2.1: The multi-store model (MSM) of memory

Question 1

Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (16 marks)

Answer 1

Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM consists of 3 stores

Question 2

Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (16 marks).
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM consists of 3 stores.
The sensory memory store

Answer 2

The sensory memory store takes in information from the environment through the five senses (sight, hearing etc) and has a very brief capacity and duration.
A lot of decay occurs from this store

Question 3

Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (16 marks).
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM consists of 3 stores.
The sensory memory store takes in information from the environment through the five senses (sight, hearing etc) and has a very brief capacity and duration.
A lot of decay occurs from this store.
If

Answer 3

If information is paid attention to, it is passed to short-term memory store (STM)

Question 4

Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (16 marks).
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM consists of 3 stores.
The sensory memory store takes in information from the environment through the five senses (sight, hearing etc) and has a very brief capacity and duration.
A lot of decay occurs from this store.
If information is paid attention to, it is passed to short-term memory store (STM).
The STM

Answer 4

The STM has a limited duration of approximately 30 seconds without maintenance rehearsal and a limited capacity of 7 items + or - 2.
In STM, information is encoded acoustically (by subvocal repetition)

Question 5

Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (16 marks).
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM consists of 3 stores.
The sensory memory store takes in information from the environment through the five senses (sight, hearing etc) and has a very brief capacity and duration.
A lot of decay occurs from this store.
If information is paid attention to, it is passed to short-term memory store (STM).
The STM has a limited duration of approximately 30 seconds without maintenance rehearsal and a limited capacity of 7 items + or - 2.
In STM, information is encoded acoustically (by subvocal repetition).

Answer 5

Elaborate rehearsal leads to encoding information semantically (for meaning/understanding), which can be stored in long-term memory (LTM).
This store has unlimited capacity and duration (a lifetime)

Question 6

Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (16 marks).
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM consists of 3 stores.
The sensory memory store takes in information from the environment through the five senses (sight, hearing etc) and has a very brief capacity and duration.
A lot of decay occurs from this store.
If information is paid attention to, it is passed to short-term memory store (STM).
The STM has a limited duration of approximately 30 seconds without maintenance rehearsal and a limited capacity of 7 items + or - 2.
In STM, information is encoded acoustically (by subvocal repetition).
Elaborate rehearsal leads to encoding information semantically (for meaning/understanding), which can be stored in long-term memory (LTM).
This store has unlimited capacity and duration (a lifetime).

Answer 6

There is quite a lot of decay from STM, but not from LTM.

Information sometimes suffers from interference in the LTM, rather than decay

Question 7

Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (16 marks).
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM consists of 3 stores.
The sensory memory store takes in information from the environment through the five senses (sight, hearing etc) and has a very brief capacity and duration.
A lot of decay occurs from this store.
If information is paid attention to, it is passed to short-term memory store (STM).
The STM has a limited duration of approximately 30 seconds without maintenance rehearsal and a limited capacity of 7 items + or - 2.
In STM, information is encoded acoustically (by subvocal repetition).
Elaborate rehearsal leads to encoding information semantically (for meaning/understanding), which can be stored in long-term memory (LTM).
This store has unlimited capacity and duration (a lifetime).
There is quite a lot of decay from STM, but not from LTM.
Information sometimes suffers from interference in the LTM, rather than decay.

First AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 7

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a major strength of the MSM is that it is supported by research studies that show that STM and LTM are indeed qualitatively different

Question 8

Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (16 marks).
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM consists of 3 stores.
The sensory memory store takes in information from the environment through the five senses (sight, hearing etc) and has a very brief capacity and duration.
A lot of decay occurs from this store.
If information is paid attention to, it is passed to short-term memory store (STM).
The STM has a limited duration of approximately 30 seconds without maintenance rehearsal and a limited capacity of 7 items + or - 2.
In STM, information is encoded acoustically (by subvocal repetition).
Elaborate rehearsal leads to encoding information semantically (for meaning/understanding), which can be stored in long-term memory (LTM).
This store has unlimited capacity and duration (a lifetime).
There is quite a lot of decay from STM, but not from LTM.
Information sometimes suffers from interference in the LTM, rather than decay.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a major strength of the MSM is that it is supported by research studies that show that STM and LTM are indeed qualitatively different.
Example

Answer 8

For example, Baddeley found that we tend to mix up words that sound similar when we are using our STMs, but we mix up words that have similar meanings when we use our LTMs

Question 9

Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (16 marks).
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM consists of 3 stores.
The sensory memory store takes in information from the environment through the five senses (sight, hearing etc) and has a very brief capacity and duration.
A lot of decay occurs from this store.
If information is paid attention to, it is passed to short-term memory store (STM).
The STM has a limited duration of approximately 30 seconds without maintenance rehearsal and a limited capacity of 7 items + or - 2.
In STM, information is encoded acoustically (by subvocal repetition).
Elaborate rehearsal leads to encoding information semantically (for meaning/understanding), which can be stored in long-term memory (LTM).
This store has unlimited capacity and duration (a lifetime).
There is quite a lot of decay from STM, but not from LTM.
Information sometimes suffers from interference in the LTM, rather than decay.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a major strength of the MSM is that it is supported by research studies that show that STM and LTM are indeed qualitatively different.
For example, Baddeley found that we tend to mix up words that sound similar when we are using our STMs, but we mix up words that have similar meanings when we use our LTMs.
What does this clearly illustrate?

Answer 9

This clearly illustrates that coding in STM is acoustic and that coding in LTM is semantic, showing that STM and LTM are different, which supports the MSM’s view that STM and LTM are separate and independent

Question 10

Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (16 marks).
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM consists of 3 stores.
The sensory memory store takes in information from the environment through the five senses (sight, hearing etc) and has a very brief capacity and duration.
A lot of decay occurs from this store.
If information is paid attention to, it is passed to short-term memory store (STM).
The STM has a limited duration of approximately 30 seconds without maintenance rehearsal and a limited capacity of 7 items + or - 2.
In STM, information is encoded acoustically (by subvocal repetition).
Elaborate rehearsal leads to encoding information semantically (for meaning/understanding), which can be stored in long-term memory (LTM).
This store has unlimited capacity and duration (a lifetime).
There is quite a lot of decay from STM, but not from LTM.
Information sometimes suffers from interference in the LTM, rather than decay.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a major strength of the MSM is that it is supported by research studies that show that STM and LTM are indeed qualitatively different.
For example, Baddeley found that we tend to mix up words that sound similar when we are using our STMs, but we mix up words that have similar meanings when we use our LTMs.
This clearly illustrates that coding in STM is acoustic and that coding in LTM is semantic, showing that STM and LTM are different, which supports the MSM’s view that STM and LTM are separate and independent.
Further support

Answer 10

Further support comes from the case of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy, in which his hippocampus was removed.
This led to the incapability to transfer information from STM to LTM, so he was not able to create long-term memories

Question 11

Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (16 marks).
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM consists of 3 stores.
The sensory memory store takes in information from the environment through the five senses (sight, hearing etc) and has a very brief capacity and duration.
A lot of decay occurs from this store.
If information is paid attention to, it is passed to short-term memory store (STM).
The STM has a limited duration of approximately 30 seconds without maintenance rehearsal and a limited capacity of 7 items + or - 2.
In STM, information is encoded acoustically (by subvocal repetition).
Elaborate rehearsal leads to encoding information semantically (for meaning/understanding), which can be stored in long-term memory (LTM).
This store has unlimited capacity and duration (a lifetime).
There is quite a lot of decay from STM, but not from LTM.
Information sometimes suffers from interference in the LTM, rather than decay.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a major strength of the MSM is that it is supported by research studies that show that STM and LTM are indeed qualitatively different.
For example, Baddeley found that we tend to mix up words that sound similar when we are using our STMs, but we mix up words that have similar meanings when we use our LTMs.
This clearly illustrates that coding in STM is acoustic and that coding in LTM is semantic, showing that STM and LTM are different, which supports the MSM’s view that STM and LTM are separate and independent.
Further support comes from the case of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy, in which his hippocampus was removed.
This led to the incapability to transfer information from STM to LTM, so he was not able to create long-term memories.
What does this do?

Answer 11

This:

1. Supports the concept that there are multiple stores
2. Suggests that the MSM is a well-founded explanation of memory

Question 12

Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (16 marks).
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM consists of 3 stores.
The sensory memory store takes in information from the environment through the five senses (sight, hearing etc) and has a very brief capacity and duration.
A lot of decay occurs from this store.
If information is paid attention to, it is passed to short-term memory store (STM).
The STM has a limited duration of approximately 30 seconds without maintenance rehearsal and a limited capacity of 7 items + or - 2.
In STM, information is encoded acoustically (by subvocal repetition).
Elaborate rehearsal leads to encoding information semantically (for meaning/understanding), which can be stored in long-term memory (LTM).
This store has unlimited capacity and duration (a lifetime).
There is quite a lot of decay from STM, but not from LTM.
Information sometimes suffers from interference in the LTM, rather than decay.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a major strength of the MSM is that it is supported by research studies that show that STM and LTM are indeed qualitatively different.
For example, Baddeley found that we tend to mix up words that sound similar when we are using our STMs, but we mix up words that have similar meanings when we use our LTMs.
This clearly illustrates that coding in STM is acoustic and that coding in LTM is semantic, showing that STM and LTM are different, which supports the MSM’s view that STM and LTM are separate and independent.
Further support comes from the case of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy, in which his hippocampus was removed.
This led to the incapability to transfer information from STM to LTM, so he was not able to create long-term memories.
This supports the concept that there are multiple stores and suggests that the MSM is a well-founded explanation of memory.

Second AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 12

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, HM was a unique case study of a brain-damaged individual, so its findings cannot be generalised to the wider population

Question 13

Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (16 marks).
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM consists of 3 stores.
The sensory memory store takes in information from the environment through the five senses (sight, hearing etc) and has a very brief capacity and duration.
A lot of decay occurs from this store.
If information is paid attention to, it is passed to short-term memory store (STM).
The STM has a limited duration of approximately 30 seconds without maintenance rehearsal and a limited capacity of 7 items + or - 2.
In STM, information is encoded acoustically (by subvocal repetition).
Elaborate rehearsal leads to encoding information semantically (for meaning/understanding), which can be stored in long-term memory (LTM).
This store has unlimited capacity and duration (a lifetime).
There is quite a lot of decay from STM, but not from LTM.
Information sometimes suffers from interference in the LTM, rather than decay.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a major strength of the MSM is that it is supported by research studies that show that STM and LTM are indeed qualitatively different.
For example, Baddeley found that we tend to mix up words that sound similar when we are using our STMs, but we mix up words that have similar meanings when we use our LTMs.
This clearly illustrates that coding in STM is acoustic and that coding in LTM is semantic, showing that STM and LTM are different, which supports the MSM’s view that STM and LTM are separate and independent.
Further support comes from the case of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy, in which his hippocampus was removed.
This led to the incapability to transfer information from STM to LTM, so he was not able to create long-term memories.
This supports the concept that there are multiple stores and suggests that the MSM is a well-founded explanation of memory.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, HM was a unique case study of a brain-damaged individual, so its findings cannot be generalised to the wider population.

Answer 13

Case studies can also not be replicated as this would be unethical, so it is difficult to test the reliability of the results

Question 14

Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (16 marks).
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM consists of 3 stores.
The sensory memory store takes in information from the environment through the five senses (sight, hearing etc) and has a very brief capacity and duration.
A lot of decay occurs from this store.
If information is paid attention to, it is passed to short-term memory store (STM).
The STM has a limited duration of approximately 30 seconds without maintenance rehearsal and a limited capacity of 7 items + or - 2.
In STM, information is encoded acoustically (by subvocal repetition).
Elaborate rehearsal leads to encoding information semantically (for meaning/understanding), which can be stored in long-term memory (LTM).
This store has unlimited capacity and duration (a lifetime).
There is quite a lot of decay from STM, but not from LTM.
Information sometimes suffers from interference in the LTM, rather than decay.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a major strength of the MSM is that it is supported by research studies that show that STM and LTM are indeed qualitatively different.
For example, Baddeley found that we tend to mix up words that sound similar when we are using our STMs, but we mix up words that have similar meanings when we use our LTMs.
This clearly illustrates that coding in STM is acoustic and that coding in LTM is semantic, showing that STM and LTM are different, which supports the MSM’s view that STM and LTM are separate and independent.
Further support comes from the case of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy, in which his hippocampus was removed.
This led to the incapability to transfer information from STM to LTM, so he was not able to create long-term memories.
This supports the concept that there are multiple stores and suggests that the MSM is a well-founded explanation of memory.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, HM was a unique case study of a brain-damaged individual, so its findings cannot be generalised to the wider population.
Case studies can also not be replicated as this would be unethical, so it is difficult to test the reliability of the results.

Answer 14

The evidence from brain-damaged patients itself may not be reliable, because it concerns unique cases with patients who have had traumatic experiences

Question 15

Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (16 marks).
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM consists of 3 stores.
The sensory memory store takes in information from the environment through the five senses (sight, hearing etc) and has a very brief capacity and duration.
A lot of decay occurs from this store.
If information is paid attention to, it is passed to short-term memory store (STM).
The STM has a limited duration of approximately 30 seconds without maintenance rehearsal and a limited capacity of 7 items + or - 2.
In STM, information is encoded acoustically (by subvocal repetition).
Elaborate rehearsal leads to encoding information semantically (for meaning/understanding), which can be stored in long-term memory (LTM).
This store has unlimited capacity and duration (a lifetime).
There is quite a lot of decay from STM, but not from LTM.
Information sometimes suffers from interference in the LTM, rather than decay.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a major strength of the MSM is that it is supported by research studies that show that STM and LTM are indeed qualitatively different.
For example, Baddeley found that we tend to mix up words that sound similar when we are using our STMs, but we mix up words that have similar meanings when we use our LTMs.
This clearly illustrates that coding in STM is acoustic and that coding in LTM is semantic, showing that STM and LTM are different, which supports the MSM’s view that STM and LTM are separate and independent.
Further support comes from the case of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy, in which his hippocampus was removed.
This led to the incapability to transfer information from STM to LTM, so he was not able to create long-term memories.
This supports the concept that there are multiple stores and suggests that the MSM is a well-founded explanation of memory.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, HM was a unique case study of a brain-damaged individual, so its findings cannot be generalised to the wider population.
Case studies can also not be replicated as this would be unethical, so it is difficult to test the reliability of the results.
The evidence from brain-damaged patients itself may not be reliable, because it concerns unique cases with patients who have had traumatic experiences.
What does this therefore do?

Answer 15

This therefore invalidates the research and challenges the validity of the MSM

Question 16

Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (16 marks).
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM consists of 3 stores.
The sensory memory store takes in information from the environment through the five senses (sight, hearing etc) and has a very brief capacity and duration.
A lot of decay occurs from this store.
If information is paid attention to, it is passed to short-term memory store (STM).
The STM has a limited duration of approximately 30 seconds without maintenance rehearsal and a limited capacity of 7 items + or - 2.
In STM, information is encoded acoustically (by subvocal repetition).
Elaborate rehearsal leads to encoding information semantically (for meaning/understanding), which can be stored in long-term memory (LTM).
This store has unlimited capacity and duration (a lifetime).
There is quite a lot of decay from STM, but not from LTM.
Information sometimes suffers from interference in the LTM, rather than decay.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a major strength of the MSM is that it is supported by research studies that show that STM and LTM are indeed qualitatively different.
For example, Baddeley found that we tend to mix up words that sound similar when we are using our STMs, but we mix up words that have similar meanings when we use our LTMs.
This clearly illustrates that coding in STM is acoustic and that coding in LTM is semantic, showing that STM and LTM are different, which supports the MSM’s view that STM and LTM are separate and independent.
Further support comes from the case of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy, in which his hippocampus was removed.
This led to the incapability to transfer information from STM to LTM, so he was not able to create long-term memories.
This supports the concept that there are multiple stores and suggests that the MSM is a well-founded explanation of memory.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, HM was a unique case study of a brain-damaged individual, so its findings cannot be generalised to the wider population.
Case studies can also not be replicated as this would be unethical, so it is difficult to test the reliability of the results.
The evidence from brain-damaged patients itself may not be reliable, because it concerns unique cases with patients who have had traumatic experiences.
This therefore invalidates the research and challenges the validity of the MSM.

Third AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 16

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a critique of the MSM is that there is more than type of STM

Question 17

Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (16 marks).
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM consists of 3 stores.
The sensory memory store takes in information from the environment through the five senses (sight, hearing etc) and has a very brief capacity and duration.
A lot of decay occurs from this store.
If information is paid attention to, it is passed to short-term memory store (STM).
The STM has a limited duration of approximately 30 seconds without maintenance rehearsal and a limited capacity of 7 items + or - 2.
In STM, information is encoded acoustically (by subvocal repetition).
Elaborate rehearsal leads to encoding information semantically (for meaning/understanding), which can be stored in long-term memory (LTM).
This store has unlimited capacity and duration (a lifetime).
There is quite a lot of decay from STM, but not from LTM.
Information sometimes suffers from interference in the LTM, rather than decay.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a major strength of the MSM is that it is supported by research studies that show that STM and LTM are indeed qualitatively different.
For example, Baddeley found that we tend to mix up words that sound similar when we are using our STMs, but we mix up words that have similar meanings when we use our LTMs.
This clearly illustrates that coding in STM is acoustic and that coding in LTM is semantic, showing that STM and LTM are different, which supports the MSM’s view that STM and LTM are separate and independent.
Further support comes from the case of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy, in which his hippocampus was removed.
This led to the incapability to transfer information from STM to LTM, so he was not able to create long-term memories.
This supports the concept that there are multiple stores and suggests that the MSM is a well-founded explanation of memory.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, HM was a unique case study of a brain-damaged individual, so its findings cannot be generalised to the wider population.
Case studies can also not be replicated as this would be unethical, so it is difficult to test the reliability of the results.
The evidence from brain-damaged patients itself may not be reliable, because it concerns unique cases with patients who have had traumatic experiences.
This therefore invalidates the research and challenges the validity of the MSM.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a critique of the MSM is that there is more than type of STM.

Answer 17

The MSM states that STM is a unitary store, meaning that there is only one type of short-term memory, but evidence from people suffering from a clinical condition called amnesia shows that this cannot be true

Question 18

Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (16 marks).
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM consists of 3 stores.
The sensory memory store takes in information from the environment through the five senses (sight, hearing etc) and has a very brief capacity and duration.
A lot of decay occurs from this store.
If information is paid attention to, it is passed to short-term memory store (STM).
The STM has a limited duration of approximately 30 seconds without maintenance rehearsal and a limited capacity of 7 items + or - 2.
In STM, information is encoded acoustically (by subvocal repetition).
Elaborate rehearsal leads to encoding information semantically (for meaning/understanding), which can be stored in long-term memory (LTM).
This store has unlimited capacity and duration (a lifetime).
There is quite a lot of decay from STM, but not from LTM.
Information sometimes suffers from interference in the LTM, rather than decay.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a major strength of the MSM is that it is supported by research studies that show that STM and LTM are indeed qualitatively different.
For example, Baddeley found that we tend to mix up words that sound similar when we are using our STMs, but we mix up words that have similar meanings when we use our LTMs.
This clearly illustrates that coding in STM is acoustic and that coding in LTM is semantic, showing that STM and LTM are different, which supports the MSM’s view that STM and LTM are separate and independent.
Further support comes from the case of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy, in which his hippocampus was removed.
This led to the incapability to transfer information from STM to LTM, so he was not able to create long-term memories.
This supports the concept that there are multiple stores and suggests that the MSM is a well-founded explanation of memory.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, HM was a unique case study of a brain-damaged individual, so its findings cannot be generalised to the wider population.
Case studies can also not be replicated as this would be unethical, so it is difficult to test the reliability of the results.
The evidence from brain-damaged patients itself may not be reliable, because it concerns unique cases with patients who have had traumatic experiences.
This therefore invalidates the research and challenges the validity of the MSM.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a critique of the MSM is that there is more than type of STM.
The MSM states that STM is a unitary store, meaning that there is only one type of short-term memory, but evidence from people suffering from a clinical condition called amnesia shows that this cannot be true.
Example

Answer 18

For example, Shallice and Warrington (1970) studied a patient with amnesia known as KF and found that KF’s short-term memory for digits was very poor when they read them out loud to him, but his recall was much better when he was able to read the digits to himself

Question 19

Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (16 marks).
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM consists of 3 stores.
The sensory memory store takes in information from the environment through the five senses (sight, hearing etc) and has a very brief capacity and duration.
A lot of decay occurs from this store.
If information is paid attention to, it is passed to short-term memory store (STM).
The STM has a limited duration of approximately 30 seconds without maintenance rehearsal and a limited capacity of 7 items + or - 2.
In STM, information is encoded acoustically (by subvocal repetition).
Elaborate rehearsal leads to encoding information semantically (for meaning/understanding), which can be stored in long-term memory (LTM).
This store has unlimited capacity and duration (a lifetime).
There is quite a lot of decay from STM, but not from LTM.
Information sometimes suffers from interference in the LTM, rather than decay.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a major strength of the MSM is that it is supported by research studies that show that STM and LTM are indeed qualitatively different.
For example, Baddeley found that we tend to mix up words that sound similar when we are using our STMs, but we mix up words that have similar meanings when we use our LTMs.
This clearly illustrates that coding in STM is acoustic and that coding in LTM is semantic, showing that STM and LTM are different, which supports the MSM’s view that STM and LTM are separate and independent.
Further support comes from the case of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy, in which his hippocampus was removed.
This led to the incapability to transfer information from STM to LTM, so he was not able to create long-term memories.
This supports the concept that there are multiple stores and suggests that the MSM is a well-founded explanation of memory.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, HM was a unique case study of a brain-damaged individual, so its findings cannot be generalised to the wider population.
Case studies can also not be replicated as this would be unethical, so it is difficult to test the reliability of the results.
The evidence from brain-damaged patients itself may not be reliable, because it concerns unique cases with patients who have had traumatic experiences.
This therefore invalidates the research and challenges the validity of the MSM.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a critique of the MSM is that there is more than type of STM.
The MSM states that STM is a unitary store, meaning that there is only one type of short-term memory, but evidence from people suffering from a clinical condition called amnesia shows that this cannot be true.
For example, Shallice and Warrington (1970) studied a patient with amnesia known as KF and found that KF’s short-term memory for digits was very poor when they read them out loud to him, but his recall was much better when he was able to read the digits to himself.

Answer 19

Further studies of KF and other people with amnesia showed that there could even be another short-term store for non-verbal sounds (such as noises)

Question 20

Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (16 marks).
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM consists of 3 stores.
The sensory memory store takes in information from the environment through the five senses (sight, hearing etc) and has a very brief capacity and duration.
A lot of decay occurs from this store.
If information is paid attention to, it is passed to short-term memory store (STM).
The STM has a limited duration of approximately 30 seconds without maintenance rehearsal and a limited capacity of 7 items + or - 2.
In STM, information is encoded acoustically (by subvocal repetition).
Elaborate rehearsal leads to encoding information semantically (for meaning/understanding), which can be stored in long-term memory (LTM).
This store has unlimited capacity and duration (a lifetime).
There is quite a lot of decay from STM, but not from LTM.
Information sometimes suffers from interference in the LTM, rather than decay.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a major strength of the MSM is that it is supported by research studies that show that STM and LTM are indeed qualitatively different.
For example, Baddeley found that we tend to mix up words that sound similar when we are using our STMs, but we mix up words that have similar meanings when we use our LTMs.
This clearly illustrates that coding in STM is acoustic and that coding in LTM is semantic, showing that STM and LTM are different, which supports the MSM’s view that STM and LTM are separate and independent.
Further support comes from the case of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy, in which his hippocampus was removed.
This led to the incapability to transfer information from STM to LTM, so he was not able to create long-term memories.
This supports the concept that there are multiple stores and suggests that the MSM is a well-founded explanation of memory.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, HM was a unique case study of a brain-damaged individual, so its findings cannot be generalised to the wider population.
Case studies can also not be replicated as this would be unethical, so it is difficult to test the reliability of the results.
The evidence from brain-damaged patients itself may not be reliable, because it concerns unique cases with patients who have had traumatic experiences.
This therefore invalidates the research and challenges the validity of the MSM.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a critique of the MSM is that there is more than type of STM.
The MSM states that STM is a unitary store, meaning that there is only one type of short-term memory, but evidence from people suffering from a clinical condition called amnesia shows that this cannot be true.
For example, Shallice and Warrington (1970) studied a patient with amnesia known as KF and found that KF’s short-term memory for digits was very poor when they read them out loud to him, but his recall was much better when he was able to read the digits to himself.
Further studies of KF and other people with amnesia showed that there could even be another short-term store for non-verbal sounds (such as noises).
Why is the unitary STM a limitation of the MSM?

Answer 20

The unitary STM is a limitation of the MSM, because research shows that at the very least, there must be one short-term store to process visual information and another one to process auditory information

Question 21

Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (16 marks).
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM consists of 3 stores.
The sensory memory store takes in information from the environment through the five senses (sight, hearing etc) and has a very brief capacity and duration.
A lot of decay occurs from this store.
If information is paid attention to, it is passed to short-term memory store (STM).
The STM has a limited duration of approximately 30 seconds without maintenance rehearsal and a limited capacity of 7 items + or - 2.
In STM, information is encoded acoustically (by subvocal repetition).
Elaborate rehearsal leads to encoding information semantically (for meaning/understanding), which can be stored in long-term memory (LTM).
This store has unlimited capacity and duration (a lifetime).
There is quite a lot of decay from STM, but not from LTM.
Information sometimes suffers from interference in the LTM, rather than decay.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a major strength of the MSM is that it is supported by research studies that show that STM and LTM are indeed qualitatively different.
For example, Baddeley found that we tend to mix up words that sound similar when we are using our STMs, but we mix up words that have similar meanings when we use our LTMs.
This clearly illustrates that coding in STM is acoustic and that coding in LTM is semantic, showing that STM and LTM are different, which supports the MSM’s view that STM and LTM are separate and independent.
Further support comes from the case of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy, in which his hippocampus was removed.
This led to the incapability to transfer information from STM to LTM, so he was not able to create long-term memories.
This supports the concept that there are multiple stores and suggests that the MSM is a well-founded explanation of memory.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, HM was a unique case study of a brain-damaged individual, so its findings cannot be generalised to the wider population.
Case studies can also not be replicated as this would be unethical, so it is difficult to test the reliability of the results.
The evidence from brain-damaged patients itself may not be reliable, because it concerns unique cases with patients who have had traumatic experiences.
This therefore invalidates the research and challenges the validity of the MSM.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a critique of the MSM is that there is more than type of STM.
The MSM states that STM is a unitary store, meaning that there is only one type of short-term memory, but evidence from people suffering from a clinical condition called amnesia shows that this cannot be true.
For example, Shallice and Warrington (1970) studied a patient with amnesia known as KF and found that KF’s short-term memory for digits was very poor when they read them out loud to him, but his recall was much better when he was able to read the digits to himself.
Further studies of KF and other people with amnesia showed that there could even be another short-term store for non-verbal sounds (such as noises).
The unitary STM is a limitation of the MSM, because research shows that at the very least, there must be one short-term store to process visual information and another one to process auditory information.
The working memory model

Answer 21

The working memory model includes these separate stores, suggesting that it is a much more accurate explanation of memory than the MSM

Question 22

Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (16 marks).
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM consists of 3 stores.
The sensory memory store takes in information from the environment through the five senses (sight, hearing etc) and has a very brief capacity and duration.
A lot of decay occurs from this store.
If information is paid attention to, it is passed to short-term memory store (STM).
The STM has a limited duration of approximately 30 seconds without maintenance rehearsal and a limited capacity of 7 items + or - 2.
In STM, information is encoded acoustically (by subvocal repetition).
Elaborate rehearsal leads to encoding information semantically (for meaning/understanding), which can be stored in long-term memory (LTM).
This store has unlimited capacity and duration (a lifetime).
There is quite a lot of decay from STM, but not from LTM.
Information sometimes suffers from interference in the LTM, rather than decay.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a major strength of the MSM is that it is supported by research studies that show that STM and LTM are indeed qualitatively different.
For example, Baddeley found that we tend to mix up words that sound similar when we are using our STMs, but we mix up words that have similar meanings when we use our LTMs.
This clearly illustrates that coding in STM is acoustic and that coding in LTM is semantic, showing that STM and LTM are different, which supports the MSM’s view that STM and LTM are separate and independent.
Further support comes from the case of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy, in which his hippocampus was removed.
This led to the incapability to transfer information from STM to LTM, so he was not able to create long-term memories.
This supports the concept that there are multiple stores and suggests that the MSM is a well-founded explanation of memory.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, HM was a unique case study of a brain-damaged individual, so its findings cannot be generalised to the wider population.
Case studies can also not be replicated as this would be unethical, so it is difficult to test the reliability of the results.
The evidence from brain-damaged patients itself may not be reliable, because it concerns unique cases with patients who have had traumatic experiences.
This therefore invalidates the research and challenges the validity of the MSM.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a critique of the MSM is that there is more than type of STM.
The MSM states that STM is a unitary store, meaning that there is only one type of short-term memory, but evidence from people suffering from a clinical condition called amnesia shows that this cannot be true.
For example, Shallice and Warrington (1970) studied a patient with amnesia known as KF and found that KF’s short-term memory for digits was very poor when they read them out loud to him, but his recall was much better when he was able to read the digits to himself.
Further studies of KF and other people with amnesia showed that there could even be another short-term store for non-verbal sounds (such as noises).
The unitary STM is a limitation of the MSM, because research shows that at the very least, there must be one short-term store to process visual information and another one to process auditory information.
The working memory model includes these separate stores, suggesting that it is a much more accurate explanation of memory than the MSM.

Fourth AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 22

The fourth AO3 PEEL paragraph is that another limitation of the MSM is that there is more than one type of rehearsal

Question 23

Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (16 marks).
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM consists of 3 stores.
The sensory memory store takes in information from the environment through the five senses (sight, hearing etc) and has a very brief capacity and duration.
A lot of decay occurs from this store.
If information is paid attention to, it is passed to short-term memory store (STM).
The STM has a limited duration of approximately 30 seconds without maintenance rehearsal and a limited capacity of 7 items + or - 2.
In STM, information is encoded acoustically (by subvocal repetition).
Elaborate rehearsal leads to encoding information semantically (for meaning/understanding), which can be stored in long-term memory (LTM).
This store has unlimited capacity and duration (a lifetime).
There is quite a lot of decay from STM, but not from LTM.
Information sometimes suffers from interference in the LTM, rather than decay.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a major strength of the MSM is that it is supported by research studies that show that STM and LTM are indeed qualitatively different.
For example, Baddeley found that we tend to mix up words that sound similar when we are using our STMs, but we mix up words that have similar meanings when we use our LTMs.
This clearly illustrates that coding in STM is acoustic and that coding in LTM is semantic, showing that STM and LTM are different, which supports the MSM’s view that STM and LTM are separate and independent.
Further support comes from the case of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy, in which his hippocampus was removed.
This led to the incapability to transfer information from STM to LTM, so he was not able to create long-term memories.
This supports the concept that there are multiple stores and suggests that the MSM is a well-founded explanation of memory.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, HM was a unique case study of a brain-damaged individual, so its findings cannot be generalised to the wider population.
Case studies can also not be replicated as this would be unethical, so it is difficult to test the reliability of the results.
The evidence from brain-damaged patients itself may not be reliable, because it concerns unique cases with patients who have had traumatic experiences.
This therefore invalidates the research and challenges the validity of the MSM.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a critique of the MSM is that there is more than type of STM.
The MSM states that STM is a unitary store, meaning that there is only one type of short-term memory, but evidence from people suffering from a clinical condition called amnesia shows that this cannot be true.
For example, Shallice and Warrington (1970) studied a patient with amnesia known as KF and found that KF’s short-term memory for digits was very poor when they read them out loud to him, but his recall was much better when he was able to read the digits to himself.
Further studies of KF and other people with amnesia showed that there could even be another short-term store for non-verbal sounds (such as noises).
The unitary STM is a limitation of the MSM, because research shows that at the very least, there must be one short-term store to process visual information and another one to process auditory information.
The working memory model includes these separate stores, suggesting that it is a much more accurate explanation of memory than the MSM.

The fourth AO3 PEEL paragraph is that another limitation of the MSM is that there is more than one type of rehearsal.

Answer 23

According to the MSM, what matters in rehearsal is the amount of it that you do - so the more you rehearse some information (a list of words, for example), the more likely you are to transfer it to LTM and remember it long-term

Question 24

Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (16 marks).
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM consists of 3 stores.
The sensory memory store takes in information from the environment through the five senses (sight, hearing etc) and has a very brief capacity and duration.
A lot of decay occurs from this store.
If information is paid attention to, it is passed to short-term memory store (STM).
The STM has a limited duration of approximately 30 seconds without maintenance rehearsal and a limited capacity of 7 items + or - 2.
In STM, information is encoded acoustically (by subvocal repetition).
Elaborate rehearsal leads to encoding information semantically (for meaning/understanding), which can be stored in long-term memory (LTM).
This store has unlimited capacity and duration (a lifetime).
There is quite a lot of decay from STM, but not from LTM.
Information sometimes suffers from interference in the LTM, rather than decay.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a major strength of the MSM is that it is supported by research studies that show that STM and LTM are indeed qualitatively different.
For example, Baddeley found that we tend to mix up words that sound similar when we are using our STMs, but we mix up words that have similar meanings when we use our LTMs.
This clearly illustrates that coding in STM is acoustic and that coding in LTM is semantic, showing that STM and LTM are different, which supports the MSM’s view that STM and LTM are separate and independent.
Further support comes from the case of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy, in which his hippocampus was removed.
This led to the incapability to transfer information from STM to LTM, so he was not able to create long-term memories.
This supports the concept that there are multiple stores and suggests that the MSM is a well-founded explanation of memory.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, HM was a unique case study of a brain-damaged individual, so its findings cannot be generalised to the wider population.
Case studies can also not be replicated as this would be unethical, so it is difficult to test the reliability of the results.
The evidence from brain-damaged patients itself may not be reliable, because it concerns unique cases with patients who have had traumatic experiences.
This therefore invalidates the research and challenges the validity of the MSM.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a critique of the MSM is that there is more than type of STM.
The MSM states that STM is a unitary store, meaning that there is only one type of short-term memory, but evidence from people suffering from a clinical condition called amnesia shows that this cannot be true.
For example, Shallice and Warrington (1970) studied a patient with amnesia known as KF and found that KF’s short-term memory for digits was very poor when they read them out loud to him, but his recall was much better when he was able to read the digits to himself.
Further studies of KF and other people with amnesia showed that there could even be another short-term store for non-verbal sounds (such as noises).
The unitary STM is a limitation of the MSM, because research shows that at the very least, there must be one short-term store to process visual information and another one to process auditory information.
The working memory model includes these separate stores, suggesting that it is a much more accurate explanation of memory than the MSM.

The fourth AO3 PEEL paragraph is that another limitation of the MSM is that there is more than one type of rehearsal.
According to the MSM, what matters in rehearsal is the amount of it that you do - so the more you rehearse some information (a list of words, for example), the more likely you are to transfer it to LTM and remember it long-term.
However,

Answer 24

However, Craik and Watkins (1973) found that this prediction is incorrect, because what really matters about rehearsal is the type

Question 25

Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (16 marks).
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM consists of 3 stores.
The sensory memory store takes in information from the environment through the five senses (sight, hearing etc) and has a very brief capacity and duration.
A lot of decay occurs from this store.
If information is paid attention to, it is passed to short-term memory store (STM).
The STM has a limited duration of approximately 30 seconds without maintenance rehearsal and a limited capacity of 7 items + or - 2.
In STM, information is encoded acoustically (by subvocal repetition).
Elaborate rehearsal leads to encoding information semantically (for meaning/understanding), which can be stored in long-term memory (LTM).
This store has unlimited capacity and duration (a lifetime).
There is quite a lot of decay from STM, but not from LTM.
Information sometimes suffers from interference in the LTM, rather than decay.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a major strength of the MSM is that it is supported by research studies that show that STM and LTM are indeed qualitatively different.
For example, Baddeley found that we tend to mix up words that sound similar when we are using our STMs, but we mix up words that have similar meanings when we use our LTMs.
This clearly illustrates that coding in STM is acoustic and that coding in LTM is semantic, showing that STM and LTM are different, which supports the MSM’s view that STM and LTM are separate and independent.
Further support comes from the case of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy, in which his hippocampus was removed.
This led to the incapability to transfer information from STM to LTM, so he was not able to create long-term memories.
This supports the concept that there are multiple stores and suggests that the MSM is a well-founded explanation of memory.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, HM was a unique case study of a brain-damaged individual, so its findings cannot be generalised to the wider population.
Case studies can also not be replicated as this would be unethical, so it is difficult to test the reliability of the results.
The evidence from brain-damaged patients itself may not be reliable, because it concerns unique cases with patients who have had traumatic experiences.
This therefore invalidates the research and challenges the validity of the MSM.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a critique of the MSM is that there is more than type of STM.
The MSM states that STM is a unitary store, meaning that there is only one type of short-term memory, but evidence from people suffering from a clinical condition called amnesia shows that this cannot be true.
For example, Shallice and Warrington (1970) studied a patient with amnesia known as KF and found that KF’s short-term memory for digits was very poor when they read them out loud to him, but his recall was much better when he was able to read the digits to himself.
Further studies of KF and other people with amnesia showed that there could even be another short-term store for non-verbal sounds (such as noises).
The unitary STM is a limitation of the MSM, because research shows that at the very least, there must be one short-term store to process visual information and another one to process auditory information.
The working memory model includes these separate stores, suggesting that it is a much more accurate explanation of memory than the MSM.

The fourth AO3 PEEL paragraph is that another limitation of the MSM is that there is more than one type of rehearsal.
According to the MSM, what matters in rehearsal is the amount of it that you do - so the more you rehearse some information (a list of words, for example), the more likely you are to transfer it to LTM and remember it long-term.
However, Craik and Watkins (1973) found that this prediction is incorrect, because what really matters about rehearsal is the type.
What did they discover?

Answer 25

They discovered that there are 2 types of rehearsal - Maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal

Question 26

Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (16 marks).
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM consists of 3 stores.
The sensory memory store takes in information from the environment through the five senses (sight, hearing etc) and has a very brief capacity and duration.
A lot of decay occurs from this store.
If information is paid attention to, it is passed to short-term memory store (STM).
The STM has a limited duration of approximately 30 seconds without maintenance rehearsal and a limited capacity of 7 items + or - 2.
In STM, information is encoded acoustically (by subvocal repetition).
Elaborate rehearsal leads to encoding information semantically (for meaning/understanding), which can be stored in long-term memory (LTM).
This store has unlimited capacity and duration (a lifetime).
There is quite a lot of decay from STM, but not from LTM.
Information sometimes suffers from interference in the LTM, rather than decay.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a major strength of the MSM is that it is supported by research studies that show that STM and LTM are indeed qualitatively different.
For example, Baddeley found that we tend to mix up words that sound similar when we are using our STMs, but we mix up words that have similar meanings when we use our LTMs.
This clearly illustrates that coding in STM is acoustic and that coding in LTM is semantic, showing that STM and LTM are different, which supports the MSM’s view that STM and LTM are separate and independent.
Further support comes from the case of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy, in which his hippocampus was removed.
This led to the incapability to transfer information from STM to LTM, so he was not able to create long-term memories.
This supports the concept that there are multiple stores and suggests that the MSM is a well-founded explanation of memory.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, HM was a unique case study of a brain-damaged individual, so its findings cannot be generalised to the wider population.
Case studies can also not be replicated as this would be unethical, so it is difficult to test the reliability of the results.
The evidence from brain-damaged patients itself may not be reliable, because it concerns unique cases with patients who have had traumatic experiences.
This therefore invalidates the research and challenges the validity of the MSM.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a critique of the MSM is that there is more than type of STM.
The MSM states that STM is a unitary store, meaning that there is only one type of short-term memory, but evidence from people suffering from a clinical condition called amnesia shows that this cannot be true.
For example, Shallice and Warrington (1970) studied a patient with amnesia known as KF and found that KF’s short-term memory for digits was very poor when they read them out loud to him, but his recall was much better when he was able to read the digits to himself.
Further studies of KF and other people with amnesia showed that there could even be another short-term store for non-verbal sounds (such as noises).
The unitary STM is a limitation of the MSM, because research shows that at the very least, there must be one short-term store to process visual information and another one to process auditory information.
The working memory model includes these separate stores, suggesting that it is a much more accurate explanation of memory than the MSM.

The fourth AO3 PEEL paragraph is that another limitation of the MSM is that there is more than one type of rehearsal.
According to the MSM, what matters in rehearsal is the amount of it that you do - so the more you rehearse some information (a list of words, for example), the more likely you are to transfer it to LTM and remember it long-term.
However, Craik and Watkins (1973) found that this prediction is incorrect, because what really matters about rehearsal is the type.
They discovered that there are 2 types of rehearsal - Maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal.
What is maintenance rehearsal?

Answer 26

Maintenance rehearsal is described in the MSM and it does not transfer information into LTM - it just maintains it in STM, hence the name

Question 27

Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (16 marks).
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM consists of 3 stores.
The sensory memory store takes in information from the environment through the five senses (sight, hearing etc) and has a very brief capacity and duration.
A lot of decay occurs from this store.
If information is paid attention to, it is passed to short-term memory store (STM).
The STM has a limited duration of approximately 30 seconds without maintenance rehearsal and a limited capacity of 7 items + or - 2.
In STM, information is encoded acoustically (by subvocal repetition).
Elaborate rehearsal leads to encoding information semantically (for meaning/understanding), which can be stored in long-term memory (LTM).
This store has unlimited capacity and duration (a lifetime).
There is quite a lot of decay from STM, but not from LTM.
Information sometimes suffers from interference in the LTM, rather than decay.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a major strength of the MSM is that it is supported by research studies that show that STM and LTM are indeed qualitatively different.
For example, Baddeley found that we tend to mix up words that sound similar when we are using our STMs, but we mix up words that have similar meanings when we use our LTMs.
This clearly illustrates that coding in STM is acoustic and that coding in LTM is semantic, showing that STM and LTM are different, which supports the MSM’s view that STM and LTM are separate and independent.
Further support comes from the case of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy, in which his hippocampus was removed.
This led to the incapability to transfer information from STM to LTM, so he was not able to create long-term memories.
This supports the concept that there are multiple stores and suggests that the MSM is a well-founded explanation of memory.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, HM was a unique case study of a brain-damaged individual, so its findings cannot be generalised to the wider population.
Case studies can also not be replicated as this would be unethical, so it is difficult to test the reliability of the results.
The evidence from brain-damaged patients itself may not be reliable, because it concerns unique cases with patients who have had traumatic experiences.
This therefore invalidates the research and challenges the validity of the MSM.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a critique of the MSM is that there is more than type of STM.
The MSM states that STM is a unitary store, meaning that there is only one type of short-term memory, but evidence from people suffering from a clinical condition called amnesia shows that this cannot be true.
For example, Shallice and Warrington (1970) studied a patient with amnesia known as KF and found that KF’s short-term memory for digits was very poor when they read them out loud to him, but his recall was much better when he was able to read the digits to himself.
Further studies of KF and other people with amnesia showed that there could even be another short-term store for non-verbal sounds (such as noises).
The unitary STM is a limitation of the MSM, because research shows that at the very least, there must be one short-term store to process visual information and another one to process auditory information.
The working memory model includes these separate stores, suggesting that it is a much more accurate explanation of memory than the MSM.

The fourth AO3 PEEL paragraph is that another limitation of the MSM is that there is more than one type of rehearsal.
According to the MSM, what matters in rehearsal is the amount of it that you do - so the more you rehearse some information (a list of words, for example), the more likely you are to transfer it to LTM and remember it long-term.
However, Craik and Watkins (1973) found that this prediction is incorrect, because what really matters about rehearsal is the type.
They discovered that there are 2 types of rehearsal - Maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal.
Maintenance rehearsal is described in the MSM and it does not transfer information into LTM - it just maintains it in STM, hence the name.
Elaborative rehearsal

Answer 27

Elaborative rehearsal however, is needed for long-term storage and this occurs when you link the information to your existing knowledge, or you think about what it means

Question 28

Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (16 marks).
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s MSM consists of 3 stores.
The sensory memory store takes in information from the environment through the five senses (sight, hearing etc) and has a very brief capacity and duration.
A lot of decay occurs from this store.
If information is paid attention to, it is passed to short-term memory store (STM).
The STM has a limited duration of approximately 30 seconds without maintenance rehearsal and a limited capacity of 7 items + or - 2.
In STM, information is encoded acoustically (by subvocal repetition).
Elaborate rehearsal leads to encoding information semantically (for meaning/understanding), which can be stored in long-term memory (LTM).
This store has unlimited capacity and duration (a lifetime).
There is quite a lot of decay from STM, but not from LTM.
Information sometimes suffers from interference in the LTM, rather than decay.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a major strength of the MSM is that it is supported by research studies that show that STM and LTM are indeed qualitatively different.
For example, Baddeley found that we tend to mix up words that sound similar when we are using our STMs, but we mix up words that have similar meanings when we use our LTMs.
This clearly illustrates that coding in STM is acoustic and that coding in LTM is semantic, showing that STM and LTM are different, which supports the MSM’s view that STM and LTM are separate and independent.
Further support comes from the case of HM.
HM underwent brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy, in which his hippocampus was removed.
This led to the incapability to transfer information from STM to LTM, so he was not able to create long-term memories.
This supports the concept that there are multiple stores and suggests that the MSM is a well-founded explanation of memory.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, HM was a unique case study of a brain-damaged individual, so its findings cannot be generalised to the wider population.
Case studies can also not be replicated as this would be unethical, so it is difficult to test the reliability of the results.
The evidence from brain-damaged patients itself may not be reliable, because it concerns unique cases with patients who have had traumatic experiences.
This therefore invalidates the research and challenges the validity of the MSM.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a critique of the MSM is that there is more than type of STM.
The MSM states that STM is a unitary store, meaning that there is only one type of short-term memory, but evidence from people suffering from a clinical condition called amnesia shows that this cannot be true.
For example, Shallice and Warrington (1970) studied a patient with amnesia known as KF and found that KF’s short-term memory for digits was very poor when they read them out loud to him, but his recall was much better when he was able to read the digits to himself.
Further studies of KF and other people with amnesia showed that there could even be another short-term store for non-verbal sounds (such as noises).
The unitary STM is a limitation of the MSM, because research shows that at the very least, there must be one short-term store to process visual information and another one to process auditory information.
The working memory model includes these separate stores, suggesting that it is a much more accurate explanation of memory than the MSM.

The fourth AO3 PEEL paragraph is that another limitation of the MSM is that there is more than one type of rehearsal.
According to the MSM, what matters in rehearsal is the amount of it that you do - so the more you rehearse some information (a list of words, for example), the more likely you are to transfer it to LTM and remember it long-term.
However, Craik and Watkins (1973) found that this prediction is incorrect, because what really matters about rehearsal is the type.
They discovered that there are 2 types of rehearsal - Maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal.
Maintenance rehearsal is described in the MSM and it does not transfer information into LTM - it just maintains it in STM, hence the name.
Elaborative rehearsal however, is needed for long-term storage and this occurs when you link the information to your existing knowledge, or you think about what it means.
Why is this a serious limitation of the MSM?

Answer 28

This is a serious limitation of the MSM, because it is yet another research finding that cannot be explained by the model