Chapters 7 & 8 Flashcards
What is used to remember things
Memory
A method that uses many ways to understand certain things that go in and out of the brain
Information Processing
Altering information to get it ready for further processing by another system
Encoding
Holding of information until it can be reconstructed later
Storage
Recalling information that has been held
Retrieval
Using the senses to be able to remember something for a shortest period of time
Sensory Memories
Remembering something for a period of time that is small enough to ensure room will be freed up regularly for incoming information
Short-Term Memory
Over and over recitation of information to keep it in short term memory without interruption of other stimuli
Rehearsal
Separating information into alike groups
Chunking
Remembering how/what to do rather than just storing information; for a short period of time
Working Memory
Talking and hearing of working memory
Phonological Loop
Seeing and assuming
Visuospatial Sketchpad
Gets things done by distracting one part of brain to something else
Central Executive
Intertwining information in long term memory
Episodic Buffer
Never being able to forget the information that enters this location of memory
Long-Term Memory
Repeating information you already know
Maintenance Rehearsal
Learning new information and connecting it to old information
Elaborative Rehearsal
The ability to retain knowledge
Memory
A continuum including attention, sensation, perception, learning, memory and cognition
Information Processing
The transformation of information from one form to another that must be done before any further processing can occur
Encoding
Retention of information that can be later reconstructed into usable memories
Storage
Recovery of stored information
Retrieval
First stage of model that holds large amounts of incoming data for a very brief amount of time
Sensory Memories
Second stage of model that holds a small amount of information for a limited time that is soon discarded if not processed further
Short-Term Memory
Repetition of information
Rehearsal
The process of grouping similar and meaningful information together (grouping)
Chunking
Active manipulation of multiple types of information simultaneously that involves active manipulation of information
Working Memory
The working memory component responsible for verbal and auditory information
Phonological Loop
Holds visual and spatial information
Visuospatial Sketchpad
Manages the work of the other components by directing attention to particular tasks
Central Executive
Provides a mechanism for combining information stored in long term memory
Episodic Buffer
Final stage of model that is the location of permanent memories obtained through rehearsal
Long-Term Memory
Simple repetition of material
Maintenance Rehearsal
Linking new material to things you already know
Elaborative Rehearsal
Memories that are gathered knowingly
Declarative/Explicit Memory
Where parts of the brain are associated with the declarative memory?
Hippocampus and Cerebral Cortex
“Already know” information categorized in the brain
Semantic Memory
Information already known because of doing/seeing it before
Episodic Memory
Information retained because it pertains to oneself, includes both semantic and episodic memory
Autobiographical Memory
Not knowing that memories are being retrieved/why they’re memories in the first place
Nondeclarative/Implicit Memory
Implicit memory of physical movement and knowing how to do it
Procedural Memories
Something causes a reaction that influences the way one acts towards a different stimulus
Priming
Having certain emotions without knowing why or what caused it
Classical Conditioning
Not being able to learn anything new
Anterograde Amnesia
Knowing the meaning of things but unaware of why it is capable
Amnesia
Consciously retrieved memories that are easy to verbalize
Declarative/Explicit Memories
A general knowledge memory in the form of word meanings and facts that are organized according to categories
Semantic Memory
A memory from personal experience that includes specific information about events, objects and people that is organized as a timeline
Episodic Memory
Semantic or episodic memories that reference the self
Autobiographical Memory
Unconsciously and effortlessly retrieved memories that are difficult to verbalize
Aware of outcomes, but unaware of the info processing that led to that outcome
Nondeclarative/Implicit Memories
An implicit memory for how to carry out skilled movement, such as motor skills
Procedural Memories
A change in a response to a stimulus as a result of exposure to a previous stimulus
Priming
Results when we learn that a stimulus signals an important upcoming event
Involuntary and unconscious emotional responses we have to the world around us
Classical Conditioning
Inability to form new memories
Anterograde Amnesia
Maintain their semantic knowledge but do not recall how they acquired it
Amnesia
The view of the mind being a place including many smaller things
Connectionism
Individuals sort information differently than others based on previous encounters
Spreading Activation Model
What is known to happen in certain situations and things
Schema
Something that helps the recall of previous memories
Cue
New information is related to long term memories
Encoding Specificity
Good to help learn new information
Context-Dependent Memory
Learning and remembering when in same state of mind
Mood
Awareness
Cognitive State
Knowing something but not being able to think of the correct word at the time
Tip-Of-The-Tongue
Recreating a memory out of previous knowledge
Reconstructs
Something that severely happened that creates a strong memory
Flashbulb Memory
Not knowing something that you previously did
Forgetting
Process of recalling information due to passage of time
Decay
Information clashing with each other
Interference
Removing of bad memories
Motivated Forgetting
Neurons making changes in the connections with each other at the synapse
Synaptic Consolidation
