post-synpatic receptors available to accept Neurotransmitters released from neighboring neurons (increased sensitivity to neurotransmitters)

64
Q

What is synaptic hypereffectiveness

A

Synaptic change after injury:

When pre-synaptic terminals are damaged, remaining post-synaptic branches receive all neurotransmitter that would normally be shared. (Remaining synapses now receive too mcuh input )

65
Q

What are 4 synaptic changes after injury?

A
  1. Recovery of effectiveness
  2. Denervation hypersensitivity
  3. Synaptic hypereffectiveness
  4. Unmasking/disinhibition of silent synapses
66
Q

What is the use it or lose it principle?

Use it and improve it principle?

A

Failure to drive specific brain functons lead to functional degradation

Opposite

67
Q

What is the specificity princple?

A

The nature of training dictates the nature of neuroplasticity

68
Q

Repetition matters principle

A

induction of neuroplasticity requires sufficient repetition

69
Q

Intensity matters principle

A

neuroplasticity requires sufficient training intensity

70
Q

Time matters principle

A

Different forms of plasticity happen at different times in training

71
Q

salience matters principle

A

the training must be salient to induce plasticity

(pt must be aware and engaged)

72
Q

Age matters principle:

A

training induced neuroplasticity occurs more in younger brains

73
Q

transference principle

A

plasticity in response to one training can enhance simular behavior

74
Q

interference principle:

A

plasticity due to one experience can inferfere with acquisition of other behaviors

Neuro Final (8 decks)

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