24. Neurophysiology of Motor control

Question 1

There is often a ______ relationship between cells stimulated and activation of motor neurons in the primary motor cortex

Answer 1

1:1

Question 2

What part of the prefrontal cortex is important for learning new movement sequences?

Answer 2

lateral prefrontal

Question 3

what part of the brain is important for preformance of prelearned complex sequences

Answer 3

supplementary motor

Question 4

What part of the cortex is responsible for spatial relationships with objects/self

Answer 4

posterior parietal

Question 5

The cerebellum is both feed foward/feedback, but primarly ___________

Answer 5

feedback

note: monitors errors in preformance and adjusts

Question 6

The Basal Ganglia is both feed foward/feedback, but primarly ___________

Answer 6

Feed Foward

note: selectively activates some movements and inhibits others, initiates the whole progam

Question 7

The basal ganglia receives input from all cortical areas and projects primarily to areas of the _______

Answer 7

Frontal cortex ( motor planning areas)

Question 8

The brainstem does what for motor control?

Answer 8

Integrates visual, somatosensory, and vestibular systems

Question 9

Ultimately all interneurons converge on ________

Answer 9

motor neurons

Question 10

Primary somatosensory cortex fires _____ start of movement

Cortical changes that occur with plasticity in somatosensory cortex _______ motor cortex

Answer 10

After

Before

Question 11

Higher levels issue ______

Lower levels have ___________

Answer 11

Relatively general commands “lets walk over there”

Have reflexes and stepping pattern generators to acheive the goal

Question 12

The cerebrocerebellum is good for motor ______

Answer 12

planning

Question 13

The vestibulocerebellum is good for motor ___________

Answer 13

optimization

Question 14

What parts of the brian help with motor instructions?

Answer 14

Vesibular nuclei

Thalamus to cortex

Peduculopontine nuclei

Midbrain locomotor region -> reticular formation

Question 15

learning is a form of __________

Answer 15

synaptic plasticity

Question 16

Short term changes in plasticity are due to ___________

long term are due to __________

Answer 16

Change in neural transmission

change in gene expression/protein synthesis

Question 17

To form memories, you don’t ndepend on structural changes, but rather change in the ______________

Answer 17

strength of pre-existing connections

Question 18

Long term memory is relatively ______ to disruption

undergoes continual change

-long term memory storage appears to be graded extension of ___________

Answer 18

Insensitive to disruption

Short term process

Question 19

Location of plastic changes: Variability in recruitment _______ with increased motor learning

Answer 19

decreases

Question 20

Experience dependent change: some plasticity remains throughout life, but it __________ overtime

considerable variability due to __________

Synapses that are silent can be come strengthened when __________-

Answer 20

Decreases

genes and life experiences

strengthened when adjacent areas are damaged

Question 21

Differences between old/young motor learning

Answer 21

Adult axon growth restricted

Adults rely more on changes in synaptic strength instead of new projections/connecctions

In adults, an established synapse will survive

children undergo more structural changes

-in children the use of synapses dictates its survivability

Question 22

What are simularities between children and adult motor learning

Answer 22

competition of synapes present

Repetitive stimulation and activity crucial

Question 23

Factors that help traumatic and degen conditions

Answer 23

preinjury exercise

environmental enrichment

dietary restriction

Question 24

Post neuro injuries: When to start exercise and how intense?

Answer 24

earlier is better, intensity needs to be carefully considered in 1st week post injury

Question 25

Reactivating silent/weak areas likely to occur in the __________

Answer 25

Penumbra

Question 26

Compensation at the neuronal level:

Answer 26

Neurons take on new functions they didn’t have before

Question 27

What is diaschisis?

Answer 27

Silent areas not working bc of other areas that communicate w/ them being damaged

Note: can be reversed w/ normalization of bloodflow and metabolism

Question 28

Rescue and salvage

repair and recovery

maintenance

Which stage is PT most involved in?

Answer 28

Repair and recovery

Question 29

Unskilled training does not cause ______, but it does cause circulatory changes in the brain

Answer 29

Neuroplasticity

Question 30

What drugs can facilitiate neuroplasticity

Answer 30

Amphetamines

note: antipsychotics can reduce neuroplasticity

Question 31

Aggressive treamtents need to start early on, emphasizing ___________-

Answer 31

Skill Acquisition

note: amount of time spent in PT/OT after stroke is not related to functional outcome

Question 32

The act of compensating itself may be a huge reason why ___________ remain

Answer 32

motor deficits

note: forced use activities can help this and pt will learn to avoid substitution/compensation

Question 33

Following a brain injury, ______________ starts rapidly in motor learning, even quicker than motor skill development

Answer 33

New protein synthesis

(Protein synthesis happens PRIOR to motor skill, not after)

Question 34

Motor skills develop ____________ there is cortical functional reorganization, and happen ________ protein synthesis

Answer 34

Before

After

Protein synthesis -> motor skill development -> cortical functional reorganization

Question 35

How is exercise different than practice?

Answer 35

Exercise is repetition of movements that have already been learned

Practice is goal directed and meaningful

Question 36

Physical therapists work on motor behaviors that are _____________ a patient’s current capabilities

Answer 36

beyond

-behaviors that are now new in light of new losses or damage