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Psychology 100 > Final (Chapters 10, 12, 13) > Flashcards

Final (Chapters 10, 12, 13) Flashcards

1
Q

Person Centered Therapy

A

“Talk-psychotherapy”.
Carl Rogers.
Provide clients with an opportunity to develop a sense of self wherein they can realize how their attitudes, feelings and behavior are being negatively affected.
Humanistic Approach.

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2
Q

Behavior Therapies

A

Applications of classical and operant conditioning principles to the treatment of symptoms of psychological disorder and adjustment problems.
Based on past experiences.

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3
Q

Cognitive Therapies

A

The way we think about our circumstances is essential to our health and adjustment.
Situations do not cause abnormal behavior, but the way we think about situations might do so.

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4
Q

Cognitive Restructuring

A

A technique used in cognitive therapies in which new, rational beliefs replace earlier, irrational beliefs held by the client.

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5
Q

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

A

A combination of cognitive restructuring with behavioral treatments that has been shown to be effective in reducing symptoms of many psychological disorders.
Addresses irrational beliefs and can be used to encourage positive patterns of thought.

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6
Q

Biopsychosocial Approach

A

Combines treatments addressing the biological, personal, and social underpinnings of psychological disorders.
Therapist focuses on what works for an individual client, without adopting a single theoretical orientation.
Using different approaches with each client based on what is most effective.

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7
Q

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

A

Biological treatment in which seizures are induced to an anesthetized patient.
Used in the treatment of mood disorders that have not been able to be treated.

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8
Q

Psychosurgery

A

The attempt to improve symptoms of psychological disorders through the use of brain surgery.

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9
Q

Brain Stimulation

A

Electrical stimulation applied through surgically implanted electrodes.
Used to treat some anxiety and mood disorders.
Used for patients with Parkinson’s disease.

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10
Q

Neurofeedback

A

A type of biofeedback used to treat ADHD and seizures by teaching the client to keep measures of brain activity within a certain range.

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11
Q

How are phobias treated?

A

Gradually exposing the person to the fear stimulus or to other people interacting harmlessly with the fear stimulus while the person relaxes.

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12
Q

How is OCD treated?

A

Training the person to anticipate compulsive behavior, and then engage in a competing behavior.

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13
Q

Antidepressant Medications

A

A medication designed to alleviate symptoms of depression, but often prescribed for other types of conditions (like anxiety).

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14
Q

SSRI’s

A

Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors.
Prozac and Zoloft
Increase serotonin activity at the synapse.
Improve mood.

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15
Q

Ways to Treat Bipolar Disorder

A

Medication; lithium carbonate.

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16
Q

Lithium Carbonate

A

Promotes the birth of new neurons and prevent further loss of neurons.

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17
Q

How to Treat DID?

A

Treatment is aimed toward integrating the various personalities by first identifying and working through the traumatic memories related to the disorder.

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18
Q

How to Treat Schizophrenia?

A

Henri Laborit discovered phenothiazines that reduce simple symptoms

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19
Q

Tardive Dyskinesia

A

Syndrome that results from the use of medications used to treat symptoms of schizophrenia

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20
Q

What neurotransmitters have abnormalities with autism?

A

Serotonin.
GABA.
Glutamate.

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21
Q

Medications for ADHD

A

Ritalin.
Dextroamphetamine.
Adderall.

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22
Q

Comorbidity

A

The presence of two or more disorders in the same individual

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23
Q

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

A

System for classification of psychological disorders published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA).
Not always reliable.

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24
Q

Anxiety Disorder

A

A disorder featuring anxiety that is not proportional to a person’s circumstances.
Worried about the future.
Women more likely than men.
Whites more likely than black and hispanic

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25
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

A

Excessive anxiety and worry that is not correlated with particular objects or situations.
Worry is about life in general, not specific.
GABA.
Amygdala.
Lower socioeconomic classes are more likely.

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26
Q

Panic Disorder

A

Repeated panic attacks and fear of future attacks

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27
Q

Panic Attack

A

Intense fear and autonomic arousal in the absence of real threat.
Present situations.
Women are more likely to experience.

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28
Q

Phobias

A

Unrealistic fear of an object or situation.

Know exactly what object or situation that triggers their fear.

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29
Q

Agoraphobia

A

Fear of open spaces, being outside the home alone, or being in a crowd.
Afraid of having panic attacks in public.

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30
Q

Social Phobia/Social Anxiety

A 
Unrealistic fear of being scrutinized and criticized by others.
Collectivistic cultures (emphasis on shame and the opinions of other people, than in individualistic cultures).
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31
Q

Specific Phobias

A

Fears of objects other than those associated with agoraphobia or social phobia.

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32
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

A

Intrusive obsessions and compulsions

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33
Q

Obsessions

A

Intrusive, distressing thought.
Distinct from everyday worries, which focus on real-life problems.
Action.

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34
Q

Compulsions

A

Appear to be efforts to ward off the anxiety produced by obsessions.
Reaction.

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35
Q

Brain Structures Involved with OCD

A

Orbitofrontal cortex.
Prefrontal cortex.
ACC gyrus.
Caudate nucleaus of basal ganglia.

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36
Q

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

A

Caused by the experience of trauma.

Leads to flashbacks, dreams, hypervigilance, and traumatic event stimulus avoiding.

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37
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

A

Lengthy periods of depressed mood, loss of pleasure in normal activities, difficulty concentrating, feelings of hopelessness, thoughts of suicide.

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38
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A

Alternating periods of mania and depression.

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39
Q

Mania

A

Period of unrealistically elevated mood.

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40
Q

Learned Helplessness

A

Experiencing random or uncontrolled consequences leads to feelings of helplessness and possibly depression.

41
Q

Rumination

A

Repetitively focusing on the fact that one is depressed.

42
Q

Diathesis-Stress Model

A

Biological vulnerabilities for a disorder interact with a person’s experience with stress.

43
Q

Dissociative Disorder

A

Disruptions in a person’s identity, memory, or consciousness.

44
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

A

Experience of two distinct ‘personality states” or an “experience of possession” that is not consistent with a person’s religious or cultural beliefs.

45
Q

Somatoform Disorders/Somatic Symptom Disorder

A

Physical symptoms that do not have an underlying medical cause.

46
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Hallucinations, delusions, disorganized though and speech, disorders of movement, restricted affect, and avolition/asociality

47
Q

Delusions

A

A false, illogical belief

48
Q

Hallucinations

A

False perceptions

49
Q

Personality Disorder

A

Impairments in identity, personality traits, and in establishment of empathy or intimacy

50
Q

Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD)

A

Unusual lack of remorse, empathy, or regard for normal social rules and conventions.

51
Q

Borderline Personality Disorder

A

Instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotion.

52
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder

A

Deficits in social relatedness and communication skills that are often accompanied by repetitive, ritualistic behavior.

53
Q

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

A

Unusual inattentiveness, hyperactivity with impulsivity, or both.

54
Q

Psychotherapies

A

Treatment to improve symptoms of psychological disorder through conversation between the therapies and patient/client.

55
Q

John Cade

A

Discovered lithium salts could improve behavior in bipolar patients.
Discovery led to more medical breakthroughs

56
Q

Franz Mesmer

A

Attempted to treat hysteria by inducing a hypnotic state.

57
Q

Behaviorist Perspective

A

Focused on observable behavior and used conditioning to treat abnormalities.

58
Q

Humanistic Therapies

A

Rebelled against psychodynamic thinking.

Everyone is generally good.

59
Q

Carl Rogers

A

Referred to treatment as counseling rather than psychotherapy.

60
Q

Counseling

A

Focus on personal strengths and development.

Positive view of human nature.

61
Q

Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)

A

Combines research evidence, clinical expertise, and patient values to provide best outcome for patient.

62
Q

Psychotherapist

A

Licensed professional who provides psychotherapy.

63
Q

Psychiatrists

A

Medical doctor who specializes in psychiatry and can use medical procedures to treat disorders.

64
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Freud.
Importance of conflict between the self (ego), aggressive energy of the id, restrictions supplied by society (superego).
Barely any contribution from patient.

65
Q

Insight Therapy

A

Improves symptoms of disorder by building the patient’s understanding of his or her situation.

66
Q

Free Association

A

Encouraging a patient to say whatever comes to mind without censoring the content.

67
Q

Transference

A

Therapist uses the responses of the patient to help the therapist to understand the patient’s approach to authority figures in general.

68
Q

Resistance

A

Patient’s reluctance to accept the interpretations of the therapist

69
Q

Humanistic Therapies

A

Human beings are inherently good, possessing natural drives to grow and improve.
Client is treated as an equal and expected to take an active role in identifying the problem.

70
Q

Eric Erickson

A

Development of personality at different stages of life.

71
Q

Self-Actualizing Person

A

We as individuals are motivated by a hierarchy of needs.

72
Q

Self-Actualization

A

Fulfilling our potential

73
Q

Trait Theories

A

Durable dispositions to behave in a particular way in a variety of different situations.

74
Q

Temperament

A

Born with a certain set of response tendencies

75
Q

Character

A

Traits you acquire along the way.

76
Q

Neuroticism

A

Anxiety.
High: tense, fearful, apprehensive, easily rattled.
Low: calm, stable, fearless, amiable, self-controlled

77
Q

Extraversion

A

Assess quantity and intensity of interpersonal interaction, activity level; need of stimulation; capacity for joy
HIgh: sociable, fun-loving, talkative, risk taking.
Low: reserved, sober, un-exuberant, task oriented.

78
Q

Id

A

Primitive drives present at birth.
Hunger, thirst, sex.
Pleasure principle.
Devil on shoulder.

79
Q

Ego

A

The self that others see.
Coordinates the needs of the id with reality.
Balances id and superego.

80
Q

Superego

A

Internalizes society’s rules for right and wrong.
Conscience.
Angel on shoulder.

81
Q

Unconscious

A

Part of mental activity that cannot be voluntarily retrieved.

82
Q

Defense Mechanisms

A

Protective behavior that reduces anxiety

83
Q

Repression

A

Banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness

84
Q

Rationalization

A

Excuses are made for anxiety-producing behavior.

Making excuses for poor behavior.

85
Q

Displacement

A

Negative emotions are redirection from the real source to another target.

86
Q

Reaction Formation

A

Behavior is opposite to your true feelings.

87
Q

Projection

A

Anxiety-producing characteristics or behaviors of the self are attributed to others.
Projecting own thoughts on to other people.

88
Q

Regression

A

Reverting to immature behavior to relieve anxiety.

89
Q

Psychosexual Stages

A 
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital
90
Q

Openness

A

Appreciation for fantasy, feelings, actions, ideas, values, aesthetics.

91
Q

Agreeableness

A

Trustworthiness, trust, compliance, modesty, tender-mindedness.

92
Q

Conscientiousness

A

Competence, order, dutifulness, achievement striving, self-discipline.

93
Q

Social-Cognitive Learning Theories

A

Cognition and learning, from social environments

94
Q

Temperament

A

Child’s pattern of mood, activity, or emotional responsiveness linked to later personality

95
Q

Self-Schema

A

Cognitive organization that helps us think about the self and process self-relevant information.

96
Q

Interpersonal Self

A

Self we are in the presence of other people

97
Q

Individualism

A

Characterized by an emphasis on independence and self-reliance

98
Q

Collectivism

A

Includes interdependence, cooperation, and lack of conflict.

Psychology 100 (4 decks)

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