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BIO100 > Topic 5a - Homeostasis... > Flashcards

Topic 5a - Homeostasis... Flashcards

1
Q

What internal conditions are under homeostatic control?

A

[gases] eg. O2, CO2
temp
[salt]
pH

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2
Q

Ectotherms…?

A

fish, reptiles, amphibians

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3
Q

Endotherms…?

A

mammals, birds

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4
Q

Behavioural mechanisms in ectotherms…?

A

sunbaking & burrowing

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5
Q

Behavioural mechanisms in endotherms…?

A

shivering, elevating metabolic rate, sweating/panting

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6
Q

Re. thermoregulation in humans, what are the 2 phases?

A

phase 1 - behavioural

phase 2 - physiological

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7
Q

What are examples of human physiological phases of thermoregulation in response to decreased & increased core temperature…?

A

Decreased temp - vasoconstriction, increased metabolic rate, shivering, hair raised
Increased temp - vasodilation, decreased metabolic rate, sweating, hair lowered

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8
Q

What structures comprise the integumentary system?

A

skin, hair, nails, sensory receptors, various glands

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9
Q

What structures comprise the endocrine system?

A

hormone-secreting glands & organs including hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenals, ovaries, testes

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10
Q

What are the 4 tissue types?

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

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11
Q

What is epithelial tissue…?

A

Sheets of tissue lining the external & internal surfaces of the body:
skin
lining of GIT
lining of circulatory system

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12
Q

What’s under epithelial tissue?

A

proteinaceous basement membrane

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13
Q

Cells lining the lungs…?

A

Simple epithelium - flattened cells & basement membrane

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14
Q

Cells lining the trachea…?

A

Simple epithelium - mucous-producing cells with cilia & basement membrane

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15
Q

Cells lining the skin…? (outer to inner)

A

Stratified epithelium - dead cells, flattened dying cells, differentiating cells, dividing cells, basement membrane

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16
Q

Characteristics of connective tissue…?

A

lots of fluid & proteins (mainly collagen)

17
Q

Connective tissue embedded in the … component?

A

fluid

18
Q

What are the 3 main types of connective tissue?

A
  • loose (forms membranes with epithelial cells)
  • dense (ligaments & tendons)
  • specialised (cartilage, bone, adipose, blood etc)
19
Q

Different muscle tissues…?

A

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

20
Q

In nerve tissue, … provides support & produces … that controls propagation of electrical signals?

A

glial cells provide support & produce insulation (myelin)

21
Q

Organs are…?

A

composed of at least 2 types of tissue that function together (usually all 4 tissue types are found)

22
Q

Tissue cells of the epidermis contain…? (most superficial layer)

A

dead cells

living epidermal cells

23
Q

What lies within the dermis…? (middle layer) (think skin diagram)

A

hair follicles, sebaceous gland, sensory nerve endings, sweat glands, muscle (pulls hairs upright), arterioles & venules

24
Q

What lies in the subdermal & connective & adipose tissue layer? Bottom layer

A

adipose and vasculature

25
Q

Different forms of cell-cell communication…?

A

direct
synaptic
paracrine
endocrine

26
Q

Outline direct communication… eg?

A

cells in direct contact
ions flows to and fro via gap junctions
eg. cardiac cells

27
Q

Outline “remote” communication…

A
  • mediated by chemicals released by one cell type & received by another
  • receptor proteins in target cells bind to chemical signal
  • secreted substances only influence target cells
28
Q

Example of synaptic communication…?

A

neurotransmitters that transmit signals from cell to cell

29
Q

Outline paracrine hormones… eg?

A

chemicals released cause response in nearby cells - localised & short-lived
eg. prostaglandins

30
Q

Outline endocrine hormones… eg?

A

chemicals secreted into the bloodstream - target cells can be far away from secreting cells
effects can be long or short-lived
eg. insulin

31
Q

3 main classes of hormones…? eg?

A

peptides (eg. insulin)
modified AAs (Noradrenaline)
steroids (testosterone)

32
Q

2 basic types of hormonal response mechanism…?

A

peptide & modified AAs

steroids

33
Q

Describe how peptide & modified AA hormones work…

A

bind to receptor on membrane of target cell -> activates 2nd messenger system (cAMP) -> activates other enzymes -> enzymes catalyse specific reactions -> product

34
Q

Describe how steroids hormones work…

A

diffuses thru plasma membrane -> binds to receptor in nucleus (or to one in cytoplasm that carries it into nucleus) -> hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA & causes RNA polymerase to bind to promoter site for gene -> transcription (DNA -> mRNA) -> mRNA fucks off into cytoplasm, attaches to ribosome & synthesises specific protein

BIO100 (25 decks)

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