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BIO100 > Bio quiz 1 revision > Flashcards

Bio quiz 1 revision Flashcards

1
Q

General cell size?

A

1-100microns

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2
Q

Difference between animal & plant cells?

A

Plants contain: cell wall, chloroplasts, central vacuole, rarely poses cilia

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3
Q

Basic cell structure of prokaryotes…?

A 
characteristic of bacterial cells
NO nucleus (DNA nucleoid)
NO membrane-bound organelles
very small (<5 microns diameter)
almost always have cell wall
some have flagella (NEVER cilia)
Also may contain: plasmid, capsule or slime layer, pili, ribosomes, food granules, plasma membrane, cytoplasm
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4
Q

Which organ are involved in biosynthesis?

A

nucleus - stores info for construction (DNA)
ER - ribosomes attach, translate RNA -> proteins
Golgi apparatus - modifies & packages synthesised molecules for delivery to where they are needed
Vesicles - delivery containers between organelles

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5
Q

What is energy conversion? Where does it occur?

A

Fuel molecules (lipids/sugars) -> ATP
initial processing -> cytosol
MAIN PROCESSING -> mitochondria -> ATP -> cytoplasm for use where needed

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6
Q

Breakdown of food/organelles occurs where?

A

lysosomes (vesicles with hydrolytic enzymes at low pH)

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7
Q

System involved with synthesis & packing of enzymes?

A

endomembrane system

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8
Q

Importing & exporting molecules occurs how…?

A

Via cell membrane & associated proteins

  • invagination or evagination of cell membrane
  • binding to specific transport proteins
  • passive transport via channels
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9
Q

T or F - All functional cells engage in reproduction.

A

False - most do but some do not eg. red blood cells

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10
Q

Which structures pull chromosomes to opposite sides of dividing cells?

A

microfilaments

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11
Q

Atomic number & atomic weight of an element?

A

atomic number = no. of protons

atomic weight = no. of protons + no. of neutrons

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12
Q

T or F - electrons have a key role in bond formation & energy transfer

A

true

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13
Q

What kinds of bonds do electrons enable?

A

ionic (electrons transferred)
covalent (electrons shared) - strongest bond
- polar covalent
- nonpolar covalent

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14
Q

Least & most number of covalent bonds in element…?

A

least (1) - hydrogen H

most (5) - phosphorus P

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15
Q

Hydrogen bonds…?

A

usually occur between H & O or H & N

occur among water, sugars, protein, DNA molecules

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16
Q

Acids do what?

A

give up protons in solution

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17
Q

Bases do what?

A

accept protons

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18
Q

H2CO3 is a what? Why?

A

buffer cause it soaks up H+ ions as pH decreases & releases H+ions as pH rises

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19
Q

Define specific heat…

A

amount of heat required to raise 1g of a substance by 1 degree celsius

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20
Q

Define the high heat of vaporisation theory…

A

energy absorbed when water changes from liquid -> gas

-> evaporates -> draws heat from organism -> cooling it

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21
Q

Define the heat of fusion theory…

A

H2O gives up heat as it freezes -> 8 x more than when it goes from 1 - 0 degrees

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22
Q

Maximum density of H2O is at…?

A

4 degrees celsius

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23
Q

Specific functionality comes from which elements?

A

P, O, N, S

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24
Q

What are functional groups?

A

atoms other than C or H that give specific properties to molecules eg. polarity

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25
Q

Major functional groups are…?

A

hydroxyl (-OH); carbonyl (C=O); carboxyl (O-C=O); amino (-NH2); sulfhydryl/thiol (-SH); phosphate (-PO4)

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26
Q

The smaller units of polymers are typically combined with…?

A

dehydration synthesis (H20 gets released)

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27
Q

Common monosaccharides…?

A

glucose, fructose, ribose, deoxyribose

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28
Q

Glucose + fructose = ?

A

sucrose

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29
Q

Structural polysaccharide?

A

cellulose => chains of glucose molecules but with alternating bond configuration from starch

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30
Q

Structural carbohydrate?

A

chitin => makes up exoskeleton of arthropods & cell wall of fungi
polymer of glucose with amino side chain

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31
Q

Characteristics of lipids…?

A 
mainly C & H
hydrophobic
energy storage (fats/oils)
water-proofing (waxes)
lipid bilayer
hormones (steroids)
32
Q

Define the heat of fusion theory…

A

H2O gives up heat as it freezes -> 8 x more than when it goes from 1 - 0 degrees

33
Q

Maximum density of H2O is at…?

A

4 degrees celsius

34
Q

Specific functionality comes from which elements?

A

P, O, N, S

35
Q

What are functional groups?

A

atoms other than C or H that give specific properties to molecules eg. polarity

36
Q

Major functional groups are…?

A

hydroxyl (-OH); carbonyl (C=O); carboxyl (O-C=O); amino (-NH2); sulfhydryl/thiol (-SH); phosphate (-PO4)

37
Q

The smaller units of polymers are typically combined with…?

A

dehydration synthesis (H20 gets released)

38
Q

Common monosaccharides…?

A

glucose, fructose, ribose, deoxyribose

39
Q

Name a sulfur-containing functional group

A

cysteine

40
Q

Structural polysaccharide?

A

cellulose => chains of glucose molecules but with alternating bond configuration from starch

41
Q

Nucleotides serve which other roles?

A 
energy carriers (ATP)
electron carriers (NAD+, FAD, NADP+)
42
Q

Characteristics of lipids…?

A 
mainly C & H
hydrophobic
energy storage (fats/oils)
water-proofing (waxes)
lipid bilayer
hormones (steroids)
43
Q

T or F - Oils, fats & waxes may posses carbon rings

A

false - they contain only C,H & O, have 1 or more FA side chains, and only have linear chains of atoms (NO RINGS)

44
Q

Phospholipids contain…?

A
  • Polar head (functional group & phosphate group)
  • glycerol backbone
  • fatty acid (FA) tails
45
Q

Steroids are…?

A

lipids containing 4 fused rings & are mainly hormones eg. cholesterol, oestrogen, testosterone

46
Q

Amino acids contain…?

A

amino group
variable group
carboxylic acid group
hydrogen

47
Q

Amino acids join together to form proteins with which bond?

A

peptide bonds

48
Q

Name 2 hydrophilic functional groups

A

glutamic acid

aspartic acid

49
Q

Name 2 hydrophobic functional groups

A

phenylalanine

leucine

50
Q

Name a sulfur-containing functional group

A

cysteine

51
Q

Polymers of nucleotides are called…?

A

nucleic acids

52
Q

Nucleotides serve which other roles?

A 
energy carriers (ATP)
electron carriers (NAD+, FAD, NADP+)
53
Q

Define selectively permeable

A

a membrane that allows certain molecules to pass thru it by diffusion & occasionally facilitated diffusion

54
Q

Different forms of passive movement across membranes…?

A

diffusion/osmosis

facilitated diffusion

55
Q

Different forms of active movement across membranes…?

A

active transport
co-transport
membrane manipulations

56
Q

Membranes are permeable to these molecules…

A

dissolved gases
small uncharged polar molecules
ethanol

57
Q

Membranes are not very permeable to these molecules…

A

polar molecules
charged molecules
macromolecules

58
Q

Membranes are semi-permeable to these molecules…

A

water

urea

59
Q

Define osmosis

A

movement of water across a differentially permeable membrane

60
Q

Define isotonic

A

same concentration

61
Q

Define hypertonic

A

greater concentration

62
Q

Define hypotonic

A

lesser concentration

63
Q

Define equilibrium

A

concentration of diffusing substances in two compartments are equal

64
Q

Define selectively permeable

A

a membrane that allows certain molecules to pass thru it by diffusion & occasionally facilitated diffusion

65
Q

Example of simple diffusion?

A

O2 thru phospholipid bilayer

66
Q

Eg’s of facilitated diffusion?

A

Cl- thru channel proteins

glucose thru carrier proteins

67
Q

Eg of osmosis?

A

H2O osmosis thru aquaporins or phospholipid bilayer

68
Q

2 main features of active transport…?

A

movement against concentration gradient

requires energy

69
Q

Where would active transport be used…?

A

when a cell is fighting a gradient
eg. bringing nutrients into a cell
waste excretion
pumping ions across membrane

70
Q

2 types of endocytosis…

A

pinocytosis - fluids

phagocytosis - particles

71
Q

List the 4 cell connections…

A

desmosomes
tight junctions
gap junctions
plasmodesmata

72
Q

What are desmosomes?

A

cell connection in SI held together by protein filaments

73
Q

What are tight junctions?

A

cell connections in urinary bladder sealed together by proteins

74
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

cell connections in the liver connecting adjacent cells by channel proteins

75
Q

What are plasmodesmata?

A

cell connections in plant roots connected by membrane-lined channels

BIO100 (25 decks)

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