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Psychology 100 > Chapters 3, 4 & 6 > Flashcards

Chapters 3, 4 & 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Studies the steps involved in forming a visual image

A

Cognitive Science Approach

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2
Q

First to cause an action potential

A

Ganglion Cell Response

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3
Q

Temporal lob association are damaged

A

Prosopagnosia

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4
Q

Parts all working at same time, put together to make picture (color, movement, form, distance)

A

Parallel Processing

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5
Q

Top Down Processing

Mind adds something to sensations to determine what we see

A

Gestalt Psychologists

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6
Q

The process of detecting environmental stimuli or stimuli arising from the body

A

Sensation

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7
Q

The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information

A

Perception

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8
Q

The translation of incoming sensory information into neural signals

A

Transduction

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9
Q

Changes electromagnetic energy into electrochemical energy (rods and cones)

A

Transduction

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10
Q

The tendency to pay less attention to a non changing source of stimulation

A

Sensory Adaption

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11
Q

Perception based on building simple input into more complex perceptions

A

Bottom-Up Processing

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12
Q

Color, Movement, Location

A

Dorsal Stream

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13
Q

Objects and People

A

Ventral Stream

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14
Q

A perceptual process in which memory and other cognitive processes are required for interpreting incoming sensory information

A

Top-Down Processing

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15
Q

The study of relationships between the physical qualities of stimuli and the subjective responses they produce

A

Psychophysics

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16
Q

Allows us to establish the limits of awareness (thresholds) for each of our sensory system

A

Psychophysics

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17
Q

The smallest amount of stimulus that can be detected

A

Absolute Threshold

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18
Q

The smallest detectable different between two stimuli

A

Difference Threshold

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19
Q

The analysis of sensory and decision making processes in the detection of faint, uncertain stimuli

A

Signal Detection

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20
Q

The sense that allows us to process reflected light

A

Vision

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21
Q

The clear surface at the front of the eye that begins the processes of directing light to the retina

A

Cornea

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22
Q

An opening formed by the iris

A

Pupil

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23
Q

The brightly color circular muscle surrounding the pupil of the eye

A

Iris

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24
Q

Adjusts the opening of the pupil in response to the amount of light present in the environment and to signals from the ANS

A

Iris

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25
Q

The clear structure behind the pupil that bends light toward the retina
Adjust our focus to see near or distant objects

A

Lens

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26
Q

Layers of visual processing cells in the back of the eye

A

Retina

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27
Q

Contains rods and cones that transduce light

A

Retina

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28
Q

An area of the retina that is specialized for highly detail vision (very fine detail of central vision)

A

Fovea

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29
Q

A photoreceptor specialized to detect dim light

Sensitive to light

A

Rods

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30
Q

Peripheral vision does a better job viewing dim light than central vision because of these

A

Rods

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31
Q

A photoreceptor in the retina that processes color
Function best under bright light
Provides ability to see sharp images and color

A

Cones

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32
Q

The nerve exiting the retina of the eye

A

Optic Nerve

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33
Q

Nerve pathways traveling from the optic chasm to the thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain

A

Optic Tracts

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34
Q

A theory of color vision based on the existence of different types of cones for the detection of short, medium and long wavelengths

A

Trichromacy Theory

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35
Q

Short Wavelengths

A

Blue Cones

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36
Q

Medium Wavelengths

A

Green Cones

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37
Q

Long Wavelengths

A

Red Cones

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38
Q

A theory of color vision that suggests we have a red-green color channel and a blue-yellow color channel in which activation of one color in each pair inhibits the other

A

Opponent Process Theory

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39
Q

A hypothetical cell that resounds to only one specific visual stimulus

A

Feature Detector

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40
Q

The ability to use the two-dimensional image projected on the retina to perceive three dimensions

A

Depth Perception

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41
Q

A depth cue that requires the use of only one eye

A

Monocular Cue

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42
Q

A depth cue that requires the use of both eyes

Retinal disparity, fused to provide stereopsis

A

Binocular Cue

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43
Q

The difference between the images projected onto each eye (each eye receives a slightly different view)

A

Retinal Disparity

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44
Q

Knowing or being aware of ongoing experiences occurring both internally and in the world around us

A

Consciousness

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45
Q

Involves consciousness

A

Explicit

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46
Q

Doesn’t involve direct conscious awareness

A

Implicit

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47
Q

Ever changing
Selective
Directs our activities
Conscious when reticular formation is active

A

Consciousness

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48
Q

Night Terrors

Sleep Walking

A

Slow Wave Sleep Disorders

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49
Q

Narcolepsy
Cataplexy
REM w/o atonia

A

REM Sleep Disorders

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50
Q

Part of consciousness

Interact w/ world while we’re aware of another

A

Divided Attention

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51
Q

Loss of memory for traumatic events

A

Psychogenic Amnesia

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52
Q

People disappear w/ no memory of previous life

A

Fugue States

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53
Q

Multiple personalities

A

Identity Disorders

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54
Q

The special understanding of the self as distinct from other stimuli (baby looking at self in mirror, etc)

A

Self Awareness

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55
Q

Coined the term ‘Stream of Consciousness’ to capture the moving, seemingly unbroken flow of conscious awareness

A

William James

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56
Q

________ & _______ have been described as ‘enabling’ consciousness, but they do not produce its content

A

Thalamus and Reticular Formation

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57
Q

How to explain how the brain forms a unified whole out of large quantities of information

A

Binding Problem

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58
Q

A normal state of consciousness characterized by alertness and awareness of external stimuli

A

Sleep

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59
Q

A normal state of consciousness characterized by alertness and awareness of external stimuli

A

Wakefulness

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60
Q

A daily biological rhythm

A

Circadian Rhythm

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61
Q

An internal mechanism that provides an approximate schedule for a wide variety of physical processes
Controlled by hypothalamus

A

Biological Clock

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62
Q

A mood disorder in which depression occurs regularly at the same time each year, usually during winter months

A

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

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63
Q

A waveform recorded by EEG that usually indicates alert wakefulness

A

Beta Wave

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64
Q

A waveform recorded by EEG that usually indicates relaxed wakefulness

A

Alpha Wave

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65
Q

The component of sleep characterized by waveforms resembling wakefulness as measured by EEG accompanied by rapid eye movements, muscular paralysis and ANS activation

A

Rapid Eye Movement Sleep (REM)

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66
Q

The components of sleep characterized by theta and delta wave activity as recorded by EEG and deep physical relaxation

A

Non-Rapid Eye Movement (N-REM)

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67
Q

A waveform recorded by EEG that is characterized of lighter stages of N-REM sleep

A

Theta Wave

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68
Q

A waveform recorded by EEG that usually indicates very deep N-REM sleep

A

Delta Wave

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69
Q

A mental state that usually occurs during sleep that features visual imagery

A

Dreaming

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70
Q

What appears in dreams

A

Manifest Content

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71
Q

What dreams mean

A

Latent Content

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72
Q

During REM sleep, deep brain structures stimulate cortical areas

A

Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis

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73
Q

A conscious awareness of dreaming accompanied by the ability to control the content of the dream

A

Lucid Dreaming

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74
Q

A sleep disorder occurring in N-REM sleep in which the sleeper wakes suddenly in great distress, but without experiencing the imagery of a nightmare

A

Night Terrors

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75
Q

A sleep disorder characterized by an inability to either initiate or maintain normal sleep

A

Insomnia

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76
Q

Lying in bed for a long period of time without being able to go to sleep (caused by stress and anxiety)

A

Onset Insomnia

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77
Q

Sleep is frequently interrupted or early waking occurs (caused by stress, substance use, psychological disorders)

A

Maintenance Insomnia

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78
Q

A sleep disorder characterized by the intrusion of REM phenomena into wakefulness
Instigated by strong emotions

A

Narcolepsy

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79
Q

Occurs when the muscle paralysis normally associated with REM sleep occurs during wakefulness without any loss of consciousness

A

Cataplexy

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80
Q

A sleep disorder in which the person stops breathing while sleep

A

Sleep Apnea

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81
Q

Occurs when a healthy infant simply dies while asleep

A

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

82
Q

A disorder characterized by the involuntary movement (tingling feeling moving at regular intervals) of an extremity

A

Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS)

83
Q

An abnormal state of deep unconsciousness

A

Coma

84
Q

An abnormal state following brain injury featuring wakefulness without consciousness

A

PVS

85
Q

An altered state of consciousness reported by people who were close to death due to cardiac or other medical problems that features out of body experiences, light at the end of a tunnel perceptions and a state of calmness

A

Near-Death Experiences

86
Q

An abnormal level of brain activation with a sudden onset

A

Seizures

87
Q

Originate in a particular part of the brain that are often accompanied by a premonition that a seizure is about to occur

A

Partial Seizures

88
Q

Characterized by the abnormal activation of circuits connecting the cortex and thalamus

A

Generalized Seizures

89
Q

Any drug with the capability of altering a person’s state of consciousness

A

Psychoactive Drug

90
Q

The need to administer greater quantities of a drug to achieve the same subjective effect

A

Tolerance

91
Q

Physical responses to the removal of some habitually administered drugs

A

Withdrawal

92
Q

A physical or psychological dependence on a substance or activity

A

Addiction

93
Q

A drug that stimulates the experience of false perceptions

A

Hallucinogens

94
Q

Any drug that increases the activity of the nervous system

A

Stimulants

95
Q

Impact consciousness by increasing alertness and mobility while decreasing reaction time

A

Stimulants

96
Q

A drug that reduces the overall activity of the nervous system

A

Depressants

97
Q

An altered state of consciousness characterized by relaxation and increased suggestibility

A

Hypnosis

98
Q

A voluntary alteration of consciousness characterized by positive emotion and absence of thought

A

Meditation

99
Q

Releasing stimulus produces the same response each time
Pattern does not change much
Opportunity to learn

A

Fixed Action Patterns

100
Q

All behavior in any behavior can be explained if you know:

A

Genetic Make-Up
Past Reinforcement History
Current Circumstances

101
Q

Stimulus > Response > Outcome

A

Skinnerian Ideas

102
Q

Inevitable, involuntary response to stimuli

A

Reflexes

103
Q

Produce very fast, very reliable responses that serve to promote your welfare

A

Reflexes

104
Q

An inborn pattern of behavior elicited by environmental stimuli (fixed action plan)

A

Instincts

105
Q

Shares reflex’s reliability and lack of dependence on experience, but the resulting behaviors are more complex

A

Instincts

106
Q

A relatively permanent change in behavior or the capacity for behavior due to experience

A

Learning

107
Q

Adaptive behavior; durable change in behavior that results from experience

A

Learning

108
Q

Occurs when we form associations or connections among stimuli and/or behaviors

A

Associative Learning

109
Q

Helps us predict the future based on past experiences

A

Associative Learning

110
Q

A type of learning in which associations are formed between two stimuli that occur sequentially in time

A

Classical Conditioning

111
Q

Learning to produce a reflex under new circumstances and conditions
Usually involuntary responses

A

Classical Conditioning

112
Q

A type of learning in which associations are formed between behaviors and their outcomes

A

Operant Conditioning

113
Q

Learning that involves changes in the magnitude of responses to one stimulus rather than the formation of connections between stimuli

A

Nonassociative Learning

114
Q

Reduces our reactions to repeated experiences that have already been evaluated and found to be unchanging and harmless
Decreasing response to repeated stimulus

A

Habituation

115
Q

Increases our reactions to a wide range of stimuli following exposure to one strong stimulus

A

Sensitization

116
Q

Increased responsiveness to any stimulus after exposure to a negative stimulus

A

Sensitization

117
Q

Occurs when an organism learns by watching the actions of another

A

Observational Learning

118
Q

Provides the advantage of transmitting information across generations within families and cultures

A

Observational Learning

119
Q

An environmental event whose significance is learned

A

Conditioned Stimulus

120
Q

Innate, built-in meaning to the organism

A

Unconditioned Stimulus

121
Q

Learned reactions

A

Conditioned Responses

122
Q

Don’t need to be learned, they appear without prior experience with a stimulus

A

Unconditioned Responses

123
Q

The development of a learned response

A

Acquisition

124
Q

Requires contiguity (close proximity in time between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus)

A

Acquisition

125
Q

Requires contingency or a correlation between the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus

A

Acquisition

126
Q

The reduction of a learned response

Not the same thing as forgetting but actually is new learning that overrides old learning

A

Extinction

127
Q

During extinction training, the reappearance of conditioned responses after periods of rest

A

Spontaneous Recovery

128
Q

A feature of classical conditioning in which a conditioned stimulus actually predicts the nonoccurrence of an unconditioned stimulus

A

Inhibition

129
Q

The tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to an original conditioned stimulus

A

Generalization

130
Q

A learned ability to distinguish between stimuli

A

Discrimination

131
Q

Allows us to make fine distinctions between the implications of stimuli

A

Discrimination

132
Q

Learning in which stimuli associated with a conditioned stimulus also elicit conditioned responding

A

Higher Order Conditioning

133
Q

Allows us to make even more distant predictions about the occurrence of significant events

A

Higher Order Conditioning

134
Q

The slower learning that occurs when a conditioned stimulus is already familiar compared to when the conditioned stimulus is unfamiliar

A

Latent Inhibition

135
Q

A type of counterconditioning in which people relax while being exposed to stimuli that elicit fear

A

Systematic Desensitization

136
Q

The association between a behavior and its consequences

A

Operant Conditioning

137
Q

Organisms operate on their environment and their behavior is often instrumental in producing an outcome

A

Operant Conditioning

138
Q

Occurs when a behavior is associated with its consequences

A

Operant Conditioning

139
Q

Involves voluntary behaviors

A

Operant Conditioning

140
Q

Increases the frequency of its associated behavior by providing a desired outcome

A

Positive Reinforcement

141
Q

A reinforce that gains value from being associated with other things that are valued (secondary reinforce)

A

Conditioned

142
Q

A method for increasing behaviors that allow an organism to escape or avoid an unpleasant consequence

A

Reinforcers

143
Q

Allows an organism to avoid, turn off or postpone an unpleasant consequence, or so-called escape and avoidance behaviors

A

Negative Reinforcement

144
Q

A consequence that eliminates or reduces the frequency of an associated behavior

A

Punishment

145
Q

Refers to applying an aversive consequence that reduces the frequency of or eliminates a behavior

A

Positive Punishment

146
Q

Involves the removal of something desirable

A

Negative Punishment

147
Q

Consequences have to matter to the person or animal receiving them

A

Significance

148
Q

Immediate punishment is more effective than delayed punishment

A

Immediacy

149
Q

Uniform application

A

Consistency

150
Q

The reinforcement of the desired behavior on some occasions but not others

A

Partial Reinforcement

151
Q

Reinforcement depends on the number of times a behavior occurs

A

Ratio Schedule

152
Q

Reinforcement depends on the passage of a certain amount of time

A

Interval Schedule

153
Q

Requires that a behavior occur a set number of times for each reinforcer

A

Fixed Ratio Schedule

154
Q

Involves counting the number of times a behavior occurs

A

Variable Ratio Schedule

155
Q

The time that must pass before reinforcement becomes available following a single response is set at a certain amount

A

Fixed Interval Schedules

156
Q

First response after a fixed period of time passed will be reinforced

A

Fixed Interval Schedules

157
Q

Characterized by an interval that is allowed to fluctuate around some average amount over the course of a session

A

Variable Interval Schedule

158
Q

The more rapid extinction observed following continuous reinforcement than following partial reinforcement

A

Partial Reinforcement Effect in Extinction

159
Q

A method for increasing the frequency of behaviors that never or rarely occur

A

Shaping/Method of Successive Approximations

160
Q

Learning what occurs in the absence of reinforcement

A

Latent Learning

161
Q

Tokens that can be exchanged for other reinforcers are used to increase the frequency of desirable behaviors

A

Token Economy

162
Q

The copying of behavior that is unlikely to occur naturally and spontaneously

A

Imitation

163
Q

Used during imitation that help us predict the actions of others (understanding intentions)

A

Mirror Neurons

164
Q

Transmitted by observational learning from one person to another and can take the form of ideas, symbols or practices

A

Memes

165
Q

4 Necessary Cognitive Processes in Modeling Others’ Behavior

A

Attention, Retention, Reproduction, Motivation

166
Q

Top-Down processing involves the brain imposing its own __________ on ___________

A

Structure on incoming information

167
Q

Bottom-Up processing involves the brain’s use of ___________ to _____________

A

Incoming signals to construct perceptions

168
Q

The smallest amount of stimulus that can be detected is known as the

A

Absolute Threshold

169
Q

The clear surface at the front of the eye that begins the process of directing light to the retina is the

A

Cornea

170
Q

Which structure of the eye is responsible for detecting light?

A

Retina

171
Q

The primary colors of light are:

A

Red, Green, & Blue

172
Q

After staring at a yellow, green and white striped journal, one would see a blue, red and black striped afterimage. What theory best explains this afterimage?

A

Opponent Process Theory

173
Q

A hypothetical cell that responds to only one specific visual stimulus is referred to as a _________

A

Feature Detector

174
Q

The difference between the images projected onto each eye is referred to as:

A

Retinal Disparity

175
Q

The brain uses shape, color, and movement to form a unified representation of a scenario

A

Binding Problem

176
Q

The frontal lobes provide working space for _________

A

Sensory integration and decision-making

177
Q

Our psychological state during REM sleep consists of rapid/irregular ________, __________, ___________, & ___________

A

Heart rate, blood pressure, breathing and paralysis of postural muscles

178
Q

What area of the brain plays a large role in brain addiction?

A

Nucleus Accumbens

179
Q

Stimulants ________ alertness and mobility, but _________ reaction times.

A

Increase, decrease

180
Q

Nicotine mimics the action of which neurotransmitter?

A

Acetylcholine

181
Q

Learning is traditionally divided into three categories:

A

Associative, Nonassociative and Observational

182
Q

The process of associating a behavior with its consequences is known as:

A

Operant Conditioning

183
Q

The formation of associations between two stimuli, which occur sequentially in time is referred to as:

A

Classical Conditioning

184
Q

What is an advantage of observational learning?

A

It transmits information across generations

185
Q

What type of stimulus elicits a response without prior knowledge?

A

Unconditioned

186
Q

The development of a learned response is called:

A

Acquisition

187
Q

During extinction training, the reappearance of conditioned responses after periods of rest is called:

A

Spontaneous Recovery

188
Q

The tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to an original conditioned stimulus is called:

A

Generalization

189
Q

Counterconditioning in which people relax while being exposed to stimuli that elicit fear is referred to as:

A

Systematic Desensitization

190
Q

Thorndike’s Law of Effect states that behavior is ________

A

Engrained relative to the consequences of the behavior

191
Q

What is the most powerful method for managing behavior?

A

Positive Reinforcement

192
Q

A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement occurs after a fluctuating number of behaviors is called a:

A

Variable Interval Schedule

193
Q

What is a token economy?

A

Tokens are exchanged for valued reinforcers to increase the frequency of a desired behavior

194
Q

A consequence that follows an operant response that increase (or attempts to increase) the likelihood of that response occurring in the future.

A

Reinforcement

195
Q

In an attempt to increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring in the future, an operant response is followed by the presentation of an appetitive stimulus.

A

Positive Reinforcement

196
Q

In an attempt to increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring in the future, an operant response is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus.

A

Negative Reinforcement

197
Q

An appetitive event whose presentation follows an operant response. Increases the likelihood of that behavior occurring again under the same circumstances.

A

Positive Reinforcer

198
Q

An aversive event whose removal follows an operant response. Increases the likelihood of that behavior occurring again under the same circumstances.

A

Negative Reinforcer

199
Q

A reinforcer that is biologically pre-established to act as reinforcement.

A

Primary Reinforcer

200
Q

A previously neutral stimulus. If the neutral stimulus is paired with a primary reinforcer it acquires the same reinforcement properties associated with the primary reinforcer.

A

Conditioned Reinforcer

Psychology 100 (4 decks)

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