2.3: Types of LTM Flashcards
Discuss types of long-term memory (16 marks)
Endel Tulving (1985) was one of the first cognitive psychologists to realise that the multi-store model’s view of LTM was too simplistic and inflexible and proposed that there are in fact 3 LTM stores - Episodic memory, semantic memory and procedural memory
Discuss types of long-term memory (16 marks). Endel Tulving (1985) was one of the first cognitive psychologists to realise that the multi-store model's view of LTM was too simplistic and inflexible and proposed that there are in fact 3 LTM stores - Episodic memory, semantic memory and procedural memory. Episodic LTM
Episodic LTM is memories of events occurring in an individual’s life (personal events), like your friend’s wedding.
Episodic memories are explicit (declarative), which means that they’re recalled only if consciously thought about
Discuss types of long-term memory (16 marks).
Endel Tulving (1985) was one of the first cognitive psychologists to realise that the multi-store model’s view of LTM was too simplistic and inflexible and proposed that there are in fact 3 LTM stores - Episodic memory, semantic memory and procedural memory.
Episodic LTM is memories of events occurring in an individual’s life (personal events), like your friend’s wedding.
Episodic memories are explicit (declarative), which means that they’re recalled only if consciously thought about.
Semantic LTM
Semantic LTM is a type of LTM for meanings, understandings and other concept-based knowledge, like where the Eiffel tower is.
Semantic LTM is another type of explicit memory
Discuss types of long-term memory (16 marks).
Endel Tulving (1985) was one of the first cognitive psychologists to realise that the multi-store model’s view of LTM was too simplistic and inflexible and proposed that there are in fact 3 LTM stores - Episodic memory, semantic memory and procedural memory.
Episodic LTM is memories of events occurring in an individual’s life (personal events), like your friend’s wedding.
Episodic memories are explicit (declarative), which means that they’re recalled only if consciously thought about.
Semantic LTM is a type of LTM for meanings, understandings and other concept-based knowledge, like where the Eiffel tower is.
Semantic LTM is another type of explicit memory.
Procedural LTM
Procedural LTM is memories of the performance of particular types of actions and our knowledge of how to do things, including our memories of learned skills, like riding a bike, without having to concentrate on how to do them.
Procedural memories are implicit (non-declarative), which means that they don’t require conscious thought to be recalled
Discuss types of long-term memory (16 marks). Endel Tulving (1985) was one of the first cognitive psychologists to realise that the multi-store model's view of LTM was too simplistic and inflexible and proposed that there are in fact 3 LTM stores - Episodic memory, semantic memory and procedural memory. Episodic LTM is memories of events occurring in an individual's life (personal events), like your friend's wedding. Episodic memories are explicit (declarative), which means that they're recalled only if consciously thought about. Semantic LTM is a type of LTM for meanings, understandings and other concept-based knowledge, like where the Eiffel tower is. Semantic LTM is another type of explicit memory. Procedural LTM is memories of the performance of particular types of actions and our knowledge of how to do things, including our memories of learned skills, like riding a bike, without having to concentrate on how to do them. Procedural memories are implicit (non-declarative), which means that they don't require conscious thought to be recalled.
First AO3 PEEL paragraph
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is clinical evidence to support the existence of different types of long-term memory
Discuss types of long-term memory (16 marks). Endel Tulving (1985) was one of the first cognitive psychologists to realise that the multi-store model's view of LTM was too simplistic and inflexible and proposed that there are in fact 3 LTM stores - Episodic memory, semantic memory and procedural memory. Episodic LTM is memories of events occurring in an individual's life (personal events), like your friend's wedding. Episodic memories are explicit (declarative), which means that they're recalled only if consciously thought about. Semantic LTM is a type of LTM for meanings, understandings and other concept-based knowledge, like where the Eiffel tower is. Semantic LTM is another type of explicit memory. Procedural LTM is memories of the performance of particular types of actions and our knowledge of how to do things, including our memories of learned skills, like riding a bike, without having to concentrate on how to do them. Procedural memories are implicit (non-declarative), which means that they don't require conscious thought to be recalled.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is clinical evidence to support the existence of different types of long-term memory.
Example
For example, the case studies of HM and Clive Wearing. Episodic memory in both men was severely impaired as a consequence of amnesia.
They had great difficulty recalling events that had happened to them in their pasts, but their semantic memories were relatively unaffected.
For example, they still understood the meaning of words. Their procedural memories were also intact and in Clive Wearing’s case (he was a professional musician), he knew how to read music, sing and play the piano
Discuss types of long-term memory (16 marks). Endel Tulving (1985) was one of the first cognitive psychologists to realise that the multi-store model's view of LTM was too simplistic and inflexible and proposed that there are in fact 3 LTM stores - Episodic memory, semantic memory and procedural memory. Episodic LTM is memories of events occurring in an individual's life (personal events), like your friend's wedding. Episodic memories are explicit (declarative), which means that they're recalled only if consciously thought about. Semantic LTM is a type of LTM for meanings, understandings and other concept-based knowledge, like where the Eiffel tower is. Semantic LTM is another type of explicit memory. Procedural LTM is memories of the performance of particular types of actions and our knowledge of how to do things, including our memories of learned skills, like riding a bike, without having to concentrate on how to do them. Procedural memories are implicit (non-declarative), which means that they don't require conscious thought to be recalled.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is clinical evidence to support the existence of different types of long-term memory.
For example, the case studies of HM and Clive Wearing. Episodic memory in both men was severely impaired as a consequence of amnesia.
They had great difficulty recalling events that had happened to them in their pasts, but their semantic memories were relatively unaffected.
For example, they still understood the meaning of words. Their procedural memories were also intact and in Clive Wearing’s case (he was a professional musician), he knew how to read music, sing and play the piano.
This evidence
This evidence supports Tulving’s view that there are different memory stores in LTM.
One store can be damaged, but other stores are unaffected
Discuss types of long-term memory (16 marks). Endel Tulving (1985) was one of the first cognitive psychologists to realise that the multi-store model's view of LTM was too simplistic and inflexible and proposed that there are in fact 3 LTM stores - Episodic memory, semantic memory and procedural memory. Episodic LTM is memories of events occurring in an individual's life (personal events), like your friend's wedding. Episodic memories are explicit (declarative), which means that they're recalled only if consciously thought about. Semantic LTM is a type of LTM for meanings, understandings and other concept-based knowledge, like where the Eiffel tower is. Semantic LTM is another type of explicit memory. Procedural LTM is memories of the performance of particular types of actions and our knowledge of how to do things, including our memories of learned skills, like riding a bike, without having to concentrate on how to do them. Procedural memories are implicit (non-declarative), which means that they don't require conscious thought to be recalled.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is clinical evidence to support the existence of different types of long-term memory.
For example, the case studies of HM and Clive Wearing. Episodic memory in both men was severely impaired as a consequence of amnesia.
They had great difficulty recalling events that had happened to them in their pasts, but their semantic memories were relatively unaffected.
For example, they still understood the meaning of words. Their procedural memories were also intact and in Clive Wearing’s case (he was a professional musician), he knew how to read music, sing and play the piano.
This evidence supports Tulving’s view that there are different memory stores in LTM.
One store can be damaged, but other stores are unaffected.
What is this clear evidence of?
This is clear evidence that not only are these types of memory different, but they are stored in different parts of the brain
Discuss types of long-term memory (16 marks). Endel Tulving (1985) was one of the first cognitive psychologists to realise that the multi-store model's view of LTM was too simplistic and inflexible and proposed that there are in fact 3 LTM stores - Episodic memory, semantic memory and procedural memory. Episodic LTM is memories of events occurring in an individual's life (personal events), like your friend's wedding. Episodic memories are explicit (declarative), which means that they're recalled only if consciously thought about. Semantic LTM is a type of LTM for meanings, understandings and other concept-based knowledge, like where the Eiffel tower is. Semantic LTM is another type of explicit memory. Procedural LTM is memories of the performance of particular types of actions and our knowledge of how to do things, including our memories of learned skills, like riding a bike, without having to concentrate on how to do them. Procedural memories are implicit (non-declarative), which means that they don't require conscious thought to be recalled.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is clinical evidence to support the existence of different types of long-term memory.
For example, the case studies of HM and Clive Wearing. Episodic memory in both men was severely impaired as a consequence of amnesia.
They had great difficulty recalling events that had happened to them in their pasts, but their semantic memories were relatively unaffected.
For example, they still understood the meaning of words. Their procedural memories were also intact and in Clive Wearing’s case (he was a professional musician), he knew how to read music, sing and play the piano.
This evidence supports Tulving’s view that there are different memory stores in LTM.
One store can be damaged, but other stores are unaffected.
This is clear evidence that not only are these types of memory different, but they are stored in different parts of the brain.
Second AO3 PEEL paragraph
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is also evidence from brain scan studies (neuroimaging evidence) that different types of memory are stored in different parts of the brain
Discuss types of long-term memory (16 marks). Endel Tulving (1985) was one of the first cognitive psychologists to realise that the multi-store model's view of LTM was too simplistic and inflexible and proposed that there are in fact 3 LTM stores - Episodic memory, semantic memory and procedural memory. Episodic LTM is memories of events occurring in an individual's life (personal events), like your friend's wedding. Episodic memories are explicit (declarative), which means that they're recalled only if consciously thought about. Semantic LTM is a type of LTM for meanings, understandings and other concept-based knowledge, like where the Eiffel tower is. Semantic LTM is another type of explicit memory. Procedural LTM is memories of the performance of particular types of actions and our knowledge of how to do things, including our memories of learned skills, like riding a bike, without having to concentrate on how to do them. Procedural memories are implicit (non-declarative), which means that they don't require conscious thought to be recalled.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is clinical evidence to support the existence of different types of long-term memory.
For example, the case studies of HM and Clive Wearing. Episodic memory in both men was severely impaired as a consequence of amnesia.
They had great difficulty recalling events that had happened to them in their pasts, but their semantic memories were relatively unaffected.
For example, they still understood the meaning of words. Their procedural memories were also intact and in Clive Wearing’s case (he was a professional musician), he knew how to read music, sing and play the piano.
This evidence supports Tulving’s view that there are different memory stores in LTM.
One store can be damaged, but other stores are unaffected.
This is clear evidence that not only are these types of memory different, but they are stored in different parts of the brain.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is also evidence from brain scan studies (neuroimaging evidence) that different types of memory are stored in different parts of the brain.
Example
For example, Tulving et al. (1994) had their participants to perform various memory tasks while their brains were scanned using a PET scanner.
They found that episodic and semantic memories were both recalled from an area of the brain known as the prefrontal cortex, which is divided in two, with one on each side (hemisphere) of the brain
Discuss types of long-term memory (16 marks). Endel Tulving (1985) was one of the first cognitive psychologists to realise that the multi-store model's view of LTM was too simplistic and inflexible and proposed that there are in fact 3 LTM stores - Episodic memory, semantic memory and procedural memory. Episodic LTM is memories of events occurring in an individual's life (personal events), like your friend's wedding. Episodic memories are explicit (declarative), which means that they're recalled only if consciously thought about. Semantic LTM is a type of LTM for meanings, understandings and other concept-based knowledge, like where the Eiffel tower is. Semantic LTM is another type of explicit memory. Procedural LTM is memories of the performance of particular types of actions and our knowledge of how to do things, including our memories of learned skills, like riding a bike, without having to concentrate on how to do them. Procedural memories are implicit (non-declarative), which means that they don't require conscious thought to be recalled.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is clinical evidence to support the existence of different types of long-term memory.
For example, the case studies of HM and Clive Wearing. Episodic memory in both men was severely impaired as a consequence of amnesia.
They had great difficulty recalling events that had happened to them in their pasts, but their semantic memories were relatively unaffected.
For example, they still understood the meaning of words. Their procedural memories were also intact and in Clive Wearing’s case (he was a professional musician), he knew how to read music, sing and play the piano.
This evidence supports Tulving’s view that there are different memory stores in LTM.
One store can be damaged, but other stores are unaffected.
This is clear evidence that not only are these types of memory different, but they are stored in different parts of the brain.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is also evidence from brain scan studies (neuroimaging evidence) that different types of memory are stored in different parts of the brain.
For example, Tulving et al. (1994) had their participants to perform various memory tasks while their brains were scanned using a PET scanner.
They found that episodic and semantic memories were both recalled from an area of the brain known as the prefrontal cortex, which is divided in two, with one on each side (hemisphere) of the brain.
The left prefrontal cortex was involved in recalling semantic memories and episodic memories were recalled from the right prefrontal cortex
Discuss types of long-term memory (16 marks). Endel Tulving (1985) was one of the first cognitive psychologists to realise that the multi-store model's view of LTM was too simplistic and inflexible and proposed that there are in fact 3 LTM stores - Episodic memory, semantic memory and procedural memory. Episodic LTM is memories of events occurring in an individual's life (personal events), like your friend's wedding. Episodic memories are explicit (declarative), which means that they're recalled only if consciously thought about. Semantic LTM is a type of LTM for meanings, understandings and other concept-based knowledge, like where the Eiffel tower is. Semantic LTM is another type of explicit memory. Procedural LTM is memories of the performance of particular types of actions and our knowledge of how to do things, including our memories of learned skills, like riding a bike, without having to concentrate on how to do them. Procedural memories are implicit (non-declarative), which means that they don't require conscious thought to be recalled.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is clinical evidence to support the existence of different types of long-term memory.
For example, the case studies of HM and Clive Wearing. Episodic memory in both men was severely impaired as a consequence of amnesia.
They had great difficulty recalling events that had happened to them in their pasts, but their semantic memories were relatively unaffected.
For example, they still understood the meaning of words. Their procedural memories were also intact and in Clive Wearing’s case (he was a professional musician), he knew how to read music, sing and play the piano.
This evidence supports Tulving’s view that there are different memory stores in LTM.
One store can be damaged, but other stores are unaffected.
This is clear evidence that not only are these types of memory different, but they are stored in different parts of the brain.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is also evidence from brain scan studies (neuroimaging evidence) that different types of memory are stored in different parts of the brain.
For example, Tulving et al. (1994) had their participants to perform various memory tasks while their brains were scanned using a PET scanner.
They found that episodic and semantic memories were both recalled from an area of the brain known as the prefrontal cortex, which is divided in two, with one on each side (hemisphere) of the brain.
The left prefrontal cortex was involved in recalling semantic memories and episodic memories were recalled from the right prefrontal cortex.
The strength of this finding
The strength of this finding is that it supports the view that there is a physical reality to the different types of LTM, within the brain
Discuss types of long-term memory (16 marks). Endel Tulving (1985) was one of the first cognitive psychologists to realise that the multi-store model's view of LTM was too simplistic and inflexible and proposed that there are in fact 3 LTM stores - Episodic memory, semantic memory and procedural memory. Episodic LTM is memories of events occurring in an individual's life (personal events), like your friend's wedding. Episodic memories are explicit (declarative), which means that they're recalled only if consciously thought about. Semantic LTM is a type of LTM for meanings, understandings and other concept-based knowledge, like where the Eiffel tower is. Semantic LTM is another type of explicit memory. Procedural LTM is memories of the performance of particular types of actions and our knowledge of how to do things, including our memories of learned skills, like riding a bike, without having to concentrate on how to do them. Procedural memories are implicit (non-declarative), which means that they don't require conscious thought to be recalled.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is clinical evidence to support the existence of different types of long-term memory.
For example, the case studies of HM and Clive Wearing. Episodic memory in both men was severely impaired as a consequence of amnesia.
They had great difficulty recalling events that had happened to them in their pasts, but their semantic memories were relatively unaffected.
For example, they still understood the meaning of words. Their procedural memories were also intact and in Clive Wearing’s case (he was a professional musician), he knew how to read music, sing and play the piano.
This evidence supports Tulving’s view that there are different memory stores in LTM.
One store can be damaged, but other stores are unaffected.
This is clear evidence that not only are these types of memory different, but they are stored in different parts of the brain.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is also evidence from brain scan studies (neuroimaging evidence) that different types of memory are stored in different parts of the brain.
For example, Tulving et al. (1994) had their participants to perform various memory tasks while their brains were scanned using a PET scanner.
They found that episodic and semantic memories were both recalled from an area of the brain known as the prefrontal cortex, which is divided in two, with one on each side (hemisphere) of the brain.
The left prefrontal cortex was involved in recalling semantic memories and episodic memories were recalled from the right prefrontal cortex.
The strength of this finding is that it supports the view that there is a physical reality to the different types of LTM, within the brain.
It has also been confirmed many times in later research studies, further supporting the validity of this finding
Discuss types of long-term memory (16 marks). Endel Tulving (1985) was one of the first cognitive psychologists to realise that the multi-store model's view of LTM was too simplistic and inflexible and proposed that there are in fact 3 LTM stores - Episodic memory, semantic memory and procedural memory. Episodic LTM is memories of events occurring in an individual's life (personal events), like your friend's wedding. Episodic memories are explicit (declarative), which means that they're recalled only if consciously thought about. Semantic LTM is a type of LTM for meanings, understandings and other concept-based knowledge, like where the Eiffel tower is. Semantic LTM is another type of explicit memory. Procedural LTM is memories of the performance of particular types of actions and our knowledge of how to do things, including our memories of learned skills, like riding a bike, without having to concentrate on how to do them. Procedural memories are implicit (non-declarative), which means that they don't require conscious thought to be recalled.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is clinical evidence to support the existence of different types of long-term memory.
For example, the case studies of HM and Clive Wearing. Episodic memory in both men was severely impaired as a consequence of amnesia.
They had great difficulty recalling events that had happened to them in their pasts, but their semantic memories were relatively unaffected.
For example, they still understood the meaning of words. Their procedural memories were also intact and in Clive Wearing’s case (he was a professional musician), he knew how to read music, sing and play the piano.
This evidence supports Tulving’s view that there are different memory stores in LTM.
One store can be damaged, but other stores are unaffected.
This is clear evidence that not only are these types of memory different, but they are stored in different parts of the brain.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is also evidence from brain scan studies (neuroimaging evidence) that different types of memory are stored in different parts of the brain.
For example, Tulving et al. (1994) had their participants to perform various memory tasks while their brains were scanned using a PET scanner.
They found that episodic and semantic memories were both recalled from an area of the brain known as the prefrontal cortex, which is divided in two, with one on each side (hemisphere) of the brain.
The left prefrontal cortex was involved in recalling semantic memories and episodic memories were recalled from the right prefrontal cortex.
The strength of this finding is that it supports the view that there is a physical reality to the different types of LTM, within the brain.
It has also been confirmed many times in later research studies, further supporting the validity of this finding.
Third AO3 PEEL paragraph
The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that being able to identify different aspects of LTM allows psychologists to target certain kinds of memory in order to better people’s lives
Discuss types of long-term memory (16 marks). Endel Tulving (1985) was one of the first cognitive psychologists to realise that the multi-store model's view of LTM was too simplistic and inflexible and proposed that there are in fact 3 LTM stores - Episodic memory, semantic memory and procedural memory. Episodic LTM is memories of events occurring in an individual's life (personal events), like your friend's wedding. Episodic memories are explicit (declarative), which means that they're recalled only if consciously thought about. Semantic LTM is a type of LTM for meanings, understandings and other concept-based knowledge, like where the Eiffel tower is. Semantic LTM is another type of explicit memory. Procedural LTM is memories of the performance of particular types of actions and our knowledge of how to do things, including our memories of learned skills, like riding a bike, without having to concentrate on how to do them. Procedural memories are implicit (non-declarative), which means that they don't require conscious thought to be recalled.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is clinical evidence to support the existence of different types of long-term memory.
For example, the case studies of HM and Clive Wearing. Episodic memory in both men was severely impaired as a consequence of amnesia.
They had great difficulty recalling events that had happened to them in their pasts, but their semantic memories were relatively unaffected.
For example, they still understood the meaning of words. Their procedural memories were also intact and in Clive Wearing’s case (he was a professional musician), he knew how to read music, sing and play the piano.
This evidence supports Tulving’s view that there are different memory stores in LTM.
One store can be damaged, but other stores are unaffected.
This is clear evidence that not only are these types of memory different, but they are stored in different parts of the brain.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is also evidence from brain scan studies (neuroimaging evidence) that different types of memory are stored in different parts of the brain.
For example, Tulving et al. (1994) had their participants to perform various memory tasks while their brains were scanned using a PET scanner.
They found that episodic and semantic memories were both recalled from an area of the brain known as the prefrontal cortex, which is divided in two, with one on each side (hemisphere) of the brain.
The left prefrontal cortex was involved in recalling semantic memories and episodic memories were recalled from the right prefrontal cortex.
The strength of this finding is that it supports the view that there is a physical reality to the different types of LTM, within the brain.
It has also been confirmed many times in later research studies, further supporting the validity of this finding.
The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that being able to identify different aspects of LTM allows psychologists to target certain kinds of memory in order to better people’s lives.
Example
For example, Belleville et al. (2006) demonstrated that episodic memories could be improved in older people who had a mild cognitive impairment.
The trained participants performed better on a test of episodic memory after training than a control group
